Cross-sector  social-oriented  partnerships  which  address  social  or  environmental challenges are increasing in practice and in the literature. Although this is expected to continue  in the  future, management responsibilities are  largely unclear  in this type of cross-sector  collaboration.  Project  management  was  found  to  be  a  relevant  area  for investigation  because  cross-sector  collaborations  and  projects  have  similar characteristics and projects are mentioned separately in the two literature fields.   By joining them in a novel theoretical framework and by collecting empirical data, this thesis aims to explore, describe and analyse the context and use of project management in  the  formation  phase  of  cross-sector  social-oriented  partnerships.  The  study  was undertaken in the belief that project management can be enriched by being researched in collaborative settings and that cross-sector collaborations are interesting to investigate from a managerial perspective. In fact, they offer great potential for knowledge creation and sharing which has been addressed mainly by management research.   This  thesis  study  was  structured  according  to  three  research  objectives.  Firstly,  we analysed the role of contextual elements in cross-sector social-oriented partnerships by comparing cases in different European country contexts, which were selected based on established criteria. Secondly, we conceptualised the formation phase as  it was  found that  the  literature  lacked  an  overarching  understanding  of  this  phase.  Thirdly,  we identified  management  responsibilities  with  a  focus  on  project  and  knowledge management concepts in the formation of cross-sector social-oriented partnerships.    We  investigated  both  partners  in  a  multi-method  qualitative  study  to  get  a  holistic understanding  of  the  research  context.  Primary  data  was  collected  in  semi-structured interviews and supplemented with secondary data. The data was analysed on two levels which allowed for the triangulation of findings. Given the mainly inductive approach, template  analysis  was  deployed  allowing  for  flexibility  to  take  account  of  emerging aspects.   The  empirical  data  shows  that  project  management  is  deployed  differently  in  the formation  of  cross-sector  social-oriented  partnerships,  depending  on  contextual elements  and  the  intention  with  which  they  were  formed.  This  is  reflected  in  the interaction of partners, the level of trust between them, the way knowledge is shared and ultimately in the level of formality in which project management is deployed. In light of the generated findings, the extension of a collaboration continuum from the literature is proposed  by  integrating  project  management  as  a  parameter.  The  findings  and  this proposition have implications on practitioners and for further research in the field.

Les mécanismes de formation de phases dans des films minces du système ternaire Al-Cu-Fe et des systèmes binaires Al-Cu, Al-Fe et Cu-Fe ont été étudiés. Dans chacun des systèmes, plusieurs échantillons avec des compositions distinctes ont été préparés par pulvérisation cathodique. Des couches d’aluminium, de cuivre et de fer ont été déposées séquentiellement sur des substrats de silicium oxydé et ont été traités thermiquement par différentes méthodes puis caractérisés. Des mesures de diffraction de rayons X et de résistivité in-situ ont été effectuées pour suivre la formation des phases. Des recuits thermiques suivis de trempe ont été réalisés et les échantillons ont été caractérisés par diffraction des rayons X. L’analyse enthalpique différentielle a également été utilisée ainsi que des mesures simultanées in-situ de résistivité et de diffraction des rayons X. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus nous a permis de proposer des mécanismes de formation de phases pour chacun des échantillons étudiés et en utilisant des modèles théoriques de croissance de phases nous avons pu déterminer des données cinétiques sur la formation de phases dans ces films. / The mechanisms of phase formation in thin films have been studied in the Al-Cu, Al-Fe, Fe-Cu and Al-Cu-Fe systems. Several samples with different compositions have been prepared by sputtering. Aluminium, copper and iron layers were deposited onto oxidized silicon substrates, they were heat treated and characterized by using several techniques. In situ X-ray diffraction and resistivity measurements were used to follow the phase formation. Thermal annealings followed by quenching have also been carried out to get additional information.Differential Scanning Calorimetry and coupled in-situ resistivity and X-ray diffractionmeasurements were performed. The whole results allowed us to suggest a mechanism of phase formation for each sample and by using theoretical models of growth we determined kinetic data on the phase formation.