Submitted by BIANCA CAMARGO PENTEADO SALES null (bianca.cp.sales@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-21T17:42:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bianca C P Sales dissertação.pdf: 2161210 bytes, checksum: 81d8c087a65ae9b8745ff11c63af3b96 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Pizzani null (luciana@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-03-22T14:23:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sales_bcp_me_bot.pdf: 2161210 bytes, checksum: 81d8c087a65ae9b8745ff11c63af3b96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-22T14:23:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sales_bcp_me_bot.pdf: 2161210 bytes, checksum: 81d8c087a65ae9b8745ff11c63af3b96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Ratos Wistar expostos por dois anos ao diuron (3-(3,4-diclorofenil)-1,1-dimetilureia) produto técnico (PT) à 2500ppm pela ração desenvolveram alta incidência de tumores uroteliais, sendo esse herbicida classificado pela U.S. Environmental Protection Agency como "provável cancerígeno para o homem''. Durante a última década, nosso laboratório tem realizado estudos sobre a toxicidade urotelial do diuron PT fornecido pela ração a ratos Wistar machos. Porém, o diuron na forma de produto formulado (PF) ou comercial, composto por 50% de diuron PT e 50% de ingredientes inertes, não tem sido avaliado em ratos. Em lagartos P. sicula machos expostos ao diuron PF à 50% na concentração de 1100ppm na ração ou na água de beber, durante 3 semanas, houve toxicidade direta no sistema reprodutivo com alteração na espermatogênese, morfologia do epidídimo e diminuição dos níveis plasmáticos dos hormônios sexuais, sendo os efeitos mais severos nos grupos que receberam diuron na água de beber. O presente estudo objetivou comparar o potencial tóxico do diuron PF ou PT à 1250ppm oferecido pela ração ou água de beber no urotélio e nos parâmetros reprodutivos de ratos. Cinquenta ratos Wistar machos de seis semanas de idade foram distribuídos em cinco grupos (ração basal, ração com PF, água de beber com PF, ração com PT, água potável com PT) e expostos ao diuron à 1250ppm por 13 semanas. Na eutanásia foram avaliados a morfologia, concentração, motilidade e viabilidade dos espermatozoides. Os rins, fígado, baço, testículos e epidídimos foram retirados e pesados; os rins e testículos processados para histologia. A bexiga foi seccionada ao meio e processada para análise histológica e para microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Todos os grupos expostos ao diuron tiveram diminuição do peso corpóreo superior a 10%, comparados ao controle, indicando que a máxima dose tolerada (MDT) foi excedida. O consumo de ração e de água foi menor em todos os grupos expostos ao diuron. Não houve diferença nos pesos absolutos e relativos de órgãos entre os grupos. Em todos os grupos expostos ao diuron, os achados microscópicos incluíram hiperplasia urotelial simples (HS) na pelve renal e na bexiga à MEV. Diuron PF e PT induziram alterações na morfologia do esperma e diminuição da motilidade, concentração e viabilidade dos espermatozoides. Esse estudo mostrou que o diuron é nocivo ao urotélio e aos parâmetros reprodutivos de ratos Wistar machos, independentemente de estar na forma técnica (PT) ou formulada (PF) ou se administrado pela ração ou pela água de beber. / Wistar rats exposed during two years to 2500ppm dietary diuron technical product (TP) (3-(3,4- dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) developed high incidence of urothelial tumors, being classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a ‘‘known/likely human carcinogen’’. During the last decades our laboratory conducted studies on the urothelial toxicity of the diuron (TP) provided through diet to male Wistar rats. The diuron formulated product (FP) composed by 50% diuron TP and 50% inert ingredients, has not been evaluated in rats. The diuron (FP) was harmful to reproductive system of male P. sicula lizards exposed to 1100ppm during 3 weeks; the toxic effects were more prominent in the groups receiving diuron FP in drinking water. This study aimed to compare the potential toxicity of diuron TP or FP 1250ppm offered through diet or drinking water on the urothelium and reproductive parameters of rats. Fifty six-week old Wistar male rats were allocated to five groups (basal diet, FP diet, FP drinking water, TP diet, TP drinking water) and exposed to 1250ppm diuron for 13 weeks. At the end, body weight and weight of kidneys, liver, spleen, testes and epididymis, histopathology of the kidneys and testes and sperm parameters were evaluated. Urinary bladders were bisected and processed for histologic and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analyses. At the end of the study, all groups exposed to diuron had decreased body weight gain compared to control greater than 10%, indicating that for this experiment the dose exceeded the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Food and drinking water consumption was lower in the groups exposed to diuron. There were no differences in the absolute and relative organ weights among the groups. In all groups exposed to diuron, microscopic findings included simple urothelial hyperplasia (SH) in the kidney pelvis and in the urinary bladder. By SEM, the urinary bladder had superficial cytotoxicity in all groups exposed to diuron. Diuron FP and TP induced changes in the sperm morphology and concentration, and decreased sperm motility and viability. This study showed that diuron FP as well as diuron TP is harmful to the urothelium and to the reproductive parameters of male Wistar rats, regardless of whether in a diet or drinking water.

Bifidobacterium spp. são microrganismos probióticos que podem ser incorporados em produtos alimentícios. Entretanto, para que seus efeitos benéficos à saúde humana ocorram, é necessário que o número de células viáveis na hora do consumo seja, no mínimo, 106UFC/g. As bifidobactérias são sensíveis à elevada acidez e, por isso, torna-se necessária a busca por métodos que possam proteger a integridade da célula, sendo um deles a microencapsulação. Em uma primeira etapa do trabalho, Bifidobacterium lactis foi encapsulado em micropartículas de alginato e alginato modificado (alginatoquitosana, alginato-quitosana-sureteric e alginato-quitosana-acryl-eze) e sua sobrevivência e liberação das micropartículas em fluidos simulados do trato gastrintestinal foram mensuradas utilizando-se soluções tampão com pH 1,5, 5,6 e 7,5, na presença e na ausência de pepsina (3g/L), pancreatina (1g/L) e bile (10g/L). A liberação de células das micropartículas teve uma relação direta com o pH do tampão. A microencapsulação aumentou a taxa de sobrevivência de B. lactis, em comparação com células não encapsuladas, em soluções tampão com pH 1,5 sem a presença de enzimas. Em suco gástrico simulado com enzimas digestivas, por outro lado, foi observado que a pepsina proporcionou um efeito protetor sobre as células de B. lactis, e nesse caso, as taxas de sobrevivência do microrganismo estavam diretamente relacionadas com o grau de injúria das células. Em uma segunda etapa do trabalho, leites fermentados com Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus e Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus foram enriquecidos com culturas de Bifidobacterium lactis submetidas a quatro tratamentos diferentes: desidratação em temperatura ambiente, liofilização/congelamento, encapsulação em alginatoquitosana e encapsulação em alginato-quitosana-acryl-eze. A população sobrevivente de B. lactis foi determinada semanalmente no leite fermentado e também após tratamento simulando condições do trato gastrintestinal. Os resultados indicaram que na ausência de pepsina, as populações de B. lactis foram reduzidas drasticamente após o contato com tampão pH 1,5, não sendo possível a detecção de células viáveis livres ou encapsuladas após 120 minutos de teste. A presença de pepsina influenciou positivamente a recuperação de células viáveis de B. lactis em todas as condições testadas, mas as culturas na forma desidratada apresentaram melhores resultados que as culturas microencapsuladas ou liofilizadas. No caso do leite fermentado contendo as células desidratadas, a população de B. lactis, após o tratamento em suco gástrico com enzimas, foi superior à detectada no produto antes desse tratamento. Conclui-se que a microencapsulação não foi eficiente para proteger B. lactis em leite fermentado contra injúrias causadas pelo trato gastrintestinal simulado. / Bifidobacterium spp. are microorganisms that can be added to foods. However, the benefits for the human health occur when the numbers of viable cells in the moment of the consumption is at least 106CFU/g. Bifidobacteria are acid sensitive, and methods to protect cell integrity, such as microencapsulation, are needed. In the first part of the present study, Bifidobacterium lactis was encapsulated in microparticles of alginate and modified alginate (alginate-chitosan, alginate-chitosan-sureteric and alginate-chitosan-acryl-eze) and the survival and release from microparticles in simulated gastrointestinal conditions were measured, using buffers (pH 1.5, 5.6 and 7.5), in the absence and presence of pepsin (3g/L), pancreatin (1g/L) and bile. The release from microparticles presented a direct relationship with pH. When the pH was 1.5 and no enzyme was present, encapsulation improved the survival of B. lactis, when compared to free cells. However, pepsin had a protective effect on B. lactis, and the survival rate was directly related to the cells injury degree. In the second part of the study, fermented milk samples containing Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus were supplemented with B. lactis submitted to four different treatments: dehydration at room temperature, freeze drying, encapsulation in alginate-chitosan and encapsulation in alginate-chitosaacryl-eze. The number of viable B. lactis cells in the fermented milk was determined weekly and also after treatment with simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Results indicated that in the absence of pepsin, the number of viable cells decreased significantly after contact with buffers (pH 1.5), and no viable cell was detected after 120 minutes. Pepsin improved the recovery of viable cells in the assayed gastric conditions, being the dehydrated cultures more resistant than other cultures. In fermented milk containing the dehydrated cells, the number of viable cells increased after treatment with simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Microencapsulation was not an effective procedure to protect B. lactis in fermented milk against injury caused by the simulated gastrointestinal tract.

Composite structures provide opportunities for weight reduction, material tailoring and integrating control surfaces with embedded transducers, which are not possible in conventional metallic structures. As a result there is a substantial increase in the use of composite materials in aerospace and other major industries, which has necessitated the need for structural health monitoring(SHM) of aerospace structures. In the context of SHM of aircraft structures, there are many areas, which are still not explored and need deep investigation. Among these, one of the major areas is the development of efficient damage models for complex composite structures, like stiffened structures, box-type structures, which are the building blocks of an aircraft wing structure. Quantification of the defect due to porosity and especially the methods for identifying the porous regions in a composite structure is another such area, which demands extensive research. In aircraft structures, it is not advisable for the structures, to have high porosity content, since it can initiate common defects in composites such as, delamination, matrix cracks etc.. In fact, there is need for a high frequency analysis to detect defects in such complex structures and also to detect damages, where the change in the stiffness due to the damage is very small. Lamb wave propagation based method is one of the efficient high frequency wave based method for damage detection and are extensively used for detecting small damages, which is essentially needed in aircraft industry. However, in order, to develop an efficient Lamb wave based SHM system, we also need an efficient computational wave propagation model. Developing an efficient computational wave propagation model for complex structures is still a challenging area. One of the major difficulty is its computational expense, when the analysis is performed using conventional FEM. However, for 1D And 2D composite structures, frequency domain spectral finite element method (SFEM), which are very effective in sensing small stiffness changes due to a defect in a structure, is one of the efficient tool for developing computationally efficient and accurate wave based damage models. In this work, we extend the efficiency of SFEM in developing damage models, for detecting damages in built-up composite structures and porous composite structure. Finally, in reality, the nature of variability of the material properties in a composite structure, created a variety of structural problems, in which the uncertainties in different parameters play a major part. Uncertainties can be due to the lack of good knowledge of material properties or due to the change in the load and support condition with the change in environmental variables such as temperature, humidity and pressure. The modeling technique is also one of the major sources of uncertainty, in the analysis of composites. In fact, when the variations are large, we can find in the literatures available that the probabilistic models are advantageous than the deterministic ones. Further, without performing a proper uncertain wave propagation analysis, to characterize the effect of uncertainty in different parameters, it is difficult to maintain the reliability of the results predicted by SFEM based damage models. Hence, in this work, we also study the effect of uncertainty in different structural parameters on the performance of the damage models, based on the models developed in the present work. First, two SFEM based models, one based on the method of assembling 2D spectral elements and the other based on the concept of coupling 2D and 1D spectral elements, are developed to perform high frequency wave propagation analysis of some of the commonly used built-up composite structures. The SFEM model developed using the plate-beam coupling approach is then used to model wave propagation in a multiple stiffened structure and also to model the stiffened structures with different cross sections such as T-section, I-section and hat section. Next, the wave propagation in a porous laminated composite beam is modeled using SFEM, based on the modified rule of mixture approach. Here, the material properties of the composite is obtained from the modified rule of mixture model, which are then used in SFEM to develop a new model for solving wave propagation problems in porous laminated composite beam. The influence of the porosity content on the parameters such as wave number, group speed and also the effect of variation in theses parameters on the time responses are studied first. Next, the effect of the length of the porous region (in the propagation direction) and the frequency of loading, on the time responses, is studied. The change in the time responses with the change in the porosity of the structure is used as a parameter to find the porosity content in a composite beam. The SFEM models developed in this study is then used in the context of wave based damage detection, in the next study. First ,the actual measured response from a structure and the numerically obtained response from a SFEM model for porous laminated composite beam are used for the estimation of porosity, by solving a nonlinear optimization problem. The damage force indicator (DFI) technique is used to locate the porous region in a beam and also to find its length, using the measured wave propagation responses. DFI is derived from the dynamic stiffness matrix of the healthy structure along with the nodal displacements of the damaged structure. Next, a wave propagation based method is developed for modeling damage in stiffened composite structures, using SFEM, to locate and quantify the damage due to a crack and skin-stiffener debonding. The method of wave scattering and DFI technique are used to quantify the damage in the stiffened structure. In the uncertain wave propagation analysis, a study on the uncertainty in material parameters on the wave propagation responses in a healthy metallic beam structure is performed first. Both modulus of elasticity and density are considered uncertain and the analysis is performed using Monte-Carlo simulation (MCS) under the environment of SFEM. The randomness in the material properties are characterized by three different distributions namely normal, Weibul and extreme value distribution and their effect on wave propagation, in beam is investigated. Even a study is performed on the usage of different beam theories and their uncertain responses due to dynamic impulse load. A study is also conducted to analyze the wave propagation response In a composite structure in an uncertain environment using Neumann expansion blended with Monte-Carlo simulation (NE-MCS) under the environment of SFEM. Neumann expansion method accelerates the MCS, which is required for composites as there are many number of uncertain variables. The effect of the parameters like, fiber orientation, lay-up sequence, number of layers and the layer thickness on the uncertain responses due to dynamic impulse load, is thoroughly analyzed. Finally, a probabilistic sensitivity analysis is performed to estimate the sensitivity of uncertain material and fabrication parameters, on the SFEM based damage models for a porous laminated composite beam. MCS is coupled with SFEM, for the uncertain wave propagation analysis and the Kullback-Leibler relative entropy is used as the measure of sensitivity. The sensitivity of different input variables on the wave number, group speed and the values of DFI, are mainly considered in this study. The thesis, written in nine chapters, presents a unified document on wave propagation in healthy and defective composite structure subjected to both deterministic and highly uncertain environment.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-12-12T17:45:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IVONETE FERREIRA DA COSTA.pdf: 1144206 bytes, checksum: 112aea88b52fbaed3f56007447beaf47 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T17:46:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IVONETE FERREIRA DA COSTA.pdf: 1144206 bytes, checksum: 112aea88b52fbaed3f56007447beaf47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-23 / The text brings the analysis of aspects of the literary discourse as the processes of construction of the scenes and the magical universe, in which the narratives of Marina Colasanti are realized, having as it shows the tales of the works Doze reis e a moca no labirinto do vento (2006): "The woman ramada", Uma ideia toda azul (2006): "Beyond the frame", "Between the leaves of green ó" and "Yarn after yarn". The general and specific objectives are to highlight and distinguish the encompassing and generic scenes present in the narratives, to identify the nature of the verbal sign in its relation to the nonverbal sign, and to analyze intertext resources, paratext, among others, as an artistic procedure. The narrative plans are approached, in which the characters are realized mimically, starting from the initial assumption formulated by Dominique Maingueneau. Non-verbal language is an invitation to read verbal language and vice versa. Both are associated with the signs that are constructed through the textual writing: loom and fabric. They can be seen now either explicitly or implicitly, and put in the service of a power that is realized by the act of reading. Thus, in the narrative text, there are traces of a speech in which the text is staged. / O texto traz a análise de aspectos do discurso literário como os processos de construção das cenas e o universo mágico, em que se realizam as narrativas de Marina Colasanti, tendo como mostra os contos das obras Doze reis e a moca no labirinto do vento (2006): “A mulher ramada”, Uma ideia toda azul (2006): “Além do bastidor”, “Entre as folhas do verde ó” e “Fio após fio”. Os objetivos geral e específicos são destacar e distinguir as cenas englobante e genérica presentes nas narrativas, identificar a natureza do signo verbal na sua relação com o signo não verbal e analisar recursos de intertexto, paratexto, entre outros, como procedimento artístico. Abordam-se os planos narrativos, nos quais se dá a realização dos personagens mimeticamente, partindo do pressuposto inicial formulado por Dominique Maingueneau. A linguagem não verbal é um convite à leitura da linguagem verbal e vice-versa. Ambas se associam aos signos que se constroem por meio da escritura textual: tear e tecido. Elas podem ser vistas ora de modo explícito, ora implícito, e se colocam a serviço de um poder que se realiza pelo ato de leitura. Assim, no texto narrativo, há rastros de um discurso em que o texto é encenado.