No description available.

During embryogenesis and post-embryonic patterning, active transport of the phytohormone auxin, reflected in the expression of the Arabidopsis PIN family of auxin efflux mediators, generates local auxin distributions that are crucial for correct organ and tissue specification. Polar auxin transport routes have also long been postulated to regulate vein formation in the leaf. The molecular identification of PIN proteins has made it possible to investigate this hypothesis further by visualizing auxin transport routes in developing leaves. In Arabidopsis leaf primordia, PIN1 is expressed before the earliest known markers of vascular identity, in domains that are gradually restricted to sites of vein formation. PIN1 polarity indicates that auxin is directed towards distinct “convergence points” (CPs) in the marginal epidermis, from which it defines the sites of major vein formation. Within incipient veins, PIN1 polarity indicates drainage of auxin into preexisting veins, such that veins connected at both ends display two divergent polarities. Local auxin application triggers the formation of ectopic CPs and new veins, demonstrating the sufficiency of auxin as a vein-specifying signal. However, not all PIN1-labeled auxin transport routes differentiate as veins: Minor veins are initially unstable, suggesting local competition for auxin transport. Expression of ATHB8, a marker of vascular cell selection, correlates with enhanced PIN1 expression domain (PED) stability and vascular differentiation. Auxin application and auxin transport inhibition reveal that both CP formation in the epidermis and subepidermal PED dynamics are auxin-dependent and self-organizing. Furthermore, normal auxin perception through the ARF-Aux/IAA signaling pathway is required for the restriction of PIN1-mediated auxin transport to narrow subepidermal domains. ARF-Aux/IAA signaling is known to control auxin transport through the regulation of PIN1 dynamics, but the mechanism of this regulation is unclear. It is here shown that two redundantly acting AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) transcription factors, ARF5/MONOPTEROS (MP) and ARF7/NPH4, jointly regulate both PIN1 expression and localization during lateral root patterning in Arabidopsis, in part through the direct transcriptional activation of PIN1 by MP. Taken together, these results indicate that feedback between PIN-mediated auxin transport and ARF-Aux/IAA signaling regulates the patterning of root and shoot organs.

During embryogenesis and post-embryonic patterning, active transport of the phytohormone auxin, reflected in the expression of the Arabidopsis PIN family of auxin efflux mediators, generates local auxin distributions that are crucial for correct organ and tissue specification. Polar auxin transport routes have also long been postulated to regulate vein formation in the leaf. The molecular identification of PIN proteins has made it possible to investigate this hypothesis further by visualizing auxin transport routes in developing leaves. In Arabidopsis leaf primordia, PIN1 is expressed before the earliest known markers of vascular identity, in domains that are gradually restricted to sites of vein formation. PIN1 polarity indicates that auxin is directed towards distinct “convergence points” (CPs) in the marginal epidermis, from which it defines the sites of major vein formation. Within incipient veins, PIN1 polarity indicates drainage of auxin into preexisting veins, such that veins connected at both ends display two divergent polarities. Local auxin application triggers the formation of ectopic CPs and new veins, demonstrating the sufficiency of auxin as a vein-specifying signal. However, not all PIN1-labeled auxin transport routes differentiate as veins: Minor veins are initially unstable, suggesting local competition for auxin transport. Expression of ATHB8, a marker of vascular cell selection, correlates with enhanced PIN1 expression domain (PED) stability and vascular differentiation. Auxin application and auxin transport inhibition reveal that both CP formation in the epidermis and subepidermal PED dynamics are auxin-dependent and self-organizing. Furthermore, normal auxin perception through the ARF-Aux/IAA signaling pathway is required for the restriction of PIN1-mediated auxin transport to narrow subepidermal domains. ARF-Aux/IAA signaling is known to control auxin transport through the regulation of PIN1 dynamics, but the mechanism of this regulation is unclear. It is here shown that two redundantly acting AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) transcription factors, ARF5/MONOPTEROS (MP) and ARF7/NPH4, jointly regulate both PIN1 expression and localization during lateral root patterning in Arabidopsis, in part through the direct transcriptional activation of PIN1 by MP. Taken together, these results indicate that feedback between PIN-mediated auxin transport and ARF-Aux/IAA signaling regulates the patterning of root and shoot organs.