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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This degree project studies the future regulations for the installation of electronic flight bags (EFB) with focus on the hardware and its safety implications in which the task was given by Bromma Air Maintenance (BAM). The aim is to ease the operator to handle issues dealing with EFB; such as lithium battery fire in the cockpit, placement of EFB in the cockpit, etc. This also addresses flight safety, flight controls, emergency evacuation and solutions in dealing with such issues. Flight safely is a vital factor to be considered since it jeopardizes lives. As recent reports indicate an increase in lithium battery powered devices incidents on aircrafts, this paves the way to find new solutions and procedures to mitigate them. By studying the current regulations, Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC), Advisory Circular (AC) regarding the usage/installation of EFB and future regulation draft (NPA) this study analyzed the changes, which indicated that there were not many significant changes made to the future regulation (new AMC). Although many chapter of the current AMC have been removed and introduced into a new section under AMC & GM (Guidance Material). Different placement of the EFB in cockpit has also been studied in this degree project, which has shown that depending on the placement choice of the aircraft operator there are advantages and disadvantages. This follows by studying the lithium (Li-ion) batteries: technology, mitigation of fire and procedures for lithium battery fire while also studying the recent incidents regarding lithium batteries fire and explosion in commercial and cargo flights. The solutions consist of using the latest technology to propose a new approach to charge the batteries, and store the burning batteries as well. This lead to a smart inductive charger and a smart fire contamination bag to be integrated into the procedures. / Detta examensarbete studerar de framtida installationskrav för Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) med fokus på hårdvaran och dess påverkan på säkerheten. Rapporten kan användas som manual som tydliggör vilka procedurer och rekommendationer operatören kan ta hänsyn till vid installation och användning av EFB. I flygbranschen har de flesta flygbolag redan börjat använda surfplattor istället för dokument och manualer. EFB är ett elektroniskdisplaysystem som i första hand används i flygplanets cockpit. EFB:s funktion är att förse piloten med en mängd olika data om flygplanet t.ex. prestanda, balans och vikt beräkningar, bränsle mm. Displayen är en ersättning av det traditionella ”Flight Bag” som för i tiden var i pappersform och innehöll alla kartor och manualer skriftligt. Som alla andra teknologier har EFB sina begränsningar såsom batteriproblem, påverkan på säkerheten och ”Flight Controls” i flygplanets cockpit. Genom studier och sammanfattning av skillnaden mellan nuvarande och framtida regelverk har man kommit fram till att inga märkbara förändringar har skett. Fältstudien var till nytta för att analysera vilka säkerhetsproblem varje installationstyp har. Utrustningar som smart induktiv laddare och smart brandskyddsväska har fåtts som resultat i arbetet. Dessa utrustningar är till att motverka faror som är möjliga att ske under användning av EFB i cockpit.

Os ruídos, vibrações e asperezas de rodagem veicular (do acrônimo em inglês Road NVH), presentes de 20 Hz até 1000 Hz aproximadamente, originam-se das vibrações e propagações acústicas dos pneus ao interagir com as superfícies. Nestas fontes de ruído, ambas as vias de contribuições estruturais e aéreas, são relevantes para o refinamento veicular. Constantes são os esforços para estudar o veículo como um conjunto de caminhos de transferência entre a dinâmica dos pneus até o conforto dos passageiros. Sendo assim, o tratamento dos mecanismos que geram e propagam o ruído e vibração à cabine está avançando, graças aos testes e análises sistemáticas, fundamentadas na teoria de Análises dos Caminhos de Transferências de energia (TPA do inglês transfer path analysis). O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um estudo de um caso de Road NVH utilizando o TPA em veículo protótipo. Neste tema, é investigado o nível de ruído de rodagem em torno de 180 Hz, semelhante ao efeito de roncar (rumble, na expressão em inglês). Este ruído permanece presente no protótipo, em diversos tipos de pista e velocidades, porém em apenas um modelo de pneu (batizado de modelo \"A\"), entre os diversos testados. Das avaliações subjetivas prévias, defini-se que o foco das investigações são as contribuições estruturais da suspensão dianteira. Usando o TPA para demonstrar os caminhos críticos na formação do rumble, aplicou-se o método da matriz inversa para o calculo das forcas, considerando os seguintes pontos: buchas do braço de controle do A-Arm e de ligação da carroceria com a parte superior da suspensão dianteira (fig. 4.6 - tipo Mc Pherson). Foram obtidas experimentalmente as vibrações dos lados ativos e passivos destes pontos, nas condições de rolagem e as funções de resposta vibracionais e acústica do ponto, no laboratório. Após a correlação do ruído interno calculado com o medido, concluiu-se que o rumble deste caso foi gerado pela baixa eficiência de isolação das vibrações radiais nas buchas anteriores e pela força lateral do pneu \"A\". Por fim, propostas de bucha e pneu são apresentadas em termos das novas forças e respostas acústicas transmitidas, para minimizar o rumble. / The road noise, vibration and harshness (Road NVH) present from 20 Hz to 1000 Hz approximately, begins from the tires vibration and acoustic propagation and their interactions with the road surfaces. In these noise sources, both structural-borne and air-borne noise contributions are relevant to vehicle refinement. The constant efforts to study the vehicle as a set of transfer paths from tires dynamic behavior to passenger comfort to the final passenger comfort perception. Thus the treatment of generation and propagation mechanisms, have being forward thanks to the systematic tests and proceedings based on the transfer path analysis theory (TPA). The purpose of this work is to present a case study of Road NVH, using TPA in prototype vehicle. On this theme, it is investigated a higher noise level around 180 Hz, on the rumble narrow band. This noise remains in the prototype during several types of tracks and speeds conditions, whenever only a tire model, named as sample A, is used, despites all tires tested. From the previous subjective evaluation, the focus of the investigation is defined to be structure-borne of the front suspension. Using TPA to demonstrate the critical paths to rumble, it was applied the matrix inversion method to force calculation, considering the follow points: A-Arm type lower control arm bushings and top mounts of front suspension (picture 4.6 - Mc Pherson type). The vibration in the active and passive side of these points during test conditions and the FRFs driving points and body sensitivity for a target microphone were obtained experimentally. After correlation between internal road noise calculated and the measured, it was concluded the Rumble of this case had been formed by low radial vibration isolation of the front bushings and due lateral forces of tire A. At last, the bushing and tire proposals are presented in terms of new transmitted forces and acoustical responses, to minimize the rumble.

Os ruídos, vibrações e asperezas de rodagem veicular (do acrônimo em inglês Road NVH), presentes de 20 Hz até 1000 Hz aproximadamente, originam-se das vibrações e propagações acústicas dos pneus ao interagir com as superfícies. Nestas fontes de ruído, ambas as vias de contribuições estruturais e aéreas, são relevantes para o refinamento veicular. Constantes são os esforços para estudar o veículo como um conjunto de caminhos de transferência entre a dinâmica dos pneus até o conforto dos passageiros. Sendo assim, o tratamento dos mecanismos que geram e propagam o ruído e vibração à cabine está avançando, graças aos testes e análises sistemáticas, fundamentadas na teoria de Análises dos Caminhos de Transferências de energia (TPA do inglês transfer path analysis). O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um estudo de um caso de Road NVH utilizando o TPA em veículo protótipo. Neste tema, é investigado o nível de ruído de rodagem em torno de 180 Hz, semelhante ao efeito de roncar (rumble, na expressão em inglês). Este ruído permanece presente no protótipo, em diversos tipos de pista e velocidades, porém em apenas um modelo de pneu (batizado de modelo \"A\"), entre os diversos testados. Das avaliações subjetivas prévias, defini-se que o foco das investigações são as contribuições estruturais da suspensão dianteira. Usando o TPA para demonstrar os caminhos críticos na formação do rumble, aplicou-se o método da matriz inversa para o calculo das forcas, considerando os seguintes pontos: buchas do braço de controle do A-Arm e de ligação da carroceria com a parte superior da suspensão dianteira (fig. 4.6 - tipo Mc Pherson). Foram obtidas experimentalmente as vibrações dos lados ativos e passivos destes pontos, nas condições de rolagem e as funções de resposta vibracionais e acústica do ponto, no laboratório. Após a correlação do ruído interno calculado com o medido, concluiu-se que o rumble deste caso foi gerado pela baixa eficiência de isolação das vibrações radiais nas buchas anteriores e pela força lateral do pneu \"A\". Por fim, propostas de bucha e pneu são apresentadas em termos das novas forças e respostas acústicas transmitidas, para minimizar o rumble. / The road noise, vibration and harshness (Road NVH) present from 20 Hz to 1000 Hz approximately, begins from the tires vibration and acoustic propagation and their interactions with the road surfaces. In these noise sources, both structural-borne and air-borne noise contributions are relevant to vehicle refinement. The constant efforts to study the vehicle as a set of transfer paths from tires dynamic behavior to passenger comfort to the final passenger comfort perception. Thus the treatment of generation and propagation mechanisms, have being forward thanks to the systematic tests and proceedings based on the transfer path analysis theory (TPA). The purpose of this work is to present a case study of Road NVH, using TPA in prototype vehicle. On this theme, it is investigated a higher noise level around 180 Hz, on the rumble narrow band. This noise remains in the prototype during several types of tracks and speeds conditions, whenever only a tire model, named as sample A, is used, despites all tires tested. From the previous subjective evaluation, the focus of the investigation is defined to be structure-borne of the front suspension. Using TPA to demonstrate the critical paths to rumble, it was applied the matrix inversion method to force calculation, considering the follow points: A-Arm type lower control arm bushings and top mounts of front suspension (picture 4.6 - Mc Pherson type). The vibration in the active and passive side of these points during test conditions and the FRFs driving points and body sensitivity for a target microphone were obtained experimentally. After correlation between internal road noise calculated and the measured, it was concluded the Rumble of this case had been formed by low radial vibration isolation of the front bushings and due lateral forces of tire A. At last, the bushing and tire proposals are presented in terms of new transmitted forces and acoustical responses, to minimize the rumble.

Magister Commercii - MCom / This thesis focuses on the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) of South Africa between 1998 and 2017, by looking at whether it acts as an independent institution and if it strengthens the quality of democracy in the country. The research addresses various sub-research questions such as, what is independence? What is a quality democracy? Is the NPA able to foster democratic accountability? It further assesses to which extent executive influence and leadership instability affect the independence of the NPA, by looking at the relationship between the executive – the state Presidents’ and government officials – and the NPA, over the years, in terms of the law practiced. And lastly, whether the role of ANC has affected the NPA. These questions arise out of my interest to understand the NPA in terms of its constitutional mandate and how it impacts democracy. The principal concepts used to date indicates that democracy comprises several procedural norms. These democratic norms – accountability, the constraint of executive power, the separation of powers, and the rule of law form the bases for my research study; while other integral factors include independence, state capture, and dominant party systems. The research methodology for this thesis incorporated qualitative research, a case study, and triangulation. The research also included interviews, with Advocate Shaun Abrahams, Dr Silas Ramaite, Advocate Vusi Pikoli, Advocate Glynnis Breytenbach, Mr Steven Swart, Mr Lawson Naidoo, Mr Paul Hoffman, Dr Jeff Rudin, Professor Lukas Muntingh, Professor Lovell Fernandez, Mr Gareth Newham, and Advocate Mike Pothier as the interviewees. The data analysis and synthesis suggest that the lack of oversight of the NPA alongside the political dominance of the ANC has allowed for an infiltration of political influence within the institution resulting in the selective prosecution of high-profile cases. The data highlights the blurring of lines as a result of state capture which has tainted the NPA’s independence. The importance of this research study lies in the relationship of the NPA and democracy, as an erosion of the NPA essentially correlates with the weakening of democracy. Therefore it is vital to protect our independent institutions, like the NPA, as they strengthen our democracy, assist in upholding the rule of law and the Constitution.

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / This thesis examines the role of paramilitary forces in the counterinsurgency operations being launched by the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) against the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) and the New People's Army (NPA). The Philippine government and the AFP firmly believe that the present Civilian Armed Force Geographical Unit Active Auxiliary (CAA) is an essential component of the AFP's Operational clear-hold-support methodology. Many scholars have argued that separating the Communist guerrillas from the populace is an important element in winning the counterinsurgency campaign. Isolating the Communist insurgents is done through the creation of local militia. However, some authors contend it would be dangerous for any government to train paramilitary forces because, in the long term, the governments are unsure of the future loyalties of these paramilitary forces. They may currently be working for the government, but as they work and gain skills, these paramilitary forces could use these same skills against the government in the future. Thus, it is quite dangerous to train paramilitary forces. The Philippine paramilitaries are good examples of paramilitary forces being used effectively for counterinsurgency. Their primary task of protecting the communities and the people from the coercive and abusive acts of the Communist insurgents are achieved. They are an effective counterinsurgency force because of proper training as well as command and control. This thesis concludes that the Philippine government and the AFP are headed in the right operational direction for utilizing paramilitary forces for village defense and as the protectors of the people. The paramilitary forces in the Philippines need the proper training as well as command and control in order to make these paramilitary forces effective counterinsurgency forces. / Colonel, Philippine Army

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During embryogenesis and post-embryonic patterning, active transport of the phytohormone auxin, reflected in the expression of the Arabidopsis PIN family of auxin efflux mediators, generates local auxin distributions that are crucial for correct organ and tissue specification. Polar auxin transport routes have also long been postulated to regulate vein formation in the leaf. The molecular identification of PIN proteins has made it possible to investigate this hypothesis further by visualizing auxin transport routes in developing leaves. In Arabidopsis leaf primordia, PIN1 is expressed before the earliest known markers of vascular identity, in domains that are gradually restricted to sites of vein formation. PIN1 polarity indicates that auxin is directed towards distinct “convergence points” (CPs) in the marginal epidermis, from which it defines the sites of major vein formation. Within incipient veins, PIN1 polarity indicates drainage of auxin into preexisting veins, such that veins connected at both ends display two divergent polarities. Local auxin application triggers the formation of ectopic CPs and new veins, demonstrating the sufficiency of auxin as a vein-specifying signal. However, not all PIN1-labeled auxin transport routes differentiate as veins: Minor veins are initially unstable, suggesting local competition for auxin transport. Expression of ATHB8, a marker of vascular cell selection, correlates with enhanced PIN1 expression domain (PED) stability and vascular differentiation. Auxin application and auxin transport inhibition reveal that both CP formation in the epidermis and subepidermal PED dynamics are auxin-dependent and self-organizing. Furthermore, normal auxin perception through the ARF-Aux/IAA signaling pathway is required for the restriction of PIN1-mediated auxin transport to narrow subepidermal domains. ARF-Aux/IAA signaling is known to control auxin transport through the regulation of PIN1 dynamics, but the mechanism of this regulation is unclear. It is here shown that two redundantly acting AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) transcription factors, ARF5/MONOPTEROS (MP) and ARF7/NPH4, jointly regulate both PIN1 expression and localization during lateral root patterning in Arabidopsis, in part through the direct transcriptional activation of PIN1 by MP. Taken together, these results indicate that feedback between PIN-mediated auxin transport and ARF-Aux/IAA signaling regulates the patterning of root and shoot organs.

During embryogenesis and post-embryonic patterning, active transport of the phytohormone auxin, reflected in the expression of the Arabidopsis PIN family of auxin efflux mediators, generates local auxin distributions that are crucial for correct organ and tissue specification. Polar auxin transport routes have also long been postulated to regulate vein formation in the leaf. The molecular identification of PIN proteins has made it possible to investigate this hypothesis further by visualizing auxin transport routes in developing leaves. In Arabidopsis leaf primordia, PIN1 is expressed before the earliest known markers of vascular identity, in domains that are gradually restricted to sites of vein formation. PIN1 polarity indicates that auxin is directed towards distinct “convergence points” (CPs) in the marginal epidermis, from which it defines the sites of major vein formation. Within incipient veins, PIN1 polarity indicates drainage of auxin into preexisting veins, such that veins connected at both ends display two divergent polarities. Local auxin application triggers the formation of ectopic CPs and new veins, demonstrating the sufficiency of auxin as a vein-specifying signal. However, not all PIN1-labeled auxin transport routes differentiate as veins: Minor veins are initially unstable, suggesting local competition for auxin transport. Expression of ATHB8, a marker of vascular cell selection, correlates with enhanced PIN1 expression domain (PED) stability and vascular differentiation. Auxin application and auxin transport inhibition reveal that both CP formation in the epidermis and subepidermal PED dynamics are auxin-dependent and self-organizing. Furthermore, normal auxin perception through the ARF-Aux/IAA signaling pathway is required for the restriction of PIN1-mediated auxin transport to narrow subepidermal domains. ARF-Aux/IAA signaling is known to control auxin transport through the regulation of PIN1 dynamics, but the mechanism of this regulation is unclear. It is here shown that two redundantly acting AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) transcription factors, ARF5/MONOPTEROS (MP) and ARF7/NPH4, jointly regulate both PIN1 expression and localization during lateral root patterning in Arabidopsis, in part through the direct transcriptional activation of PIN1 by MP. Taken together, these results indicate that feedback between PIN-mediated auxin transport and ARF-Aux/IAA signaling regulates the patterning of root and shoot organs.