In 2004 Hammes claimed that the world entered a new generation of war, fourth generation warfare. This type of warfare is different from earlier generations since the wars will not be conventional but irregular wars, an advance kind of insurgency. In 2022 the war between Russia and Ukraine suddenly escalates into an undeniable conventional war which puts the relevance of Hammes theory and claim into question. It raises the issue of whether this war disproves the claim and weakens his theory. Whether this war is the return of earlier generations where conventional wars existed or whether there is a possibility that even this war is inherently fourth generational. That the fourth generation generally describes characteristics of warfare today regardless of whether they be conventional or not. The study found that there is an overlap between the criteria Hammes use to define fourth generational conflicts and the war in Ukraine and Russia. This suggests that Hammes theory could still be relevant in this specific case. However, it is also discussed whether the claim can be made that fourth generational warfare truly has replaced its predecessor third generational warfare when there is no real point of comparison between the two generations. Lastly follows a shorter discussion of what this paper contributes with to the military profession and suggestions for further research within this field.

The problem of this study is to make investigation of the reading materials, both basal and supplementary provided for fourth grade pupils in the public schools of Texas for the last twenty years.

The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent the homemaking responsibilities some fourth-grade children assume affect the way in which they perform their school responsibilities.

The problem of this study is to make a critical investigation and a thorough analysis of different methods that have been used to report pupil progress in the elementary school of Henrietta, Texas, and other elementary schools. Also, some significant changes underlying the concepts of educational achievements are to be shown and basic principles presented to develop a desirable method and procedure in establishing a more effective and functional marking and reporting program for the fourth grades in Henrietta, Texas.

The purpose of this study is to examine courses of study for social studies in the fourth grade, and after analyzing the objectives, methods, and the materials of each, to decide whether they meet the criteria prescribed in educational literature.

It is the purpose of this study to (1) determine the history and status of the comic book; (2) to find out how many and what kinds of comic books two groups of fourth graders of the Perryton school are reading; (3) to set up a well-planned reading program in one of these groups; (4) to compare the amount and kinds of comic books read by the two groups at the end of the experimental period.

No / Surface blending with tangential continuity is most widely applied in computer-aided design, manufacturing systems, and geometric modeling. In this paper, we propose a new blending method to effectively control the shape of blending surfaces, which can also satisfy the blending constraints of tangent continuity exactly. This new blending method is based on the concept of swept surfaces controlled by a vector-valued fourth order ordinary differential equation (ODE). It creates blending surfaces by sweeping a generator along two trimlines and making the generator exactly satisfy the tangential constraints at the trimlines. The shape of blending surfaces is controlled by manipulating the generator with the solution to a vector-valued fourth order ODE. This new blending methods have the following advantages: (1) exact satisfaction of C1C1 continuous blending boundary constraints, (2) effective shape control of blending surfaces, (3) high computing efficiency due to explicit mathematical representation of blending surfaces, and (4) ability to blend multiple (more than two) primary surfaces.

The problem of this study was to determine the effect of professional development in the use of performance assessment in fourth grade mathematics on student achievement and attitude toward mathematics. Achievement was measured by subtest and total mathematics scores on norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests. Attitude was measured by a survey of student attitudes.

Species with particular traits are not randomly distributed across landscape. Habitats provide the templet on which evolution forges characteristic morphologies and life-history strategies and environmental determinants in an ecological processes represent a filter for certain species with appropriate traits. It is essential to understand how spatial differences in community composition are affected by geographical patterns in a distribution of species characteristics. I was interested in searching and determining the relationships between species traits and environmental parameters within avifauna of south Africa. I investigated the effect of which variables of environment most influenced bird assemblage composition and distribution of species traits in space. Relationships between the environmental factors and the species traits and life-history stategies were investigated using RLQ analysis, a multivariate ordination method able to relate a species trait table to an environmental table by way of a species presence/absence table. The first axis of the RLQ analysis was highly statistically significant and explained most of the variability. It was strongly positively related to increasing productivity, to atributes reflecting vegetation character and to availability of water sources. The rest of...

The expression ‘New Culture Movement’ was born in summer 1919, in the intersections of academic debate, political activism, media coverage and intellectual marketing strategies. I have traced the emergence of the phrase and the discourses around it, using sources like journals, newspapers, student essays, advertisements and conference protocols. The New Culture Movement was a buzzword, deployed by practically-minded but lesser-known intellectuals to promote agendas they had held long before its invention. Many notions we associate with the Movement until today already surrounded it in 1919: for example, that it was connected to the political protests of ‘May Fourth,’ and driven by star intellectuals such as Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu. But closer scrutiny reveals that the New Culture Movement and its network of associations were a construct, an amalgam of newspaper stories and intellectual marketing ploys: the connection to May Fourth was created by newspapers; the intellectuals at the periphery drew upon Hu Shi’s and Chen Duxiu’s prestige to add glamour to their own agendas. Nevertheless, the New Culture Movement shaped China’s 20th century. As only some agendas could credibly be sold as the Movement, it catalysed the plethora of competing agendas that had emerged since the 19th century to tackle the challenges of a changed world order. The New Culture Movement later became a founding myth of ‘Modern China’ and was regarded as the obvious result of global trends towards ‘modernisation,’ which visionary intellectuals recognised. But more recent literature has decentred the Movement, noted a longer history of its ideas and the careerism of its participants. I drive this point further by showing that, at the Movement’s very core, were practically-minded business and marketing strategies, deployed by numerous, lesser-known actors. It was in this way that the course for 20th-century China and one of its founding myths was set.