Vilka inramningar använder sig tidningarna Dagens Nyheter och The Times of India av i bild- och rubriksättning av artiklar om klimatförändringar? I vilka artikeltyper förkommer dessa artiklar och har antalet bildsatta artiklar och bilder per år förändrats från 2000 till 2009? Dessa frågeställningar har vi besvarat med hjälp av teorier om inramning (framing), bildretorik, semiotik och mediernas påverkan på människor. Vi valde att jämföra en svensk och en indisk tidning eftersom Sveriges och Indiens inställningar till klimatförändringar skiljer sig åt. Vi ville se om ländernas inställningar återspeglas i tidningarnas rapportering. Då Dagens Nyheter och The Times of India är de största dagstidningarna i respektive land sett till upplaga, och informationen i dem därför når många människor, är det intressant att se vilka inramningar de använder sig av i artiklar om klimatförändringar. Metoden, vilken är en kvantitativ bildanalys, har vi designat med stöd av ovanstående teorier. Bildanalysen har bestått av tjugo variabler med tillhörande variabelvärden med vilka vi har kategoriserat insamlad data. Totalt har vi analyserat 374 bilder uppdelat på 235 artiklar. Resultaten visar att en etisk inramning (där ansvarsaspekten av klimatförändringar är huvudsaken) var vanligast i båda tidningarna. Nyhetsartiklar var den vanligaste artikeltypen följt av opinionsartiklar. Vad gäller en förändring i antalet bildsatta artiklar och bilder, och om dessa har ökat med åren, kan vi inte dra några generella slutsatser men se en trend som visar på en ökning. Bilder på politiker och aktioner/demonstrationer är vanliga i vårt material. Slutsatserna vi drar av detta är att klimatförändringar är frågor som måste lösas på politisk nivå och att den politiska kontexten tidningarna verkar i påverkar vilken inramning de använder sig av. Vi upplever även att klimatförändringar har fått högre prioritet och att bilder har blivit viktigare i rapporteringen om dessa frågor.

The reporting of the media will never be an exact copy of reality. Through medias way of presenting, or framing, the world that surround us all they must also affect our interpretation of it. The role of the journalist includes both chosing and excluding in the way they describe things. Studies have been made by the wellknown mediaresearcher, Kent Asp, that show how media reported in more negative wordings about Mona Sahlin, than her opponent Fredrik Reinfeldt in the period building up to the swedish elections 2010. The purpose of our study has been to compare how these politicians were being described, or framed, in the media, in regards to their gender.Our study has shown that Mona Sahlin more often than Fredrik Reinfeldt was described as being less knowledgeable, and were mentioned in the context of scandals or conflicts. Sahlin was also, more often than Reinfeldt, mentioned in articles where the subjects of healthcare, schooling and education, and equality between men and women. Where as Reinfeldt was, more often than Sahlin, mentioned in articles where the subjects were the labour market, economy and foreign politics.

The full height truss frame (FHTF) is an exciting new residential framing system in response to the need for low floor-to-floor steel construction. The FHTF has the potential to provide low floor-to-floor heights, a column free first floor area, an integrated frame that uses the entire height to resist loads, and the capacity to resist both gravity and lateral loads. Because of its configuration, the full structural height can be used to resist loads. A FHTF is made up of stacked floor trusses that result in one full height truss spanning the entire width of the building. The FHTF is constructed in a conventional manner one floor at a time. The strength, inertia, and truss height will increase as each floor is added. Therefore, the construction sequence will affect the final stresses in the members. The purpose of this thesis was to analyze and design two prototype FHTFs, to compare the economy of the prototypes with similar staggered truss frames, and to develop an approximate method to calculate staged member stresses. Each prototype was analyzed using a computer program and designed according to the 2001 American Institute of Steel Construction Load and Resistance Factor Design. The prototypes were used to assess the strength and serviceability of the structures, and the results of the staged analysis were used to validate the numerical method developed to approximate a staged loading sequence based on the non-staged dead load results. The results of the analysis and design of the prototypes was the initial step in confirming the viability of the FHTF for use in the residential multistory market. FHTFs can be designed with preexisting procedure, and are capable of offering low floor-to-floor heights. The prototypes exhibited excellent lateral stiffness against wind loads. The numerical method for estimating the staged dead load accurately approximated the results of the analysis preformed by ETABS. The numerical method can be used to simulate a variety of sequences in order to optimize the stages. Lastly, the FHTF was shown to be competitive with the staggered truss systems in terms of material usage, fabrication, and construction.

Beginning with the study of type, house typologies, manufactured houses, and structure classification, this thesis proposes the design and fabrication of a hybrid structural insulated panel (SIP) and laminated-stud (Lam) framing system developed using contemporary three-dimensional modeling techniques and digital production methodology. Included within are prototypes, assembly diagrams, and structural tests of the proposed Cannoli Framing System (CFS) as well as three speculative Turnstijl houses whose systematic variation demonstrates the flexibility and scalability of the proposed system. In essence, this is the design of a framing typology capable of structural and formal variability to a degree that has previously been neither feasible nor affordable.

Enterprises can adopt branding extension strategies to decrease the expense on developing the awareness of new products as well as to attract consumers. However, not all of them succeeded. From previous researches, most of them focus on brand extensions of tangible products and regard Fit as the main driver to the success of brand extensions. Overall, the higher the Fit between parent brands and extension products, the more possibly brand extensions succeed. However, if Goal Congruency can be a substitute factor for Fit between them, maybe the different goals they possess offer more value to Consumers. Thus, I extend the scope of brand extensions to service industry, studying on the effect of ¡§goal congruency¡¨ on brand extensions and further on the interaction of ¡§goal congruency¡¨ and ¡§advertisement framing¡¨. This research uses situation experiment to manipulate well-known brand to extend new service products. In experiment 1, the real enterprises Friday restaurant and 104 job bank separately launch new extended products to study the effects of ¡§goal congruency" on ¡§perceived value¡¨,¡¨ brand extension attitude¡¨ and ¡§consumers¡¦ mood¡¨. In experiment 2, it adds one more factor, advertisement framing, to study the two- way interaction of consumers¡¦ mood influenced by ¡§goal congruence¡¨ and ¡§advertisement framing¡¨ on ¡§brand extension attitude¡¨. First, it shows the incongruent brand extensions are perceived higher brand extension evaluation than congruent ones. Second, when compared with negative advertisement framing, positive advertisement framing with incongruent brand extensions receives higher brand extension evaluation. The consuming goal can be an important factor on evaluation of brand extensions.

The concept of environment friendly demonstrated on government laws and many products is so popular, not only green marketing and green advertising. In this study, a cell phone which has environment-friendly orientation is the main focus in green advertising. Attribute framing is the way of showing message in advertising, and economic chain is described as the content of message. Then, investigating the impact of attribute framing and economic chain on advertising effects, and advertising effects are measured by memory, attitude toward advertising and purchase intention. The research adopts 2x3 mixed experimental designs; each scenario contains positive and negative framing message of attribute framing, and three levels of economic chain: production, usage and waste. Samples were selected from 3 universities and 2 companies in Kaohsiung. The final samples are 219. The results are as follows, attribute framing has significant effects on memory and attitude toward advertising, and positive framing has better score than negative one, but purchase intention is not influenced. Three levels of economic chain do not influence advertising effects. Attribute framing and economic chain have no interaction effect on advertising effects. Advertising appealing to environment friendly, no matter what framing it takes, consumers have positive attitudes toward the advertising, but using positive framing message is a better way. Consumers having positive attitudes toward three levels of economic chain show that they not only do not focus on any level, but have good feeling about information disclosure on environment-friendly products. Hence, an enterprise should pay attention to extended producer responsibility, and enhance the improvement on environment friendly through product life cycle assessment.

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The "implicit rules" of the white racial framing shape meanings, structure interactions, and impose identities upon all who enter American society. The context of this current study conceptualizes how this racialized frame differentially shapes the experiences of native African-Americans and African immigrants in America, disrupting associations between these ancestral kinsmen and subsequently interrupting identity processes. The body of knowledge now available depicts the relationship between native and immigrant blacks as "socially-distanced," "divided," "conflicted" – as disconnected. However, I argue that such characterizations – symbolic of the divisive influence of racial structures rooted in America's slave past – evolve from inappropriate evaluation of black behavior within white racial contexts that do not support or encourage such expression. This current mixed-method study re-examines the relationship between native and immigrant blacks from an africentric perspective – a view that captures the authenticity of black behavior in the service of its full development and potential. Based on data obtained from 40 respondents (20 African, 20 African-American) at a Historically Black College/University (HBCU), this study informs our understanding of the workings of the white racial frame and its impact upon identity processes, specifically for native and immigrant blacks in America. This research found that absent the influence of the white racial frame upon identity processes, native African-American and African respondents freely interact and fully express identification with a shared ancestry and heritage; that the most significant disconnect in the relationship exists in identification with a common history given the separation experienced as a direct result of the American slave trade. This separation – still perpetuated today by American racial constructs' divisive characterizations – accounts for the differential experiences and motivations of native and immigrant blacks within American society. As a result, native and immigrant blacks do not contextualize or interpret racial experiences in the same manner, giving birth to the misconception that their identification with each other does not emanate from a shared heritage and promoting as an obvious rift, obscure tensions bred by the white racial framing of American society.

With great growth of the use of internet ,the communication based on computer-mediated system or so called electronic word-of-mouth becomes more important. In these ways to exchange information, forward mail is unique and powerful especially. In this research, we would like to know what factors make people to decide to forward a e-mail or not, and what kind of roles these factors play in the process to make decision. Three factors were discussed in this research, including¡Gmessage framing, source credibility and product involvement, and the theory of reasoned action was applied to explain the behavior of forwarding e-mail. Through ANOVA and regression analysis to analyze 472 effective samples, the findings are outlined below¡G 1. E-mail users hold better attitude to forward negative message, and have more intention to forward it. 2. E-mail users hold better attitude to forward the message which has high source credibility, and have more intention to forward it. 3. The effect of subjective norm on intention to forward the email is greater than the effect of attitude.

This research will discuss the effects of framing promotion messages to different price level products. Consumers will perceive the difference of significance of savings, and the different perceptions of retailer¡¦s tactics in price promotion: inflating the regular price before a promotion and a permanent price reduction. If it has differences on promote effects and purchase intentions when using the different promotion type. Finally, this research uses price consciousness to make deep investigation. To understand if consumers with different price consciousness have different perceptions on the subject of the effects of framing price promotion messages. In this research, we find that for the high-price product, consumers perceive a price reduction framed in dollar terms as more significant of savings than in percentage terms. For the low-price product, consumers perceive a price reduction framed in percentage terms as more significant of savings than in dollar terms. But the effects of framing price promotion messages have no significant effect on consumer¡¦s perception of whether retailers use tactics or not. It is no significant effects of promotion type ( coupon v.s discount ) on the perceived significance of the savings. Consumers consider that the lower likelihood of retailer¡¦s tactics using in coupon promotions. In purchase intentions, consumers are more likely to purchase in coupon promotions than in discount promotions. It is no significant difference on different price consciousness consumer to the subject of the effects of framing price promotion messages. We can¡¦t find that whether it has relationship between price consciousness and the effects of framing price promotion messages.