This thesis thematizes the influence of commerce or commercials on bloggers and aims to realise their point of view interpreted by the authors of selected blogs in certain specific categories such as: fashion, beauty, lifestyle and food blogs. It is therefore, a critical view of the Czech blogs in selected categories in order to determine their relationship with the commercial industry thereby linking them with the information and PR content. This paper attempts to compare the neutrality or conversely the impact of commercials on certain selected Czech blogs. The purpose of this research is to ascertain the attitudes of bloggers who succumb to pressures from commercial entities. The result of this work is to evaluate personal perspective on the issue of linking bloggers with marketing plans and advertising commercial entities. Findings of the reviews point to the concept of free labour and touch upon the broader issue of poorly paid workers in the Web 2.0 environment.

Web 2.0 and the new decentralized, many-to-many technosocial tolls empower consumers and users to reproduce, and distribute content on their own and without permission, shifting the boundaries of participation. Alternative collaborative communities that produce and distribute information, knowledge and culture without seeking profit or operating hierarchically challenge and/or correct commercial entities. This thesis deals with such a variety of collaborative community: the scanlation community. It explores, describes and explains what differences there are in the practices and understandings of scanlators, with a special focus on their attitudes towards legal ownership and profit motives.  The main research question is: How do scanlators understand their cultural production, reproduction and distribution practices; with a special focus on which meanings do they ascribe to copyright infringement and the anti-profit motive? In particular, the study provides answers to the following questions: How do some become scanlators? What are the motives of the scanlators? How is scanlation organized? How is it managed? Which beliefs underpin it? Further impacts on and implications for the cultural industry of manga and the society at the level of politics, economy, and culture are taken into account and disccussed. Bruns' produsage based model of collaborative content production and usage is taken here as the main theoretical tool to analyze the participants, processes and principles of the scanlation community. Other concepts derived from fans studies and the political economy of media and communication complement the theoretical framework. Twenty qualitative interviews with individuals contributors to the collaborative process of content creation in a variety of groups were conducted.  The analysis of the results of the research suggests that scanlators collaborate in competition and cooperation with their open, free, ad hoc and heterarchical alternative model of (unauthorized) manga tranlation, reproduction and distribution to correct the many shortcomings of the traditional model: it is free, faster and universally accessible; whereas the latter is expensive, slow, and geo-locked. Moreover, scanlators recognize author's moral rights and do not a priori disregard copyrights, but criticize licensing and rights handling mechanisms together with economic and political censorship. Finally, although they do not want to be paid for their free affective labour, they are not adverse to commercial approaches to their produsage, if these take place on their own terms. This thesis serves as a contribution for the better understanding of communal produsage practices, by the produsers themselves.

There have been a lot of studies dedicated to investigating nation branding as a set of political discourses and practices deploying analysis of objects of symbolic nature: logotypes, brand books, slogans and commercials. The present thesis aims to study nation branding as a form of communicative labour through investigating volunteering as a form of media work that is used as a tool of the nation branding campaign in Ukraine during the Eurovision Song Contest in 2017. By using the theoretical concepts of nation branding, values and motivations of free labour in media industries, the thesis analyses the role of volunteers in the nation branding campaign during ESC 2017, volunteering as a specific form of media work and the motivation tools employed by the organisers and volunteers themselves to make sense of their involvement in the event. The analysis suggests that the roles assigned to volunteers as bearers of the nation brand are of great importance but the volunteers’ understanding of this process is rather confused and blurred. Another point highlighted in the thesis is how is volunteering was organised in terms of training and motivation on the side of organisers and what kind of motivations were of the crucial significance to volunteers themselves.

The Czech Republic became a member state of the European union in 1. May 2004 and joined in the European Employment Services (EURES). All Czech people have the right to live, work and study in all member states of the European Union. In my theoretical part of work I described the system EURES, which educational and working chances have students abroad. I also desribed living and working conditions in 5 states (the states, where people wanted to go). The states: Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Ireland and France. In practical part of my work I found out, in which countries of the EU and branch people want to work , which languages they can speak and awareness of the EURES among the students.

With the rise of Internet, Web and new media technologies come increased opportunities for audience to recreate media content and influence its flow across different media platforms. The fan as a demanding yet enthusiastic consumer has become a centrepiece of media industries' marketing strategies. On the one hand, this qualitative change often described as participatory culture means a giant leap forward for fans, who can now serve new roles within the media industry. On the other, it represents a potential exploitation of media users, as unpaid volunteers do the labour professionals are paid for. This study investigates this tension in a case of videogame fans. On their official websites, videogame developers encourage fans to contribute with their fan art harnessing fan creativity for their advertising purposes. Convergence culture raises conflicts and compromises between creators of fan art (fan artists), and the owners of the copyrighted works they appropriate (game companies). This study addresses three main issues: (1) the way and circumstances under which game companies are displaying fan art on their official websites, (2) how fans understand the tensions between empowerment and exploitation, how do they address the issue of free labour, (3) how fans view issues concerning intellectual property...

A composição econômico-produtiva, social e da força de trabalho numa área de abastecimento do mercado interno no sul do Brasil, entre 1828 e 1858, constituem-se como os eixos analíticos desta dissertação. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se, principalmente, por meio do exame serial-quantitativo de inventários post-mortem e de registros de batismos. A distribuição desigual dos recursos e a diversidade produtiva, social e nos arranjos laborais marcaram as experiências dos atores sociais. O universo agrário caracterizou-se pelo predomínio de estabelecimentos onde desenvolviam-se diversos processos produtivos: pecuária bovina, muar e agricultura. Os produtos oriundos destas atividades abasteciam os circuitos comerciais que passavam pela região. Além dos povoadores luso-brasileiros, a presença de guaranis e mestiços foi significativa, muitos não se evadiram, conseguindo inserir-se em esferas da sociedade envolvente. A população escrava era predominantemente crioula devido à reprodução natural. O trabalho familiar, o assalariado e o sistema de produção em comunidades dos guaranis compuseram a dinâmica econômico-produtiva de tal área. Num contexto marcado pelas frequentes contendas bélicas e pela oferta instável de trabalhadores livres, o trabalho escravo esteve disseminado pelo tecido social, desfrutando de ampla legitimidade por todos os estratos econômicos, e configurando-se como a forma de mão-de-obra estável mais segura e funcional para os produtores. / The economic-productive, social and workforce union at a supply area of Brazil‟s south internal market, between 1828 and 1858, are established as the analytical axes of this dissertation. The research was mainly developed through quantitative and sequential exam of post-mortem inventories and baptism records. The unequal resource distribution and productive, social and working arrangement diversity delimited the social actors experience. The agricultural universe was characterized by establishment preponderance where there was developed a lot of productive processes: cattle raising, mules and agriculture. The products arising from these activities provided the commercial circuits that passed by the region. Besides the luso-brazilian colonizers, the presence of guaranis and mixed races was meaningful. Many didn‟t evade and were able to introduce themselves in circles of the surrounding society. The slave population were predominantly creole due to natural reproduction. The family work, wage-earner and the production system in guarani communities composed the economic-productive dynamics of such area. In a context marked by frequent military conflicts and by the instable offer of free workers, the slave work have been disseminated through social fabric, delighting ample legitimacy by all the economic layers and configuring as the most safe and functional form of stable workmanship for the producers.

A composição econômico-produtiva, social e da força de trabalho numa área de abastecimento do mercado interno no sul do Brasil, entre 1828 e 1858, constituem-se como os eixos analíticos desta dissertação. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se, principalmente, por meio do exame serial-quantitativo de inventários post-mortem e de registros de batismos. A distribuição desigual dos recursos e a diversidade produtiva, social e nos arranjos laborais marcaram as experiências dos atores sociais. O universo agrário caracterizou-se pelo predomínio de estabelecimentos onde desenvolviam-se diversos processos produtivos: pecuária bovina, muar e agricultura. Os produtos oriundos destas atividades abasteciam os circuitos comerciais que passavam pela região. Além dos povoadores luso-brasileiros, a presença de guaranis e mestiços foi significativa, muitos não se evadiram, conseguindo inserir-se em esferas da sociedade envolvente. A população escrava era predominantemente crioula devido à reprodução natural. O trabalho familiar, o assalariado e o sistema de produção em comunidades dos guaranis compuseram a dinâmica econômico-produtiva de tal área. Num contexto marcado pelas frequentes contendas bélicas e pela oferta instável de trabalhadores livres, o trabalho escravo esteve disseminado pelo tecido social, desfrutando de ampla legitimidade por todos os estratos econômicos, e configurando-se como a forma de mão-de-obra estável mais segura e funcional para os produtores. / The economic-productive, social and workforce union at a supply area of Brazil‟s south internal market, between 1828 and 1858, are established as the analytical axes of this dissertation. The research was mainly developed through quantitative and sequential exam of post-mortem inventories and baptism records. The unequal resource distribution and productive, social and working arrangement diversity delimited the social actors experience. The agricultural universe was characterized by establishment preponderance where there was developed a lot of productive processes: cattle raising, mules and agriculture. The products arising from these activities provided the commercial circuits that passed by the region. Besides the luso-brazilian colonizers, the presence of guaranis and mixed races was meaningful. Many didn‟t evade and were able to introduce themselves in circles of the surrounding society. The slave population were predominantly creole due to natural reproduction. The family work, wage-earner and the production system in guarani communities composed the economic-productive dynamics of such area. In a context marked by frequent military conflicts and by the instable offer of free workers, the slave work have been disseminated through social fabric, delighting ample legitimacy by all the economic layers and configuring as the most safe and functional form of stable workmanship for the producers.

A composição econômico-produtiva, social e da força de trabalho numa área de abastecimento do mercado interno no sul do Brasil, entre 1828 e 1858, constituem-se como os eixos analíticos desta dissertação. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se, principalmente, por meio do exame serial-quantitativo de inventários post-mortem e de registros de batismos. A distribuição desigual dos recursos e a diversidade produtiva, social e nos arranjos laborais marcaram as experiências dos atores sociais. O universo agrário caracterizou-se pelo predomínio de estabelecimentos onde desenvolviam-se diversos processos produtivos: pecuária bovina, muar e agricultura. Os produtos oriundos destas atividades abasteciam os circuitos comerciais que passavam pela região. Além dos povoadores luso-brasileiros, a presença de guaranis e mestiços foi significativa, muitos não se evadiram, conseguindo inserir-se em esferas da sociedade envolvente. A população escrava era predominantemente crioula devido à reprodução natural. O trabalho familiar, o assalariado e o sistema de produção em comunidades dos guaranis compuseram a dinâmica econômico-produtiva de tal área. Num contexto marcado pelas frequentes contendas bélicas e pela oferta instável de trabalhadores livres, o trabalho escravo esteve disseminado pelo tecido social, desfrutando de ampla legitimidade por todos os estratos econômicos, e configurando-se como a forma de mão-de-obra estável mais segura e funcional para os produtores. / The economic-productive, social and workforce union at a supply area of Brazil‟s south internal market, between 1828 and 1858, are established as the analytical axes of this dissertation. The research was mainly developed through quantitative and sequential exam of post-mortem inventories and baptism records. The unequal resource distribution and productive, social and working arrangement diversity delimited the social actors experience. The agricultural universe was characterized by establishment preponderance where there was developed a lot of productive processes: cattle raising, mules and agriculture. The products arising from these activities provided the commercial circuits that passed by the region. Besides the luso-brazilian colonizers, the presence of guaranis and mixed races was meaningful. Many didn‟t evade and were able to introduce themselves in circles of the surrounding society. The slave population were predominantly creole due to natural reproduction. The family work, wage-earner and the production system in guarani communities composed the economic-productive dynamics of such area. In a context marked by frequent military conflicts and by the instable offer of free workers, the slave work have been disseminated through social fabric, delighting ample legitimacy by all the economic layers and configuring as the most safe and functional form of stable workmanship for the producers.