Modern freemasonry emerged in Britain during the eighteenth century, combining earlier stonemason customs and methods of organization with the popular passion for clubs and societies. Although by no means unique in its ideology and constitution, freemasonry established itself after 1700 as a prominent fixture in both British communal and social life. Some mocked masonic lodges and their rituals, but they were an accepted feature on the social scene and, given that they avoided political and religious discussion and swore loyalty to the existing regime, their position was largely uncontroversial. The French Revolution, however, caused a severe backlash against the masons in Britain and Europe. During the 1790s, masonic lodges which were once viewed simply as charitable and convivial organizations were now seen as convenient vehicles for allowing radical groups to pursue covert revolutionary activities. As a result, legislation was passed which attempted to regulate these societies and eradicate any traces of secrecy. Despite its commitment to the establishment, freemasonry came under suspicion. This thesis examines the structure, nature, and characteristics of Scottish freemasonry in its wider British and European contexts between the years 1725 and 1810. As we shall see, masonic lodges and their members changed and adapted as these contexts evolved. The Enlightenment effectively crafted the modern mason and propelled freemasonry into a new era marked by increasing membership and the creation of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, with the institution becoming part of the contemporary fashion for associated activity.

It was not until after the mid-eighteenth century that the masonic lodges in Edinburgh became common meeting ground for the social and intellectual elite. While there are examples of these types of men joining before 1750, it was after this watershed date that some of the key men associated with enlightenment thinking in Scotland became members of Edinburgh lodges. Robert Adam, Hugh Blair, Lord Monboddo, James Gregory, Henry Mackenzie and Dugald Stewart are only a few examples of men who made a dual contribution to both freemasonry and the enlightenment. 'Freemasonry in Edinburgh, 1721-1746 : institutions and context' is an examination of freemasonry in Edinburgh before the dramatic influx of the elite. It was during this period that three major developments occurred: existing lodges began the slow transition from traditional operative lodges to the more modern, accepted lodges; lodges were being founded with little or no connection to stonemasons or stoneworks; and, the Grand Lodge of Scotland was established, creating a definite masonic community both within and outwith Edinburgh. This thesis charts the progress of the transition in nine Edinburgh lodges by examining both the histories and membership of these lodges, and considers the influence of the Grand Lodge of Scotland on this process. The key element in this transitional process was the membership. A total of 785 men are known to have joined, or belonged to, these lodges during this period. These men represented occupations from the advocate to the humble wine cooper's servant, and social circumstances from the baronet to the indweller. This membership analysis was the most important area of research because it illustrated the transition in the lodges. Using 30 November 1736, the date that the Grand Lodge Roll began, as a watershed date, it is possible to establish the membership of the lodges during the entire period of study, and to compare the membership of pre-Grand Lodge lodges both before and after the establishment of the Grand Lodge of Scotland.

A influência da Maçonaria no Brasil, ainda é um tema muito pouco estudado pela historiografia. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar mais a fundo qual seria o papel das lojas maçônicas na difusão do movimento republicano na província de São Paulo, entre o final da década de 1860 e 1889, em meio à expansão cafeeira e a formação de uma nova elite econômica que desejava maior representação política. A partir da queda do gabinete de Zacarias de Góes, em 1868, houve a formação do Partido Republicano Paulista (PRP). Nesse período, era criada a Loja América, importante centro difusor das idéias republicanas na província, dela fizeram parte importantes figuras do movimento republicano, como Américo Brasiliense, Américo de Campos e Rangel Pestana. Analisou-se como a Maçonaria se comportou diante das principais questões do período, como o republicanismo, o debate abolicionista e a Questão Religiosa. E principalmente, como a difusão das lojas maçônicas pelo Oeste Paulista contribuiu para a criação e o fortalecimento das redes clientelares que formavam a base política do PRP em seus anos iniciais. / The influence of Freemasonry in Brazil, is still a topic too little studied by historiography. The aim of this study is to analyze more deeply what is the role of the Masonic lodges in the dissemination of the Republican movement in the province of Sao Paulo, between end of the 1860 and 1889, during the coffee economic expansion and the formation of a new economic elite who wished to greater political representation. From the end of the ministry of Zacarias de Goes in 1868 there was formation of the Republican Party of São Paulo (PRP). During this period, was created the Lodge América, an important center for disseminating ideas of republicans in the province, it took part in important figures of the republican movement as Américo Brasiliense, Americo de Campos and Rangel Pestana. Analyzed how Freemasonry has behaved in front of the main issues of the period, such as republicanism, the abolitionist debate and the Religious Question. And especially, how the spread of Masonic lodges across the West Paulista contributed to the creation and strengthening of clientelist networks that formed the political basis of the PRP in its early years.

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A influência da Maçonaria no Brasil, ainda é um tema muito pouco estudado pela historiografia. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar mais a fundo qual seria o papel das lojas maçônicas na difusão do movimento republicano na província de São Paulo, entre o final da década de 1860 e 1889, em meio à expansão cafeeira e a formação de uma nova elite econômica que desejava maior representação política. A partir da queda do gabinete de Zacarias de Góes, em 1868, houve a formação do Partido Republicano Paulista (PRP). Nesse período, era criada a Loja América, importante centro difusor das idéias republicanas na província, dela fizeram parte importantes figuras do movimento republicano, como Américo Brasiliense, Américo de Campos e Rangel Pestana. Analisou-se como a Maçonaria se comportou diante das principais questões do período, como o republicanismo, o debate abolicionista e a Questão Religiosa. E principalmente, como a difusão das lojas maçônicas pelo Oeste Paulista contribuiu para a criação e o fortalecimento das redes clientelares que formavam a base política do PRP em seus anos iniciais. / The influence of Freemasonry in Brazil, is still a topic too little studied by historiography. The aim of this study is to analyze more deeply what is the role of the Masonic lodges in the dissemination of the Republican movement in the province of Sao Paulo, between end of the 1860 and 1889, during the coffee economic expansion and the formation of a new economic elite who wished to greater political representation. From the end of the ministry of Zacarias de Goes in 1868 there was formation of the Republican Party of São Paulo (PRP). During this period, was created the Lodge América, an important center for disseminating ideas of republicans in the province, it took part in important figures of the republican movement as Américo Brasiliense, Americo de Campos and Rangel Pestana. Analyzed how Freemasonry has behaved in front of the main issues of the period, such as republicanism, the abolitionist debate and the Religious Question. And especially, how the spread of Masonic lodges across the West Paulista contributed to the creation and strengthening of clientelist networks that formed the political basis of the PRP in its early years.

Anthony Vidler's recent monograph on the eighteenth-century French architect Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1736-1806) characterizes certain aspects of Ledoux's work as Masonic. Vidler defines Freemasonry primarily as an instrument of sociability. His recognition of Masonic imagery and intent, especially in Ledoux's Ideal City, combines with certain details of Ledoux's life to convince Vidler of Ledoux's adherence to a Masonic or quasi-Masonic lodge. / The matter remains open to debate. Vidler's view of Freemasonry does not entirely accord with its factious and ambitious condition in eighteenth-century France. Nor does he sufficiently address the public manifestation of Masonic symbolism which, despite the Order's code of secrecy, was divulged to the profane, emerging architecturally as part of Neoclassicism's stylistic revival of the antique. The weakness of Vidler's analysis becomes apparent when he overlooks Masonic symbolism in a project that does not conform to his positive image of the Order: Ledoux's network of customs houses for Paris, the project he called the Propylaea.

Thesis (doctoral)--Jāmiʻat al-Qiddīs Yūsuf, Beirut, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 599-611).

La franc-maçonnerie spéculative trouve l’origine de sa fondation, en 1717, en Angleterre,dans ce pays et ce siècle riches en créations de diverses associations ou clubs. Nombre d’entre eux, après des débuts encourageants, ont fini par péricliter, puis par disparaître. Alors que la maçonnerie a réussi à perdurer. <p>Pourquoi ce succès ?Quels ont été les fondements sur lesquels la franc-maçonnerie a édifié sa réussite ?<p>La thèse identifie, sans tenir compte d’un ordre de valeur, une série de bases structurelles :l'investissement symbolique dans le temple ainsi que dans la pierre, la valorisation du secret, l'importance donnée à un système sacrificiel permettant de passer d'un état de nature à un état de culture, la création d’un espace sacré, la mise en place d’une classe « sacerdotale », l’invention d’un héros civilisateur.<p>Notre hypothèse de départ a été que ces causes de réussite, c’est d’abord dans la Bible qu’il convenait de les rechercher. Néanmoins, il ne fallait pas davantage perdre de vue que cette création est aussi le fruit d’une époque,l’Angleterre s’inscrivant dans le continuum de la Renaissance, le temps des découvertes ou des redécouvertes, le temps aussi d’une acceptation de l’autre dans sa différence. Ce siècle étant évidemment enfant des siècles précédents, s’intéresser aux maçons et donc également au travail, à l’architecture, devait tout naturellement nous amener à ne pas négliger les associations opératives du Moyen Age ou du début des Temps Modernes.<p>Enfin, ce travail de recherche montre que la pierre d’angle de tout le système maçonnique semble bien être l’invention du mythe d’Hiram avec lequel la franc-maçonnerie peut définitivement rassembler en un tout cohérent des éléments qu’elle avait glanés, épars, dans les récits vétéro et néo-testamentaires. / Doctorat en Philosophie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Throughout the 1920s, America was marked by a series of fundamental political, social and economic shifts that defined the decade. The rise of the Second Ku Klux Klan was just one of the many results of the underlying tensions produced by the radical changes of the period. This fervently patriotic and nativist organization has captivated onlookers and academics because of its peculiar customs and its mysterious resurgence following the First World War. Historians have thoroughly analysed this group’s ideology, and have presented detailed case studies of the growth and decline of individual chapters of this vast organization. The 1920s Klan has been studied from practically every possible angle. However, researchers have neglected to study the order’s fraternal traditions and their relationship with other fraternities. This thesis hopes to address this oversight by offering a critical evaluation of the Ku Klux Klan’s role as a fraternity. This thesis will analyse how this order functioned as a fraternity, and how these traditions helped recruit followers to the movement. This study will also discuss how the Klan interacted with other fraternities, particularly the Freemasons. These two fraternities shared a complex relationship with elements of both cooperation and conflict, and their interactions will help us comprehend how the Ku Klux Klan managed to become the foremost fraternal movement of the 1920s. This thesis will analyse a number of different aspects about the Ku Klux Klan, from their ideology and rituals to their sales methods and public relations campaign. This study hopes to re-evaluate a number of key assumptions about this group by critically assessing the Klan from a different perspective. By investigating the response of fraternities like the Freemasons to an intrusive and aggressive order like the Klan, we can gain a better understanding of how the nation as a whole perceived and reacted to this peculiar organization.