Diss.--Augsburg--Univ., 2002.

This thesis investigates smallholder agricultural development in the district of Ribáuè, Mozambique. The thesis is guided by an analytical framework based on Friedmann’s concepts of territory and function. From this, one can tell that most development initiatives have followed functional principles which often fail to address rural development. The objective was, as such, to try to see how smallholders are affected by territorial and functional development principles and how meeting points between the two concepts could be established to promote empowering of agricultural smallholders. A field study was conducted in order to collect data through a multitude of semi-structured interviews, participation and observational studies. Most time was spent in the district of Ribáuè but visits were paid to the city of Nampula and Maputo. The result shows that there is a considerable degree of relativity concerning development initiatives aimed at rural areas. A particular initiative may, from the central level, be perceived as decentralizing and supporting of the rural community. But many initiatives end up concentrated around urban or semi-urban centers of the province or district. Thus, many remote areas are still excluded. Yet, there are ways to strengthen and empower local communities from a more bottom-up approach. Farmer associations, for instance, have the potential of empowering farmers in many ways beyond the financial aspect. The results also highlight the difficulties of prioritizing initiatives when on a strained budget in a society where most areas are in need of support.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:33:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cuzinatto_rr_me_ift.pdf: 1225551 bytes, checksum: c245024e93b3aea4f34ecc678d4507a1 (MD5) / Neste trabalho fazemos uma revisão do modelo cosmológico padrão, o modelo de Friedmann, e estudamos o modelo de universo de de Sitter, que é o paradigma de uma expansão acelerada para o fator de escala cósmico - fato que caracteriza a Inflação e parece ocorrer hoje, segundo indicam observações recentes. Tendo em vista essas mesmas observações, que atribuem uma importância cabal à constante cosmológica como fonte da gravitação em escala cósmica, extendemos o modelo de Friedmann para incluir o termo A. A necessidade de entender o significado físico da constante cosmológica leva-nos a discutir o papel da pressão na cosmologia em contraponto com a pressão na mecânica estatística. Mostramos, ao final, um mecanismo para a geração de pressão negativa, o que pode ser equivalente à presença da constante cosmológica. Tal mecanismo é baseado na introdução de uma interação do tipo nuclear entre os constituintes do fluido que se supõe como conteúdo do cosmo. O tratamento que culmina na obtenção de uma equação p(T) envolve a teoria das expansões em cluster e a do equilíbrio químico sob a hipótese de simetria entre matéria e antimatéria. / Abstracts: We make review of the standard model of physical cosmology, the Friedmann model, and study the de Sitter's universe, which is the paradigm of an accelerated expansion of the cosmic scale fator - fact that characterizes the Inflation which seems to happen today, according to recent observations. Keeping in mind these observations, which give a major importance to the cosmological constant as the source of gravitation, we perform an extendion of the Friedmann model to include the A-term. The will to understand the physical meaning of the cosmological constant leads us to discuss the role of pressure in cosmology in counterpoint to that of pressure in statistical mechanics. One shows, finally, a mechanism to the generation of negative pressure, which can be equivalent to the presence of A. This mechanism is based on the introduction of nuclear interactions among the constituents of the fluid which is supposed to fill the universe. The treatment by which we obtain an equation p(T) involves the theory of cluster expansions and the theory of chemical equilibrium under the hypothesis of symmetry between matter and antimatter.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:05:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo577_1.pdf: 3475189 bytes, checksum: 05c1943b3c5a1d5f1e44faecc54366cd (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / No século XX, a cosmologia deixou o campo da metafísica para ser consolidada como um ramo da ciência teórica e experimental. Nos últimos anos tem sido observado um grande avanço no importante aparato observacional da cosmologia tornando possível sondar eventos físicos que ocorreram a cerca de 13 bilhões de anos, supostamente ocorridos próximos à singularidade inicial conhecida como Big Bang. Entretanto, muitos mistérios permanecem esperando para ser resolvidos neste novo e promissor século. Entre eles estão as questões da formação de estruturas cosmológicas e das flutuações de densidade na radiação cósmica de fundo (CMB). A solução mais popular parece ser a chamada inflação cosmológica, a ideia de que um período de expansão acelerada ocorrido cerca de 10��43 s após o início do Universo poderia explicar as condições iniciais do Big Bang e o espectro da CMB. Neste trabalho, analisamos a generalidade do modelo mais simples e mais usado na literatura, o modelo f-FRW, e suas propriedades no espaço de fase da teoria. A ação estudada consiste na de Einstein-Hilbert onde supomos uma métrica do tipo Robertson-Walker acoplada com um campo escalar f e um potencial arbitrário V(f). Aplicamos a equação de Wheeler-DeWitt no modelo f-FRW e, então, propomos uma medida quântica no espaço de fase modificada pelo princípio holográfico de forma a contar heuristicamente a degenerescência proveniente dos graus de liberdade quânticos da gravitação

In this thesis, after a general introduction, we first review some differential geometry to provide the mathematical background needed to derive the key equations in cosmology. Then we consider the Robertson-Walker geometry and its relationship to cosmography, i.e., how one makes measurements in cosmology. We finally connect the Robertson-Walker geometry to Einstein's field equation to obtain so-called cosmological Friedmann-Lemaître models. These models are subsequently studied by means of potential diagrams.

Gender equality and women empowerment are two of the most up-to-date concerns on the international arena today. Several methods are being adopted with the aim to allow women’s equal social, economic and political participation. Entrepreneurship has been highlighted as a useful tool to foster women’s empowerment and hence the promotion of entrepreneurship has become a prominent approach in modern development efforts.   In Uganda, women constitute the majority of the informal labour force and are widely engaged in micro-business activities. Thus, this ethnographically inspired research aimed to assess if entrepreneurship can contribute to increased social power among female entrepreneurs in urban and suburban Kampala, Uganda. To do this, John Friedmann’s (Dis)empowerment model has been used as the main frame of interpretation. To fit into the context of women, it has been complemented with a gender analysis in order to identify the structural inequalities that may constrain the empowering impact of entrepreneurship.   This research was carried out as a field study in Kampala City and in three Kampala suburbs: Kyaliwajjala, Kireka and Kinawataka. It was financed by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and was conducted during nine weeks in September-November 2014. In total, 45 interviews were carried out with local business women as well as with local representatives and stakeholders in women entrepreneurship and women empowerment.   The conclusions drawn from this study is that entrepreneurship has contributed to increased social power among the women participating in this research, but that traditional gender norms and structures can constrain the empowering process. Greater economic responsibilities have not eased women’s obligations in the domestic sphere and thus created a double burden.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:15:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CalistratoSCN.pdf: 479133 bytes, checksum: 26f581ebc6e3cf1ced0922a5e989272c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-11-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The present work investigates some consequences that arise from the use of a modifed lagrangean for the eletromagnetic feld in two diferent contexts: a spatially homogeneous and isotropic universe whose dynamics is driven by a magnetic feld plus a cosmological parameter A, and the problem of a static and charged point mass (charged black hole). In the cosmological case, three diferent general solutions were derived. The first, with a null cosmological parameter A, generalizes a particular solution obtained by Novello et al [gr-qc/9806076]. The second one admits a constant A and the third one allows A to be a time-dependent parameter that sustains a constant magnetic feld. The first two solutions are non-singular and exhibit in ationary periods. The third case studied shows an in ationary dynamics except for a short period of time. As for the problem of a charged point mass, the solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations are obtained and compared with the standard Reissner-Nordstrom solution. Contrary to what happens in the cosmological case, the physical singularity is not removed / No presente trabalho s?o investigadas algumas conseq??ncias da utiliza??o de uma nova lagrangeana para a eletrodin?mica em dois contextos: um universo espacialmente homog?neo e isotr?pico com campo magn?tico mais um par?metro cosmol?gico A e o problema da massa puntual caregada e est?tica (buraco negro carregado). No caso cosmol?gico, foram obtidas tr?s solu??es gerais: a primeira delas, para A=0, generaliza uma solu??o particular obrida por Novello et al [gr-qc/9806076]; a segunda admite um par?metro cosmol?gico constante e n?o-nulo e a terceira corresponde a um campo magn?tico constante sustentado por um A dependente do tempo. As duas primeiras solu??es s?o n?o-singulares e possuem per?odos inflacion?rios. A terceira solu??o apresenta uma din?mica inflacion?ria exceto por um curto intervalo de tempo. No contexto do problema da massa puntual carregada, a solu??o das equa??es de Einstein-Maxwell ? obtida e comparada com a solu??o padr?o de Reissner-Nordstr?m. Ao contr?rio do caso cosmol?gico, a singularidade f?isica n?o ? removida

The aim of this report is to explore different models of cosmology, depending on components as matter, radiation and dark energy. To be able to investigate the behaviour and age of these model universes, it is necessary to solve the Friedmann equation. Therefore a substantial part of this thesis is a study of general relativity, including mathematical tools as Riemannian geometry and the concept of curved space-time. / Denna rapport ämnar att utforska olika kosmologiska modeller beroende på innehåll som materia, strålning och mörk energi. För att undersöka beteendet och åldern av dessa modellerade universa så är det nödvändigt att lösa Friedmann-ekvationen. Därför ägnas en betydande del av detta arbete åt att studera allmän relativitetsteori, med matematiska verktyg som Riemanngeometri och konceptet krökt rum-tid.

Thesis advisor: Julian E Bourg / This dissertation explores the paradigm of “industrial society” in French and sociology in the middle decades of the twentieth century. It argues that the term “industrial society” was not a concept, but a series of hypotheses and debates connected to the rise of sociology as a form of public intellectualism and the remaking of European social-democratic thought in the shadow of American hegemony and the Cold War. It shows that while sociologists attributed the concept of “industrial society” to nineteenth-century precursors like Saint-Simon, Comte, and Marx, it was in fact a thoroughly twentieth-century reworking of the sociological tradition and social-democratic social theory. “Industrial society” was the way that sociologists transposed their radical commitments into social science, embracing a supposedly “realist,” anti-ideological analysis of the social world as the best intellectual path for a modernized reformism that could either embrace the Cold War status quo or push it toward new forms of radicalism. As a conceptual history, the dissertation explores the industrial-society paradigm in four component parts. These included, first, the “logic of industrialization”: debates about nature and future of social development across capitalist and Communist societies, where sociologists often saw family resemblances rather ideologically opposed systems, and replaced a Marxist teleology of class struggle with more ambiguous evolutionary schemas centered on culture, institutions, and technology. Second, the “managerial revolution,” or the expansion since the early twentieth century, of white-collar social strata and the growing importance of bureaucracy and scientific expertise in most domains of society, especially industry and public administration. Third, the “integration of social conflict,” or the idea that the so-called “industrial society” emerging after World War II would or should be able to manage its conflicts—especially labor conflict—by containing them within a set of rules, institutions, and social contracts that advanced social justice but prevented them from threatening the social order itself. Fourth and finally, the “end of ideology,” which suggested that the result of these other social developments would be a society in which passions cooled, grand ideological visions faded, and politics shifted toward expert management. Stated this way the industrial-society paradigm can appear as merely the sociological expression of a centrist and technocratic postwar consensus. The sociological story told here suggests, however, that it was a major modulation of left-wing social thought in Western Europe and the United States in the middle of the twentieth century. This dissertation follows a cast of characters as they transposed the radical commitments of the 1930s into social science in the 1940s and 1950s, gradually embracing modernist ideals of value-neutral science and pragmatic social reform. In particular, it shows how the sociology they built remade the political left, providing an alternative public sphere and social vision that helped unite the fractious anti- and post-Communist left in countries like France. Beginning in the 1950s, sociology gradually crept into the public consciousness, filling newspapers and popular magazines, left intellectual journals, think-tanks for technocrats, and state-funded research institutes. The overlapping positions of sociologists in the university, the media, and politics enabled them to evangelize a vision of industrial society to people of influence and even in popular culture. By hovering in an ambiguous space between a moderate reformism and radical social thought, between technocrats and militants, industrial-society sociologists created a distinctive form of twentieth-century social-democratic thought that optimistically saw an automated, socialized, and at least partially planned society emerging, almost of its own accord, from the structural forces driving modern social evolution themselves. Temporally, this vision originated in the 1930s in left critiques of the Soviet Union and Stalinism, crystallized in the mid-1950s, and began to fracture amid the social upheaval of the late 1960s. It would be severely shaken by the social conflict and crisis of the 1970s, but in highly ambivalent ways that often led to industrial-society ideas being transmuted into new forms and mobilized by new social actors. The 1968 generation appeared to mount a critique of the industrial-society paradigm and of its sociological advocates, but they often did so by radicalizing its core notions and, and recovering the romantic and utopian impulses that had gradually disappeared from older sociologists’ thinking. While on balance this dissertation tells a story of the acclimation of French and European social science to American norms, the 1970s fracture of the industrial-society paradigm had effects in France that contrasted with the Anglo-American world, most notably the success of new sociological ideas in politics. Unlike in the United States and United Kingdom, which entered the 1980s under aggressive neoliberal leaders, the French Parti Socialiste won the presidency in 1981 with a brand of modernized socialism that borrowed heavily—at least in the party’s rhetoric—from the radicalized industrial-society vision of the 1970s, precisely the sort of ideological rebranding for the left that sociologists had envisioned decades earlier. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1801004 bytes, checksum: f4e9da048482e04e21d6f5a9ffe45a4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / We start on work with a brief revision of gravitation and cosmology. We use the standard cosmological model of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker to investigate cosmological models in the presence of real scalar fields. The subject is of interest to dark energy. As main result of this work, we show that the equations of motion can be written as first-order differential equations. In general much simpler to be solved by standard methods. / Iniciamos o nosso trabalho com uma rápida revisão de cosmologia e gravitação. Utilizamos o modelo cosmológico padrão, a métrica de Friedmann-Robertson-Walker para estudarmos modelos cosmológicos na presença de um campos escalares reais. O assunto ´e de interesse para a energia escura. Como resultado principal deste trabalho nós mostramos que as equações de movimento podem ser escritas como equações diferenciais de primeira ordem. Em geral muito mais simples de serem resolvidos pelos métodos usuais.