My master's thesis deals with creating of a suitable evaluation technique that optimizes the optical parameters of the thin films according to the specified requirements of the proposer. This technique will be used at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and it should facilitate the evaluation of measurement results of the The Institute of Physical Engineering workers. Research workers use a digital imaging spectrophotometer for some measurements of optical properties of thin films at the institute. My most important task is to process the output data of the spectrophotometer concerning selected thin film. Construed master's thesis describes all the tools and techniques that have been used for the implementation of the program including evolutionary techniques and basics of the thin films optics (within the framework of the electromagnetic optics). As an enclosure, an electronic medium with the source codes of the whole application is provided.

Avec la hausse des niveaux de dimensionnement sismique il est devenu nécessaire de limiter les chargements internes dans les structures, notamment en utilisant des dispositifs glissants. Ces dispositifs plafonnent les efforts internes en déclenchant un glissement de la structure. Il devient cependant nécessaire d'estimer l'amplitude des déplacements de corps rigide, notamment pour les structures stockées dans des réservoirs. Dans ce cas, il est nécessaire de prévenir les impacts entre la structure glissante et les bords du réservoir pour contrôler les risques de fuite. Parmi les structures glissantes immergées, on citera les ponts, les structures côtières en maçonnerie, les râteliers de stockage de combustible nucléaire, etc...Les équations de dynamique associées au comportement de ces structures sont non-linéaires et nécessitent l'utilisation de simulations numériques coûteuses en temps de calcul et ne permettant pas de faire des études de sensibilité rapides. On propose donc une méthode de résolution quasi-analytique de ces équations en traitant dans un premier temps, l'évaluation analytique des matrices de masses ajoutées du couplage fluide-structure, dans un second temps, une méthode de résolution quasi-analytique du glissement d'une structure quelconque immergée dans un fluide avec une actualisation de la géométrie de lames d'eau. Les résultats obtenus présentent une bonne adéquation avec des simulations numériques et offrent un temps de calcul quasiment instantané compatible avec une étude paramétrique ou stochastique de ces structures / As the seismic loadings are increasing in accordance to the recent regulations regarding Earthquake design, the use of sliding devices in structures is becoming more common. These devices limitate the internal forces by creating a rigid body sliding. It is then necessary to estimate the global displacement of the structure, especially concerning structures that are immersed in a reservoir. In this case, the displacement must be well estimated in order to prevent impacts between the sliding structure and the boundaries of the reservoir. We can find such structures in : bridges, costal structures in brick and masonry, or in the nuclear industry with the underwater fuel storage racks, ...The governing equations for the behaviour of these structures are non linear and must be solved using time-consuming computer simulations which are not fit for a stochastic study. Our method consists in, firstly, evaluating analytically the added masses of the fluid-structure interaction, secondly, a semi-analytical solving of the governing equations including the updating of the dimensions of the fluid layers surrounding the sliding structure. The results of this new method are in accordance with the numerical simulations and can be obtained in a short time (1 or 2 seconds) which offers the possibility to make a stochastic analysis of the non linear behaviour

Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) is an interesting and challenging interdisciplinary area comprised of fields such as engineering- fluids/structures/solids, computational science, and mathematics. FSI has several practical engineering applications such as the design of coastal infrastructure (such as bridges, levees) subjected to harsh environments from natural forces such as tsunamis, storm surges, etc. Development of accurate input conditions to more detailed and complex models involving flexible structures in a fluid domain is an important requirement for the solution of such problems. FSI researchers often employ methods that use results from physical wave basin experiments to assess the wave forces on structures. These experiments, while closer to the physical phenomena, often tend to be time-consuming and expensive. Experiments are also not easily accessible for conducting parametric studies. Alternatively, numerical models when developed with similar capabilities will complement the experiments very well because of the lower costs and the ability to study phenomena that are not feasible in the laboratory. This dissertation is aimed at contributing to the solution of a significant component of the FSI problem with respect to engineering applications, covering accurate input to detailed models and a numerical wave basin to complement large-scale laboratory experiments. To this end, this work contains a description of a three-dimensional numerical wave tank (3D-NWT), its enhancements including the piston wavemaker for generation of waves such as solitary, periodic, and focused waves, and validation using large-scale experiments in the 3D wave basin at Oregon State University. Performing simulations involving fluid dynamics is computational-intensive and the complexity is magnified by the presence of the flexible structure(s) in the fluid domain. The models are also required to take care of large-scale domains such as a wave basin in order to be applicable to practical problems. Therefore, undertaking these efforts requires access to high-performance computing (HPC) platforms and development of parallel codes. With these objectives in mind, parallelization of the 3D-NWT is carried out and discussed in this dissertation. / Graduation date: 2011

The current limits of supersonic parachute technology may constrain the ability to safely land future robotic assets on the surface of Mars. This constraint has led to a renewed interest in supersonic inflatable aerodynamic decelerator (IAD) technology, which offers performance advantages over the DGB parachute. Two supersonic IAD designs of interest include the isotensoid and tension cone, named for their respective formative structural theories. Although these concepts have been the subject of various tests and analyses in the 1960s, 1970s, and 2000s, significant work remains to advance supersonic IADs to a technology readiness level that will enable their use on future flight missions. In particular, a review of the literature revealed a deficiency in adequate aerodynamic and aeroelastic data for these two IAD configurations at transonic and subsonic speeds. The first portion of this research amended this deficiency by testing flexible IAD articles at relevant transonic and subsonic conditions. The data obtained from these tests showed that the tension cone has superior drag performance with respect to the isotensoid, but that the isotensoid may demonstrate more favorable aeroelastic qualities than the tension cone. Additionally, despite the best efforts in test article design, there remains ambiguity regarding the accuracy of the observed subscale behavior for flight scale IADs. Due to the expense and complexity of large-scale testing, computational fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analyses will play an increasingly significant role in qualifying flight scale IADs for mission readiness. The second portion of this research involved the verification and validation of finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) codes for use within an FSI framework. These verification and validation exercises lend credence to subsequent coupled FSI analyses involving more complex geometries and models. The third portion of this research used this FSI framework to predict the static aeroelastic response of a tension cone IAD in supersonic flow. Computational models were constructed to mimic the wind tunnel test articles and flow conditions. Converged FSI responses computed for the tension cone agreed reasonably well with wind tunnel data when orthotropic material models were used and indicated that current material models may require unrealistic input parameters in order to recover realistic deformations. These FSI analyses are among the first results published that present an extensive comparison between FSI computational models and wind tunnel data for a supersonic IAD.

The acoustic environment generated during launch is the most demanding structural load case for large, lightweight satellite reflector antennas. The reflector is exposed to extremely high sound pressure levels originating from the structural excitation of the rocket engines and exterior air flow turbulence. This thesis aims to predict the structural responses in the reflector due to the acoustic pressure load with a model based on Finite Element Modelling (FEM). The FE-model is validated against a previously performed Boundary Element Method (BEM) analysis. An approach called Split Loading together with a combination of BEM and FEM will be utilized to handle the surrounding air mass and the applied sound pressures. The idea of Split Loading is to divide the structure into several patches and apply a unit pressure load to each patch separately. In the last step the unit pressure is scaled and correlated by a power spectral density calculated from the acoustic pressures. Split Loading will be implemented in software packages MSC.NASTRAN/PATRAN. The model developed in this thesis handles both the added mass of the surrounding air and the sound pressure applied to the reflector. The model can qualitatively well reproduce the results of the BEM-analysis and the test data. However, the model tends to overestimate responses at low frequencies and underestimate them at high frequencies. The end results is that the model becomes too conservative at low frequencies to be used without further development.

In this thesis, a loosely coupled Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) analysis method is developed for the solution of steady state missile/rocket aeroelastic problems. FLUENT is used as the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool to solve Euler equations whereas ANSYS is used as the Computational Structural Dynamics (CSD) tool to solve linear structural problem. The use of two different solvers requires exchanging data between fluid and structure domains at each iteration step. Kriging interpolation method is employed for the data transfer between non-coincident fluid and structure grids. For mesh deformation FLUENT&rsquo / s built-in spring based smoothing approach is utilized. The study is mainly divided into two parts. In the first part static aeroelastic analysis for AGARD 445.6 wing is conducted and the results are compared with the reference studies. Deformation and pressure coefficient results are compared with reference both of which are in good agreement. In the second part, to investigate possible effects of aeroelasticity on rocket and missile configurations, static aeroelastic analysis for a canard controlled generic slender missile which is similar to a conventional 2.75&rdquo / rocket geometry is conducted and results of the analysis for elastic missile are compared with the rigid case. It is seen that the lift force produced by canards and tails lessen due to deformations, stability characteristics of the missile decreases significantly and center of pressure location changes due to the deformations in the control surfaces.

The vision driving the work reported herein is to investigate the fluid-structure interac-tion (FSI) effects of the flexible laminated blades for tilt-body micro-air-vehicles (MAV)proprotors in hover and forward flight configurations. This is in order to exploit the po-tential of flexible-bladed proprotor over the rigid-bladed proprotor in the enhancementof proprotor performance during hovering and cruising at a target forward speed. Forthat, the FSI model taking into account the specific problems devoted to MAV-sizedproprotor made of laminate composite was developed. The FSI model combines aerody-namic model adapting Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory and structural modeladapting Anisotropic Finite Element Beam (AFEM) theory. The aerodynamic model isdeveloped to be capable of adapting in the analysis on low Reynolds number proprotors.In the structural model, the blade is modeled as an elastic beam undergoing deflectionsin flap, lag, and torsion to capture the coupling effects in anisotropic materials, adaptsthe structural analysis on proprotor blades made of laminate composite. The reliabilityof the developed FSI model is verified through a validation on both aerodynamic andstructural models, separately, on several MAV-sized proprotors. As for a direction to theanalysis on passively-adaptive proprotor blades, an optimal design on actively-adaptiveproprotor was carried out. For this, a program for designing the optimum rigid blades atsingle-point (for either isolated cruise-point or isolated hover-point) and multiple-point(combined cruise and hover point) for proprotors have been developed. The proceduresin the optimal design program employs the numerical iterative inverse design method,based upon the minimum thrust induced losses (MIL). Even if the work in this thesiswas directed primarily towards the proprotor, however, the propulsion system from themotor part was not neglected since the propulsion efficiency is a crucial factor to the suc-cess of MAVs. A cheap and time-effective method of proposing the best motor from theselected commercial motors was developed, based on Taguchi’s method. The sensitivityof the total power consumption to the variation of value of each motor design variableswas also studied. The benefit of the use of tip body in the blade and the effect of bendingon the induced twist and on the thrust degradation, respectively, were also analyzed andidentified. Finally, the systematically designed passively-adaptive composite proprotors were evaluated under steady operating conditions. Hovering and cruise propulsive performance, characterized by total power Ptotal, were compared between the rigid-bladed and flexible-bladed proprotors. As a result of the comparison, the flexible-bladed proprotor with fixed system is found to be capable of slightly enhancing the performance through the reduction in Ptotal over its optimal rigid-bladed proprotor. / L’idée principale du travail rapporté ici est d’étudier les effets de l’intéraction fluide-structure (FSI) de pales laminées flexibles pour les proprotors de micro véhicules aériens(MAV) de type tilt-body dans les configurations de vol stationnaire et en avant. Eneffet, le but est d’exploiter les possibilités offertes par les proprotors à pales flexiblespar rapport aux proprotors à pales rigides pour améliorer leur performance dans cesphases de vol. Le modèle FSI a été développé à cet effet. Ce modèle tient compte desproblèmes spécifiques liés aux proprotors de MAV faits de composite laminé. Il com-bine l’adaptation de modèle aérodynamique par la théorie d’élement de pale (BEM) etl’adaptation de modèle structurel par la théorie des éléments finis de poutre anisotropes(AFEM). Le modèle aérodynamique est développé pour être capable de s’adapter àl’analyse des proprotors à bas nombres de Reynolds. Dans le modèle structural, la paleest modélisée comme une poutre élastique subissant des déviations dans la flexion, latraction et la torsion afin de capturer les effets de couplage de matériaux anisotropes.Il adapte l’analyse structurale des pales du proprotor faites de composite laminé. Lafiabilité du modèle FSI développé est vérifiée à travers une validation par modèles aéro-dynamique et structural, séparément, sur plusieurs proprotors de MAV. Afin de se dirigervers une analyse de pales de proprotors à adaptation passive , une recherche de designoptimal a été effectuée pour des proprotor à adaptation active. Pour cela, un programmepour la conception de pales rigides optimales à un unique point de fonctionnement (soitle vol de croisière soit le vol stationnaire) et à plusieurs points (combinant croisière etvol stationnaire) ont été développés. Les procédures du programme de design optimalemploient les mèthodes de design inverse par itération numérique, sur la base de pertesde poussée induites minimales (MIL). Même si le travail dans cette thèse a été dirigéprincipalement vers le proprotor, la partie moteur du système de propulsion n’a pasété négligée puisque l’efficacité de la propulsion est un facteur crucial pour le succès desMAVs. Une méthode simple et rapide de sélection du meilleur moteur parmi les moteurscommerciaux choisis est élaborée sur la base de la méthode de Taguchi. La sensibilitéde la consommation d’énergie totale à la variation de la valeur de chaque variable deconception du moteur a été étudiée. Le bénéfice de l’utilisation de la charge à la pointe de la pale et l’effet de la flexion sur la torsion induite et sur la dégradation de la poussée respectivement ont aussi été analysés et identifiés. Enfin, les proprotors à pales flexibles conçues systématiquement ont été évalués dans des conditions de fonctionnement stables. Performances en vol stationnaire et performances croisière propulsive, caractérisées par la puissance totale Ptotal ont été comparées entre les proprotors à pales rigides et à pales flexibles. En tant que résultat de la comparaison, les proprotors à pales flexibles s’avère capable d’améliorer légèrement les performances par la réduction de la Ptotal surson optimal proprotors à pales rigides.

Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) as the name suggests, is the study of dynamic interaction of both fluid and structure motions. Fluid-structure interaction exists in almost all engineering and science fields. Moreover, the random loading caused by fluid motions in uncertain environment conditions present new challenges to the designers. The objective of the present research work is to develop efficient and robust finite element models to solve fluid structure interaction problems effectively. A key advantage of the displacement based FE M is the flexibility and easiness in modifying the existing efficient numerical solvers, and can also be extended easily to a number of problems. The research work carried out in this thesis can be divided into three parts. In the first part, development of displacement based Lagrangian FE models for acoustic fluids is presented. Here, the displacement fields of the 2-D and 3-DFEs are derived based on the consistently assumed constrained strain fields satisfying irrotationality and incompressibility constraints simultaneously. These elements’ behaviour, in terms of number of zero energy modes, non-zero spurious modes, and the integration order is studied. The inf-sup test is carried out on all the elements to examine the performance of each formulated element. Next, a new class of FEs based on Legendre polynomials is presented. The node point locations in this case are obtained by calculating the zero’s of equation(1- ξ2)L’n(ξ) =0,where,Ln is the Legendre polynomial of order n in one dimension. In the second part, the development of a spectral layer element for studying wave propagation in acoustic fluids is presented. Laplace transform based spectral finite element formulation is developed for studying acoustic wave propagation. The partial differential equations(PDE)are converted to ordinary differential equations(ODE) by taking Laplace transform. The Laplace damping parameter is introduced for easy handling of the numerical Laplace transform(NLT).This Laplace damping parameter removes the “wraparound”problem which is present in shortwave guides due to periodicity of the Fourier transform. Later, a technique is developed through which SFEM stiffness matrix can be added to the FEM dynamic stiffness matrix in the frequency domain. Finally, Uncertainty analysis is carried out to understand the effect of randomness in the design parameters on the system response variability. Here, standard uncertainty analysis procedure called Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is considered first and later Polynomial chaos expansion(PCE). In this analysis, the gravitational forces, bulk modulus of the fluid, and Young’s modulus of the structure are considered as random input variables in the study. The randomness in the system output is measured in terms of coefficient of variation for each random variable considered.

Les simulations dépendant du temps sont toujours un challenge dans l'industrie, notamment à cause des problèmes posés par les géométries mobiles en termes de CPU et de précision. Cette thèse présente des contributions à certains aspects des simulations en géométrie mobile. Un algorithme de bouger de maillage fondé sur une déformation de maillage sur un grand pas de temps et des changements de connectivité (swaps) est étudié. Une méthode d'élasticité et une méthode d'interpolation directe sont comparées en 3D, démontrant l'efficacité de l'algorithme. Cet algorithme est couplé à un solver ALE, dont les schémas et l'implémentation en 3D sont décrits en détail. Une interpolation linéaire est utilisée pou traiter les swaps. Des cas de validation montrent que les swaps n'influent pas notablement sur la précision de la solution. Plusieurs examples complexes en 3D démontrent la puissance de cette approche, pour des mouvement imposés ou pour des problèmes d'Interaction Fluide-Structure. L'adaptation de maillage anisotrope a démontré son efficacité pour améliorer la précision des calculs stationnaires pour un coût raisonnable. On considère l'extension de ces méthodes aux problèmes instationnaires, en mettant à jour l'algorithme de point fixe précédent grâce à une ananlyse de l'erreur espace-temps fondée sur le modèle de maillage continu. Une parallélisation efficace permet de réaliser des simulations adaptatives instationnaires avec une précision inégalée. Cet algorithme est étendu au cas des géométries mobiles en corrigeant la métrique optimale instationnaire. Finalement, plusieurs exemples 3D de simulations adaptatives en géométries mobiles démontrent l'efficacité de l'approche. / Time dependent simulations are still a challenge for industry, notably due to problems raised by moving boundaries, both in terms of CPU cost and accuracy. This thesis presents contributions to several aspects of simulations with moving meshes. A moving-mesh algorithm based on a large deformation time step and connectivity changes (swaps) is studied. An elasticity method and an Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation method are compared on many 3D examples, demonstrating the efficiency of the algorithm in handling large geometry displacement without remeshing. This algorithm is coupled with an Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) solver, whose schemes and implementation in 3D are described in details. A linear interpolation scheme is used to handle swaps. Validation test cases showed that the use of swaps does not impact notably the accuracy of the solution, while several other complex 3D examples demonstrate the capabilities of the approach both with imposed motion and Fluid-Structure Interaction problems. Metric-based mesh adaptation has proved its efficiency in improving the accuracy of steady simulation at a reasonable cost. We consider the extension of these methods to unsteady problems, updating the previous fixed-point algorithm thanks to a new space-time error analysis based on the continuous mesh model. An efficient p-thread parallelization enables running 3D unsteady adaptative simulations with a new level of accuracy. This algorithm is extended to moving mesh problems, notably by correcting the optimal unsteady metric. Finally several 3D examples of adaptative moving mesh simulations are exhibited, that prove our concept by improving notably the accuracy of the solution for a reasonable time cost.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to assess the applicability of pulse wave propagation monitoring in the cardiovascular system in the field of prediction and early diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The very first part is focused on description of heart and blood vessels with its pathological changes in presence of aneurysm. For this reason, current methods of monitoring and surgical treating of AAA were mentioned. Due to their difficult clinical use widely in the population, new methods based on pulse wave monitoring were presented. Using an analytical approach we estimated the difference in the arrival of the pulse wave at measurable locations between healthy and pathological aorta in the order of miliseconds. By experimental monitoring using photoplethysmographic sensors, we observed significant changes of pulse wave velocity with respect to the mechanical properties of the artery wall (mainly associated with age), which we tried to implement by hyperelastic material models used in computational simulations of pulse wave proagation on simplified geometries by fluid structure interaction method. These analyzes should verify applicability of FSI simulations in further development of diagnostic methods of AAA.