Thesis (Ph.D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-207). Also available in electronic version.

Orientador: Ana Maria Canesqui / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T02:59:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trevisan_ElisabethAparecida_D.pdf: 2255946 bytes, checksum: 21bfee6974f67d6aaa879770bdef9838 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Embora os acidentes envolvendo caminhões carregados de produtos perigosos façam parte do noticiário com certa frequência, pois suas consequências costumam ser catastróficas, seja para o trabalhador, para o meio ambiente ou para as populações residentes nas proximidades do acidente; poucos são os estudos que buscam entender em que condições eles ocorrem. A preocupação maior tem sido criar alternativas para o sistema logístico, buscando atender com maior rapidez e eficiência o escoamento da produção. Embora, essa categoria seja de fundamental importância na economia nacional, ela não tem recebido a devida atenção das autoridades e muitos trabalhadores continuam adoecendo, morrendo em acidentes que, não bastasse pela perda imensurável da sua vida, ainda põem em risco o meio ambiente e as populações lindeiras às rodovias que trafegam. Submetidos à especificidade do processo de trabalho, a qual envolve a condução de um veículo de grande porte, o transporte de combustíveis e as relações sociais, esses trabalhadores também representam, vivenciam e experimentam o trabalho de maneira específica. Assim sendo, estudamos a forma pela qual eles elaboram as suas relações com aquele processo de trabalho e o vivenciam em sua prática cotidiana / Abstract: Although the accidents involving loaded trucks of dangerous products are part of the reporter with certain frequency, therefore its consequences use to be catastrophic, either for the worker, the environment or the resident populations in the neighborhoods of the accident; few are the studies that they search to understand where conditions they occur. The concern biggest has been to create alternative for the logistic system, searching to take care of with bigger rapidity and efficiency the draining of the production. Although, this category is of basic importance in the national economy, it has not received the had attention from the authorities and many workers are still getting sick, dying in accidents that, were not enough for the immeasurable loss of its lifes, still they put at risk the environment and the bordering populations to the highways that pass through. Submitted to the specificity of the work process, which involves the conduction of a vehicle of great transport, the fuel transport and social relations, these workers also represent, live deeply and try the work in specific way. Therefore, it is proposed to study the way they prepare their relations with that process work and experience in their daily practice / Doutorado / Saude Coletiva / Doutor em Saude Coletiva

Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) used for fuel firefighting contains polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that have been identified as environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative resulting in phase out of AFFF. Currently, there are no environmentally friendly foams available that can perform at the same level as AFFF. Fuel transport has been recognized as a potential mechanism behind poor fire extinguishment, but the key features are yet unidentified. To fill these knowledge gaps, identifying the properties and features of surfactants used in firefighting foam that will prevent the transport of liquid fuel through the surfactant solution was imperative. To achieve that, this research was performed exclusively on single surfactants that have applications in firefighting foam. Impact of single surfactants on fuel transport was evaluated. Thermodynamics of the interaction between single surfactants and fuel; and kinetics of fuel transport through single surfactant solutions was observed. It was hypothesized that the liquid fuel transport would influence microstructure in the bulk of the surfactant solution. Experiments were conducted for different single surfactant structures. Various methods were applied to identify the microstructure and interfacial properties of surfactants with and without exposure to liquid fuel. The factor affecting microstructure, identified through this study was further used to evaluate the firefighting performance of single surfactants through ignition test. The thermodynamics of the interaction between fuel and single surfactants helped us to understand the fuel transport mechanism and role of micelle on fuel transport. Surfactant and fuel interaction has been studied below, at, and above the critical micelle concentration of surfactants. The effect of surfactant concentration, convection, and surfactant types were observed on the fuel transport. Moreover, an ignition test was conducted to evaluate the firefighting performance of single surfactants for various fuel types. Overall, the findings from this study will help design a new type of superefficient, environmentally acceptable surfactant for firefighting foam application. / Doctor of Philosophy / Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) used for fuel firefighting contains fluorinated compounds which are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative. Therefore, AFFF has been phased out. There are no environmentally friendly foams available as efficient as current AFFF. Researchers have found that fuel transport through surfactant foam solution is the reason for foam collapse and poor fire extinguishment performance. However, the key parameters affecting fuel transport through foam solution have not been identified. Therefore, new formulations have become challenging, and it is important to identify the parameters affecting fuel transport through the firefighting foams. Surfactants are the key components of firefighting foam. The liquid fuel transport affects the microstructure of the surfactants in the bulk solution. Through this research microstructural and interfacial properties of single surfactants have been studied with and without exposure to liquid fuel. The factors affecting microstructure and firefighting performance of surfactants have been identified. Moreover, the interaction between fuel and single surfactants has been evaluated. The effect of surfactant concentration and fuel type on fuel transport has been observed. Moreover, the effect of convection (at the foam-fuel interface) on fuel transport has been observed. Overall, an understanding of factors affecting fuel transport of firefighting foam is achieved through this research, which can guide new types of efficient, environmentally friendly surfactant design.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CledinaMF_DISSERT_Parcial.pdf: 830110 bytes, checksum: bbcf01b1a8e57fe3010e696f6540a4d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-26 / The civil liability of the distribution and retail fuel stems from the fact business activity developed to be high risk and can be said as risk inherent or latent danger that has predictability and normality characterized by placing the consumer in a position of vulnerability, such as the environment, both public policies defined and constitutional protection. Consumer protection as a fundamental right and the environment as the primacy of social order aims the welfare and social justice, as inserted right to the third dimension, are guarded by the State when it creates operational standards through public policies and indirectly intervenes in the economic order. This intervention is due to consumer protection and the environment are economic order principles, founded on free initiative and free competition, ensuring everyone a dignified existence which underlies the irradiation of fundamental rights in private initiative, before the commercial evaluation, mass consumption, the emergence of new technologies that link consumers to the environment before the protection of life, health and safety and ensuring a better quality of life for present and future generations. To repair this damage and the right to information are provided as fundamental rights that put the person at the epicenter of the relations and collective interest stands out against individual interests that to be done need public-private partnership. In such a way that the used methodology was an analysis of documents correlating them with bibliographic sources whose goals are to recognize the civil responsibility as limit to subjective right, having to develop a social function where guilt and risk grow distant and the damage is configured as a consequence of inherent risk, requiring the State interventional postures in fulfilling its public policy; prevailing in these risky activities the solidarity of those involved in the chain of production and socialization of damage forward those are provided directly of products of hazardous nature that put in a position of vulnerability the environment and the consumer / A responsabilidade civil da distribui??o e revenda de combust?vel decorre do fato da atividade empresarial desenvolvida ser de elevado risco, podendo se dizer como de risco inerente ou periculosidade latente, que tem a previsibilidade e normalidade como caracter?stica, colocando em posi??o de vulnerabilidade o consumidor, como o meio ambiente, ambos com pol?ticas p?blicas definidas e com prote??o constitucional. A prote??o do consumidor como direito fundamental e o meio ambiente como primado da ordem social tem como objetivo o bem-estar e justi?a social, inseridos como direito de terceira dimens?o, s?o resguardados pelo Estado quando cria normas de operacionaliza??o atrav?s das pol?ticas p?blicas e de forma indireta interv?m na ordem econ?mica. Esta interven??o se d? em decorr?ncia da defesa do consumidor e do meio ambiente serem princ?pios da Ordem Econ?mica, fundado na livre iniciativa e na livre concorr?ncia, assegurando a todos uma exist?ncia digna, que fundamenta a irradia??o dos direitos fundamentais na iniciativa privada, diante da evolu??o comercial, do consumo em massa, do surgimento de novas tecnologias que vinculam consumidor ao meio ambiente diante da prote??o ? vida, ? sa?de e seguran?a e garantia de uma melhor qualidade de vida para as presentes e futuras gera??es. Para isto a repara??o do dano, bem como direito ? informa??o s?o previstos como direitos fundamentais, que colocam a pessoa no epicentro das rela??es e o interesse coletivo se sobressaem diante interesses individuais que para serem concretizados necessitam da parceria p?blica privada. De forma que a metodologia usada foi ? an?lise de documentos correlacionando-os com fontes bibliogr?ficas, cujos objetivos ? reconhecer a responsabilidade civil como limite ao direito subjetivo, passando a ter uma fun??o social, onde a culpa e o risco, v?o se distanciando e o dano se configura como consequ?ncia inerente ao risco, exigindo do Estado, posturas interventivas no cumprimento de suas pol?ticas p?blicas; devendo prevalecer nestas atividades de risco ? solidariedade dos envolvidos na cadeia de produ??o e a socializa??o do dano frente aqueles que usufruem diretamente de produtos de natureza perigosa, que colocam em posi??o de vulnerabilidade o meio ambiente e o consumidor

The present work is concerned with fundamental studies on the liquid fuel transport in the intake manifold of small carburetted engines. This work is motivated by the need for development of technologies to meet the stringent cold-start emission norms that are to be prescribed for two-wheelers in particular. More specifically, visualization studies conducted in a transparent manifold made of quartz in a small four-stroke 110-cc two-wheeler engine have shown the presence of gasoline films on the walls of the inlet manifold under cold start conditions. Advanced Laser diagnostic techniques such as Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) have been utilized to measure the thickness of the fuel films. The Sauter Mean Diameter for the fuel droplets at the carburettor exit is measured using Laser Shadowgraphy technique. It is observed that the films are present both at idling conditions and under load. This large amount of liquid fuel entering the engine leads to incomplete combustion and higher emissions of unburned hydrocarbons. A detailed analysis of the effects of heating the inlet manifold has been performed. The potential of this manifold heating strategy in reducing hydrocarbon emissions has been assessed and found to be promising. In addition, a need of proper control of the fuel exiting the carburettor is shown to reduce emissions and increase fuel efficiency.

In order to meet future emission norms for small carbureted SI engines, such as those used on motorcycles in India, there is a need to study mixture preparation, specifically the two-phase flow exiting the carburetor and entering the inlet manifold. A fully functional, modular experimental rig is designed and erected for performing both qualitative and quantitative flow visualization. The vibrations of the engine are minimized to reduce their effect on the flow. A special, optically accessible tube of square cross-section is added between the carburetor and the inlet manifold, to enable the visualization of flow at the exit of the carburetor. An electronic circuit to obtain a signal for the engine crank angle and convert it to a standard TTL pulse, for use on standard imaging systems to capture cycle resolved-images is also designed. The flow in the optical section is qualitatively visualized using high and low speed cameras. The resulting images and movies show two modes of fuel transport within the inlet manifold, one of which is in the form of a dense cloud of fine fuel droplets during some part of the intake stroke. The second mode is in the form of a film at all times in the cycle, along the lower surface of the inlet manifold during idling and along vertical walls under loaded conditions. Recirculation is seen on the vertical walls of the manifold during idling and under load. Finally, the thickness of the fuel film in the optical section at the exit of the carburetor is measured, using PLIF. This part of the study also reveals that there is a film on upper surface of the optical section, at all loads and speeds. This film is lesser than the resolution of measurement for low loads, and increases to 0.5 mm in the case of highest load and speed attained at full throttle. In contrast to the loaded conditions, during idling, the film occurs on the lower surface of the manifold and its thickness is highest (1 mm.). The film is also present throughout the cycle during idling and all load-speed conditions, suggesting that the mixture that goes into the engine has a significant part of fuel in liquid form.