Structural wood design standards recognize lateral torsional buckling as an important failure mode, which tends to govern the capacity of long span laterally unsupported beams. A survey of the literature indicates that only a few experimental programs have been conducted on the lateral torsional buckling of wooden beams. Within this context, the present study reports an experimental and computational study on the elastic lateral torsional buckling resistance of wooden beams. The experimental program consists of conducting material tests to determine the longitudinal modulus of elasticity and rigidity modulus followed by a series of 18 full-scale tests. The buckling loads and mode shapes are documented. The numerical component of the study captures the orthotropic constitutive properties of wood and involves a sensitivity analysis on various orthotropic material constants, models for simulating the full-scale tests conducted, a comparison with experimental results, and a parametric study to expand the experimental database. Based on the comparison between the experimental program, classical solution and FEA models, it can be concluded that the classical solution is able to predict the critical moment of wood beams. By performing the parametric analysis using the FEA models, it was observed that loads applied on the top and bottom face of a beam decrease and increase its critical moment,respectively. The critical moment is not greatly influenced by moving the supports from mid-span to the bottom of the end cross-section.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and to review fundamental ideas and theories of employment and to set forth the policies that can best obtain the goal of full employment, which is defined as the condition where those who want to work at the prevailing rates of pay can find work without undue difficulty.

Micro-seismology is attracting more and more attention in the exploration seismology community. The main goal in micro-seismic imaging is to find the source location and the ignition time in order to track the fracture expansion, which will help engineers monitor the reservoirs. Conventional imaging methods work fine in this field but there are many limitations such as manual picking, incorrect migration velocity and low signal to noise ratio (S/N). In traditional surface survey imaging, full waveform inversion (FWI) is widely used. The FWI method updates the velocity model by minimizing the misfit between the observed data and the predicted data. Using FWI to locate and image microseismic events allows for an automatic process (free of picking) that utilizes the full wavefield. Use the FWI technique, and overcomes the difficulties of manual pickings and incorrect velocity model for migration. However, the technique of waveform inversion of micro-seismic events faces its own problems. There is significant nonlinearity due to the unknown source location (space) and function (time). We have developed a source independent FWI of micro-seismic events to simultaneously invert for the source image, source function and velocity model. It is based on convolving reference traces with the observed and modeled data to mitigate the effect of an unknown source ignition time. The adjoint-state method is used to derive the gradient for the source image, source function and velocity updates. To examine the accuracy of the inverted source image and velocity model the extended image for source wavelet in z-axis is extracted. Also the angle gather is calculated to check the applicability of the migration velocity. By inverting for the source image, source wavelet and the velocity model simultaneously, the proposed method produces good estimates of the source location, ignition time and the background velocity in the synthetic experiments with both parts of the Marmousi and the SEG Overthrust model. On the other hand, a new imaging condition of natural Green’s function has been implemented to mitigate the effect of the unknown velocity model. It is based on putting receivers in a horizontal well close to the micro-seismic events so that only a small part of the velocity model is required for the imaging. In order to focus the multi scattering energy to the source location, as well as to suppress the influence of the noise in the data, we introduced a new method to compensate the energy in the receiver wavefield. It is based on reflection waveform inversion (RWI) theory. We simply migrate for the scatters (reflectors) in the medium, and set the image as a secondary source to compensate for the multi scattering energy in the receiver wavefield. By applying the same imaging condition, the energy of those scattering events can be traced to the source location. Thus the source point has higher energy in the source image. A simple two-layer medium test demonstrates the features.

Schools globally are characterised by an increasingly diverse learner population in terms of age, gender, language, socio-economic background, cultural practices and learning abilities. The diverse needs of learners in schools have implications for teacher training, as it demands a shift from the traditional “one-size-fits-all” approach to a more inclusive approach. Because teachers play a significant role in addressing diversity among all learners, several teacher-training programmes have been implemented worldwide since the inception of inclusive education. The main purpose of these programmes is to ensure that teachers acquire the relevant knowledge and skills to meet the learning needs of all learners in schools. One of these skills pertains to curriculum differentiation for making the curriculum accessible to all learners irrespective of their abilities. This research investigation was rooted in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model. Situated in the interpretative paradigm, the study adopted a qualitative approach. A multiple case study research design was employed to investigate nine Foundation Phase teachers from rural, township, and former Model C full-service schools. All of them had completed the BEd (Hons) in Learning Support programme at one of South Africa’s major universities. Semi-structured face-to-face individual interviews were conducted, and a document analysis was used to explore participants’ understanding and implementation of curriculum differentiation. The analysis of the study revealed that teachers who had completed the BEd (Hons) in Learning Support programme had the necessary theoretical knowledge of the concept of curriculum differentiation. However, most of them faced difficulties regarding the understanding and implementation of curriculum differentiation. The study also showed that teachers did not make use of official documents that guide and explain the differentiation of school curriculum to meet the diverse needs of learners in full-service schools. In the light of these findings, five sets of recommendations were made in ensuring the effective implementation of curriculum differentiation in schools in order to make the curriculum accessible to all learners. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Early Childhood Education / PhD / Unrestricted

The main goal in seismic exploration is to identify locations of hydrocarbons reservoirs and give insights on where to drill new wells. Therefore, estimating an Earth model that represents the right physics of the Earth's subsurface is crucial in identifying these targets. Recent seismic data, with long offsets and wide azimuth features, are more sensitive to anisotropy. Accordingly, multiple anisotropic parameters need to be extracted from the recorded data on the surface to properly describe the model. I study the prospect of applying a scattering integral approach for multi-parameter inversion for a transversely isotropic model with a vertical axis of symmetry. I mainly analyze the sensitivity kernels to understand the sensitivity of seismic data to anisotropy parameters. Then, I use a frequency domain scattering integral approach to invert for the optimal parameterization. The scattering integral approach is based on the explicit computation of the sensitivity kernels. I present a new method to compute the traveltime sensitivity kernels for wave equation tomography using the unwrapped phase. I show that the new kernels are a better alternative to conventional cross-correlation/Rytov kernels. I also derive and analyze the sensitivity kernels for a transversely isotropic model with a vertical axis of symmetry. The kernels structure, for various opening/scattering angles, highlights the trade-off regions between the parameters. For a surface recorded data, I show that the normal move-out velocity vn, ƞ and δ parameterization is suitable for a simultaneous inversion of diving waves and reflections. Moreover, when seismic data is inverted hierarchically, the horizontal velocity vh, ƞ and ϵ is the parameterization with the least trade-off. In the frequency domain, the hierarchical inversion approach is naturally implemented using frequency continuation, which makes vh, ƞ and ϵ parameterization attractive. I formulate the multi-parameter inversion using the scattering integral method. Application to various synthetic and real data examples show accurate inversion results. I show that a good background ƞ model is required to accurately recover vh. For 3-D problems, I promote a hybrid approach, where efficient ray tracing is used to compute the sensitivity kernels. The proposed method highly reduces the computational cost.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23597号 / 理博第4759号 / 新制||理||1682(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)長野 邦浩, 教授 中家 剛, 准教授 吉岡 興一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Education in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education (Educational Psychology) in the Department of Educational Psychology and Special Needs Education at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2015 / Currently, South Africa is in phase two of implementing 50 full-service schools (FSS) and further development is said to be based on results from immediate to short-term results (DoE, 2005a). Concerns over the new development relate to whether resources are sufficient and available to further expand the provision of FSS and, overall, whether the Education White Paper 6 (EWP6) has been implemented successfully in phase one. This research therefore evaluates the implementation of EWP6 within selected phase one FSS in the Kwazulu-Natal (KZN) province. Purposive sampling was used and the researcher selected institutional-level support team (ILST) members within FSS to participate (n=43 participants). Questionnaires were self-administered and designed to address the following research questions: Have policy objectives been met in the implementation of EWP6 within FSS? What are the barriers to implementing EWP6 within FSS? And, what strategies have ILST members used to overcome these challenges? The questionnaire elicited both quantitative and qualitative data which was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software and thematic analysis. Some schools reported successes which include the enrolment of learners who experience diverse barriers to learning and optimistic attitudes among ILST members regarding possible benefits of inclusive education and their theoretical knowledge of multi-level teaching. Barriers to implementation of the EWP6 within FSS include inadequate resources (human, educational, physical and financial), inadequate support provision to FSS and ILST, inadequate training and subsequent training support and a lack of involvement from parents and communities. Many participants are unsure of how to overcome these challenges but, undoubtedly, are in need of support from communities, parents and the Department of Education (DoE).

Precast concrete sandwich panels are a structural system consisting of concrete layers with insulation layers in between. The concrete layers are connected through the insulation with specially designed connectors. For engineers to properly design and analyze the strength characteristics of sandwich panels and their connectors, the engineers need to obtain recommendations from the individual connector manufacturers, which can be a very rigorous process. This project tested eight full scale precast concrete sandwich panels with two concrete layers on either side of an insulation layer with connectors concentrated at either end of each panel. The objectives of this project were to evaluate the interaction between the two concrete layers and how well the connectors transferred forces between the layers (percent of composite action) and to validate simplified methods of predicting properties of the panels by comparing the predicted panel properties to the results of the testing series. Additionally, this study evaluated the panel’s different thicknesses and lengths and compared their results.

Syftet med denna forskningsstudie var att undersöka hur fysisk distans mellan ledare och medarbetare påverkar uppfattningen om ledarskap. Studien använde sig av Full Range Leadership-modellen och fokuserade på ledare inom offentlig sektor med medarbetare som huvudsakligen arbetade på distans. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio deltagare, bestående av tre ledare och sex medarbetare, analyserades faktorer som ansågs viktiga för ledarskapet på distans. Resultaten visade att kommunikation, samarbete och anpassning var centrala för ledarnas uppfattning om sitt eget ledarskap, medan medarbetarna betonade vikten av tydligt ledarskap, kommunikation och återkoppling. Trots viss skillnad i uppfattningen fanns en överensstämmelse kring betydelsen av öppen kommunikation och återkoppling för att skapa en positiv arbetsmiljö och utveckla förtroendefulla relationer mellan ledare och medarbetare. Begränsningar i studien inkluderade det flexibla och icke-strukturerade tillvägagångssättet i intervjuerna samt det begränsade antalet deltagare. Trots dessa begränsningar ger studien insikter om hur fysisk distans kan påverka ledarskapet och betonar vikten av kommunikation och anpassning för att skapa effektivt ledarskap på distans. / The purpose of this research study was to investigate how physical distance between leaders and employees affects the perception of leadership. The study utilized the Full Range Leadership model and focused on leaders in the public sector with employees primarily working remotely. Through semi-structured interviews with nine participants, consisting of three leaders and six employees, factors considered important for remote leadership were analyzed. The results indicated that communication, collaboration, and adaptability were central to leaders' perception of their own leadership, while employees emphasized the importance of clear leadership, communication, and feedback. Despite some differences in perception, there was agreement on the significance of open communication and feedback in creating a positive work environment and fostering trusting relationships between leaders and employees. Limitations of the study included the flexible and non-structured approach in the interviews, as well as the limited number of participants. Nevertheless, the study provides insights into how physical distance can impact leadership and emphasizes the importance of communication and adaptability in creating effective remote leadership. Keywords: remote leadership, full range leadership, leadership.

An evaluation of eleven roadway matting systems was conducted to determine their effectiveness in carrying heavy vehicle traffic over loose sand subgrades. Three of the eleven matting systems were also evaluated over soft fine-grained subgrades. Matting products included high-density polyethylene, aluminum, fiberglass, and polyester. System configurations included continuous rolls of material, segmented rolls, and individual panels. The matting products were assembled on test sections and trafficked with a 7-ton, 6-wheeled truck loaded with a 7-ton payload until 20 percent of the mat section was no longer reusable or 2,000 truck passes were achieved. Earth pressure cells were installed under nine of the sand test sections to monitor load distributions provided by the matting systems. Based on the test results, recommendations are given for selecting the best roadway matting system types for use on temporary roads with sand or soft fine-grained subgrades.