RESUME :<p>Comme la plupart des villes africaines, Yaoundé, capitale du Cameroun, est confrontée aux phénomènes d’urbanisation croissante. Cette urbanisation rapide n’est pas accompagnée d’une croissance économique. En fait, le pouvoir d’achat extrêmement bas, le chômage, le sous-emploi, la pauvreté, voire la misère, ont amené une frange importante de la population à inventer de nouvelles solutions pour s’assurer un revenu. C’est alors qu’apparaît le phénomène d’agriculture urbaine et périurbaine. La caractérisation de cette agriculture a mis en évidence une interaction entre les catégories d’acteurs, les types d’espaces, les types de cultures, les produits obtenus et les revenus moyens générés. Il ressort de l’analyse des résultats que cette forme d’agriculture emploie près de 2000 personnes, pour la plupart des jeunes et, surtout, des femmes, dont la moyenne d’âge est de 35 ans. C’est une activité basée principalement dans les bas-fonds marécageux, le bas des pentes, les abords des routes avec une forte pression sur l’espace. Les cultures sont diversifiées et sont à dominance maraîchère, vivrière et floricole. Elles varient en fonction des trois espaces étudiés, à savoir l’auréole urbaine, la zone périurbaine et l’hinterland rural. <p>L’analyse du système de commercialisation a mis en évidence trois types de circuits à travers lesquels les produits transitent des producteurs aux consommateurs. Ce sont notamment les circuits longs, les circuits courts et les circuits directs. Dans ces circuits de commercialisation, la régulation du marché se réalise au niveau de tous les intervenants. Cela signifie que les prix des produits ne sont pas fixés d’avance, mais varient en fonction de la demande. En ce qui concerne la rentabilité, l’analyse sur les comptes d’exploitation des cultures de céleri, de ndolé et de morelle noire indique que cette agriculture est rentable avec un gain moyen journalier de près de trois euros pour les producteurs. C’est la raison pour laquelle certains maraîchers estiment qu’à la place d’un travail salarial de près de 75euros / mois, ils préfèrent rester dans leur jardin. <p><p>Cependant, aucun cadre juridique et réglementaire lié à l’exercice de cette activité n’est disponible. Aucun article de loi ne l’autorise. Nous avons noté également de nombreuses autres contraintes liées à l’organisation des producteurs, aux pratiques, à la structuration et la mise en marché des produits. Ces résultats ont alors d’importantes implications quant à la compréhension des interactions entre les agriculteurs en ville et le monde politique de Yaoundé. Les fonctions multiples de cette activité tel que l’emploi pour les jeunes, les revenus substantiels pour les couches des populations les plus vulnérables, la gestion des déchets urbains et la beauté du paysage étant autant d’attraits qui concourent à son encouragement. <p>Les stratégies qui visent à susciter l’implication des producteurs urbains dans le développement de la ville de Yaoundé ont été mises en œuvre à travers la CAUPA (Coalition pour la promotion de l’agriculture urbaine et périurbaine en Afrique). L’intégration de ces stratégies dans les schémas directeurs d’aménagements urbains, pourrait contribuer à concilier les défis d'une amélioration du bien-être des populations en quête de survie. Cette thèse met en évidence la nécessité d’une médiation entre les différentes catégories d’acteurs pour une agriculture urbaine et périurbaine de qualité. Les résultats pourront permettre aux décideurs et administrateurs des villes de disposer d‘informations utiles sur l’importance de cette forme d’agriculture qui est, non seulement montante, mais aussi controversée. <p>SUMMARY:<p>As in most African cities, Yaounde, the capital city of Cameroon, is faced with the phenomenon of urbanization. This leads to socio-economic problems especially in food supply and acquisition of basic necessities. The extremely low purchasing power, unemployment, underemployment, poverty - say misery, brought a significant proportion of the population to invent new solutions to ensure basic income through urban and peri-urban agriculture. The characterization of this agricultural system highlights the interaction between various stakeholders, types of spaces and crops, productivity and average revenue generated. Results show that this agricultural system has generated employment for about 2000 people, mainly youths and especially women, with 35 years average age. The activity is based mainly in lowland floody zones, low slope, landscaping roads with increase land pressure. Vegetables, gardening and flowers are dominant diversified crops noticed in the area. These crops vary from urban, peri-urban and rural areas, three landscape which were studied. <p><p>The analysis of the marketing chain show three main types of distribution chains through which products pass from producers to consumers. These include long distribution, short distribution and direct channel. In these channels, the regulation of the market is achieved at the level of all stakeholders. This means that the prices of the products are therefore fixed in advance, and also are functions of demand. Regarding profitability, the analysis on the farmer’s accounts of Celery, Bitter leaf and Black nightshade indicates that this agriculture is profitable with an average daily gain of almost 3 euro per producers. That's why some gardeners believes that instead of a salary of almost 75 euro per month, they prefer to stay in their farm. <p><p>However, no legal and regulatory framework related to this activity is available in the case of Yaounde. Also, there are many other constraints related to the organization of producers, practices, structuring and implementation of products in the markets. These results have important implications to the understanding of the interaction between farmers and policy makers. The multiple functions of this activity such as youth employment, income for substantial segments of the most vulnerable populations, urban waste management and the beautification of the landscape is as much attraction that contribute to its promotion. <p><p>A strategy to encourage the implication of urban producers in the development of the city of Yaounde has been implemented through CAUPA. The integration of these strategies in urban planners, could help for the challenges of improving people’s welfare. Subsequently, this thesis brings forth the need for a mediation between different stakeholders and contributes to good quality of peri-urban agriculture. The results can therefore enable decision-makers and policy to provide useful information on the importance of this form of agriculture which is not only rising, but also controversial.<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The assignment is an architecture and urban planning study of a sports and recreation center. The solved area is located in the town of Vsetín, in the part called Ohrada. Nowdays, the area is obsolete, unfunctional and also unmodern. My project is mainly focused to create a concept that responds to the environment, offers outdoor and indoor spaces for all generations. It allows better connection with nature, variable use, and division of area by function. The design is defined by the river Bečva on the west side and a busy 1st class road on the east side. It was important to separate pedestrians and cyclists from motor vehicles. The response to this restriction is to direct traffic in the area to the west, towards the river. This creates a terrain works that optically deflects the design in a quieter direction. Buildings are placed in the line and oriented in the western direction. After creating the terrain, I divided the area into several segments according to functionality. In the heart of the area, a multifunctional central hall with an inner climbing wall is set in the terrain. In front of it is a public space for meetings, sports and recreation. On the other side, there is a basketball court, a workout playground, a children's playground in front of the hall and a rest area of ??greenery closer to the river. If we continue southerly down, another cube set into the terrain is a building with a restaurant and a cafe. The southernmost building is a tennis club with facilities for athletes and squash. In front of the building there is a 9x tennis court with a grandstand. Closer to the river and the bike path there is an outdoor climbing wall. From the newly created embankment, the area is divided by a cycle path around the river. Behind the bridge is a green belt separated area which, unlike the previous ones, is tuned in a calmer spirit. We will find a building of a yoga and meditation center.

OpenStreetMap (OSM) konnte sich seit der Gründung 2004 sehr schnell etablieren und stellt mittlerweile eine konkrete Alternative gegenüber vergleichbaren kommerziellen Anwendungen dar. Dieser Erfolg ist eindeutig auf das revolutionäre Grundkonzept des Projektes zurückzuführen. Weltweit werden räumliche Daten durch Mitglieder erhoben und dem Projekt OSM zur Verfügung gestellt. Über die zugrunde liegenden Lizenzbestimmungen wird sichergestellt, dass OSM-Daten frei verfügbar und kostenfrei weiter verwendbar sind. Vor allem die Vorstellung der Unabhängigkeit von proprietären Daten hat zu starker, weiterhin zunehmender globaler Beteiligung geführt. Resultierend daraus erreichen die verfügbaren Daten inzwischen hohe Dichte sowie Genauigkeit. Visualisierungen in Form von interaktiven, frei skalierbaren Weltkarten, welche über die vollständig automatisierten Softwarelösungen Mapnik und Osmarender erstellt werden, sind am weitesten verbreitet. Infolgedessen müssen kartographische Grundsätze und Regeln formalisiert und implementiert werden. Insbesondere in Bezug auf kartographische Generalisierung treten teils erhebliche Mängel in den entsprechenden Umsetzungen auf. Dies bildet den Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung. Ausgehend von einer Ist-Analyse werden vorhandene Defizite identifiziert und anschließend Möglichkeiten zur Integration von Generalisierungsfunktionalitäten untersucht. Aktuelle Entwicklungen streben die Anwendung interoperabler Systeme im Kontext kartographischer Generalisierung an, mit dem Ziel Generalisierungsfunktionalitäten über das Internet bereitzustellen. Grundlage hierfür bilden die vom Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) spezifizierten Web Processing Services (WPS). Sie ermöglichen die Analyse und Verarbeitung räumlicher Daten. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Web Generalization Services (WebGen-WPS) auf mögliche Integration in die Softwarelösungen untersucht und bilden somit einen zentralen Untersuchungsgegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit. Mapnik stellt, nicht zuletzt durch dessen offengelegten Quelltext („Open Source“), optimale Voraussetzungen für jene Implementierungen zur Verfügung. Zur Verarbeitung von OSM-Daten verwendet Mapnik die freie Geodatenbank PostGIS, welche ebenfalls Funktionalitäten zur Analyse und Verarbeitung räumlicher Daten liefert. In diesem Kontext wird zusätzlich untersucht, inwiefern PostGIS-Funktionen Potential zur Anwendung kartographischer Generalisierung aufweisen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Aufgabenstellung ii Zusammenfassung iii Abstract iv Abbildungsverzeichnis viii Tabellenverzeichnis ix Abkürzungsverzeichnis x 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Aufbau der Arbeit 4 2 Grundlagen 5 2.1 OpenStreetMap 5 2.1.1 Ablauf der Erstellung von OSM-Karten 6 2.1.2 Mapnik 9 2.2 Web Services 12 2.2.1 OGC Web Processing Services 12 2.2.2 Web Generalization Services 14 2.2.3 Verkettung von OGC Web Services 16 2.3 Kartographische Generalisierung 17 2.3.1 Konzeptionelle Modellvorstellungen 18 2.3.2 Generalisierungsoperatoren 22 3 OpenStreetMap & Generalisierung – aktueller Stand 24 3.1 Allgemeine Analyse und Kritik 25 3.2 OSM & konzeptionelle Modelle 28 4 Theoretische Überlegungen 31 4.1 Einbindung des WebGen-WPS 32 4.1.1 Direkteinbindung des WebGen-WPS 32 4.1.2 Einbindung von WebGen-WPS für „MRDB-OSM“ 34 4.2 PostGIS-Funktionen 36 4.3 OpenStreetMap - Generalisierungscommunity 38 5 Implementierungen & Ergebnisse 40 5.1 Technische Voraussetzungen 41 5.1.1 Systemvoraussetzungen 41 5.1.2 Testgebiet 41 5.2 Einbindung des WebGen-WPS in Mapnik 42 5.2.1 Einbindung in den automatischen Prozess 42 5.2.1.1 Allgemeiner Programmablauf 43 5.2.1.2 Implementierungsansätze 44 5.2.2 Praktische Umsetzung einer „MRDB-OSM“ 47 5.2.2.1 Verfahrensablauf 48 5.2.2.2 Polygonvereinfachung 51 5.2.2.3 Linienvereinfachung 57 5.3 Implementierung von PostGIS-Funktionen 59 5.3.1 Auswahl 59 5.3.2 Betonung 60 5.3.3 Linienvereinfachung 61 5.3.4 Polygonvereinfachung 61 6 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblicke 65 6.1 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 65 6.2 Fazit 71 7 Quellennachweise 72 7.1 Literaturverzeichnis 72 7.2 Internetquellennachweis (ohne eindeutige Autoren) 77 8 Anhang 79 / OpenStreetMap (OSM) has established very quickly since its founding in 2004 and has become a suitable alternative to similar commercial applications. This success is clearly due to the revolutionary concept of the project. Spatial data is collected by members world-wide and is provided to the project OSM. The underlying license aggreement ensures that OSM-Data is freely available and can be used free of charge. Primarily, the idea of independence from proprietary data has led to strong, still growing, global participation. Resulting from that, the available data is now achieving high density and accuracy. Visualizations in form of interactive, freely scalable maps of the world, which are constructed by the fully automated software solutions Mapnik and Osmarender are most common. In consequence cartographic principles and rules must be formalized and implemented. Particularly with respect to cartographic generalization, some serious faults appear in the corresponding implementations. This is the starting point of this diploma thesis. Based on an analysis of the current state, actual existing deficiencies are identified and then examined for possibilities to integrate generalization functionalities. Recent developments aim at the deployment of interoperable systems in the context of cartographic generalization, with the intention of providing generalization functionalities over the Internet. This is based on Web Processing Services (WPS) that where developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). They enable the analysis and processing of spatial data. In this context, Web Generalization Services (Webgen-WPS) are examined for possible integration into the software solutions and represent therefore a central object of investigation within that examination. Mapnik provides, not least through its “open source” code, ideal conditions for those implementations. Mapnik uses the “open source” spatial database PostGIS for the processing of OSM-Data, which also provides capabilities to analyze and process spatial data. In this context is examined in addition, to what extent the features have potential for implementation of cartographic generalization.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Aufgabenstellung ii Zusammenfassung iii Abstract iv Abbildungsverzeichnis viii Tabellenverzeichnis ix Abkürzungsverzeichnis x 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Aufbau der Arbeit 4 2 Grundlagen 5 2.1 OpenStreetMap 5 2.1.1 Ablauf der Erstellung von OSM-Karten 6 2.1.2 Mapnik 9 2.2 Web Services 12 2.2.1 OGC Web Processing Services 12 2.2.2 Web Generalization Services 14 2.2.3 Verkettung von OGC Web Services 16 2.3 Kartographische Generalisierung 17 2.3.1 Konzeptionelle Modellvorstellungen 18 2.3.2 Generalisierungsoperatoren 22 3 OpenStreetMap & Generalisierung – aktueller Stand 24 3.1 Allgemeine Analyse und Kritik 25 3.2 OSM & konzeptionelle Modelle 28 4 Theoretische Überlegungen 31 4.1 Einbindung des WebGen-WPS 32 4.1.1 Direkteinbindung des WebGen-WPS 32 4.1.2 Einbindung von WebGen-WPS für „MRDB-OSM“ 34 4.2 PostGIS-Funktionen 36 4.3 OpenStreetMap - Generalisierungscommunity 38 5 Implementierungen & Ergebnisse 40 5.1 Technische Voraussetzungen 41 5.1.1 Systemvoraussetzungen 41 5.1.2 Testgebiet 41 5.2 Einbindung des WebGen-WPS in Mapnik 42 5.2.1 Einbindung in den automatischen Prozess 42 5.2.1.1 Allgemeiner Programmablauf 43 5.2.1.2 Implementierungsansätze 44 5.2.2 Praktische Umsetzung einer „MRDB-OSM“ 47 5.2.2.1 Verfahrensablauf 48 5.2.2.2 Polygonvereinfachung 51 5.2.2.3 Linienvereinfachung 57 5.3 Implementierung von PostGIS-Funktionen 59 5.3.1 Auswahl 59 5.3.2 Betonung 60 5.3.3 Linienvereinfachung 61 5.3.4 Polygonvereinfachung 61 6 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblicke 65 6.1 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 65 6.2 Fazit 71 7 Quellennachweise 72 7.1 Literaturverzeichnis 72 7.2 Internetquellennachweis (ohne eindeutige Autoren) 77 8 Anhang 79

thermal manikin, thermophysiological model, thermal comfort, climatic chamber, clothing thermal resistence

This work inkluse measurement principles for measuring liquid level in tanks with a focus on fuel. Are described most frequently used types of liquid level sensors, focusing on fuel. The work inkluse design chosen technical solutions fuel level sensor and its technical implementation, including the technical implementation and verification of its functionality and calibration.

This study addresses the concept of fair governance based on an empirical study with marginalized groups, primarily Muslims, and their interaction with government agencies as its salient locus of investigation. Employing the research method of in-depth interviewing, I present a qualitative analysis of 35 semi-structured interviews with Muslims and government administrators. The methodological framework based on which these interviews are interpreted is rooted in the tradition of social constructivism as manifested in the grounded theory perspective of Charmaz. My examination of the hitherto unspoken political visions of the study participants and their shared perspectives offers pragmatic solutions to create greater equity and fairer inclusion of the marginalized in civic and political dialogues and in the administrative practice of government. Remarkably, the cultural changes towards justice and inclusion in the Government of British Columbia manifest that fair government is committed to creating a fundamental transformation in favour of marginalized groups. I find the most promising approach for such transformation occurs where bottom up and dynamic approaches of civil society are aligned with top down approaches of government to justice. The findings suggest that fair governance enhances its functionality and capacity through reflecting universal universalism in its policies and practices, heartening public spirituality and moving towards a more humane modernity rather than the extant western model of modernity. Thus, fair governance calls for diversity in expression of religious identity and challenges the mistaken images of Muslim women. Subsequently, fair government welcomes female religious actors, who act upon religious values, to its administration and respects their choice of clothing encompassing the scarf. Fair government, at all levels, ameliorates the ethical standards of its employees and employs authentic leaders, who act in a virtuous manner, care about employees’ deeply held values, and implement direct communication with staff. Such government supports legislative and constitutional reforms to consider a different outlook of the marginalized on political and social concerns, respects religious practices, honours Muslims’ identity and interpretation of life, and supports individuals who aim to improve humanity in Canada and its occupational settings. Rethinking Islamophobia in the context of the distinct need of government administrators for the institutional education about Islam, as a key finding of the study, depicts the emergence of “Islamoexploria”, as a new expression, which I coin. In my study, there is ample evidence to suggest that a sample of government administrators in British Columbia is in the age of post Islamophobia since they, as pioneers, have passed the stage of Islamophobia and entered a new era of “Islamoexploria”. Thus, they have produced the profound socio-cultural changes towards understanding Islam by shifting from fear of, ostensibly, the unknown to knowledge about the unknown and to approaches that are more sympathetic to Muslims. This finding suggests that fair government facilitates the journey from western Islamophobia, a demonstration of old racism, to “Islamoexploria”, a contemporary thirst for knowledge about Islam. Concurrently, Muslims remain responsible to contribute to fairness at large by role modeling their religious values, which greatly promote justice, compassionate attitudes, and humanitarian actions. / Graduate / 2022-12-07