Investment in physical infrastructure - roads, bridges, power plants, hospitals, schools, airports, sea ports, water ports, railways etc. - is a fundamental ingredient in the growth and economic development of a country. Compared to countries like Singapore, South Korea and China, countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have significantly underinvested in infrastructure over the years, resulting in stunted growth. Kenya has a large infrastructure funding gap, and with ballooning government debt, the country cannot solely rely on the government to meet its infrastructure funding needs. This study looks at the two predominant infrastructure funding models in Kenya, government funded procurement and public-private partnerships, to understand the salient features of each of the models and the causal relationships between them, before embarking on a process of creating a new model that results in the benefits of both. This systematic combining method emancipates the researcher, allowing the study to make use of Roger Martin’s process of integrative thinking to innovate new models for funding transport megaprojects in Kenya.

The purpose of the study was to assess the sustainability of dual credit programs from 2013-2016 across U.S. public community and junior colleges and the effect of 2 funding variables associated with these course offerings. The literature postulated that dual credit programs have continued to grow in demand since their origin with no indication of decreasing in the near future. The researcher chose 2 funding mechanisms to associate with dual credit enrollment: governance structure of the state and the state funding model as it pertains to dual credit enrollment. Tuition revenue totals were extracted from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System for each fall semester from 2013-2016. This data set included 48 states in the U.S. The only non-reporting states were Alaska, Delaware, and The District of Columbia. This study uses a quantitative approach to determine if state governance structure and state funding model had an impact on tuition revenue. The statistics computed included an Independent Samples T-test. In summary, the analysis did support the research hypothesis in that there was statistically significant differences based on the governance structure of the state for the years of 2013 and 2014, but not years 2015 and 2016. The analysis did not support the research hypothesis in that there were no statistically significant differences based on the state funding model in tuition revenue derived from enrollment. Limitations in the current study that may have influenced the outcome of the analysis and recommendations for further studies are discussed.

Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 1987. / Thesis Advisor(s): Boger, Dan C. Second Reader: Andrus, Alvin F. "September 1987." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 23, 2010. DTIC Descriptor(s): Army Budgets, Decision Making, Goal Programming, Antimissile Defense Systems, Army Operations, Coefficients, Computer Programs, Hierarchies, Linearity, Management, Military Strategy, Mathematical Models, Operations Research, Personnel, Sensitivity, Theses, Army Research. DTIC Identifier(s): Army strategic defense command, Analytic hierarchy process. Author(s) subject terms: Goal Programming " Analytic Hierarchy Process, R&D Project Funding Models. Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-167). Also available in print.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / There is a growing body of literature on no-fee public schools in South Africa. The vision of this policy is to ensure that all citizens have equal access to quality basic education. This study, conducted an assessment of the funding-management strategies in three no-fees public primary schools within the Western Cape Education Department. This is vital as post-1996 the African National Congress embarked on the transformation of education in the country to ensure that all citizens have unfettered access to quality education as stipulated in the 1996 Constitution Section 29 (1) (a) which expresses that everyone has the right to basic education. This is also supported by the White Paper on Education, the School Act of 1996 and the policy document on School Fee Exemption and no-fee of Schools of 2007. As a follow-up to the no-fee policy, there was the creation of no- fees schools in Cape Town.

O debate acerca do equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial dos regimes de previdência social é tema relevante e de alta indagação no momento atual da economia brasileira, e em particular, na gaúcha. Os diferentes regimes de previdência social adotados no Brasil e seus modelos de financiamento devem estar intimamente ligados ao equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial, adequados a soluções que permitam o atingimento de seus fins precípuos, voltados à garantia do pagamento de benefícios a seus segurados, sem que, no entanto, esse proceder gere prejuízos nas contas públicas e outros aportes estatais. No âmbito do Rio Grande do Sul, as fórmulas encontradas ao longo de décadas objetivando a solidez do regimes previdenciários aqui adotados, não discrepam daquelas adotadas em âmbito nacional e resumem-se basicamente a três pontos: sucessivas alterações legislativas com a mudança do modelo de financiamento da repartição simples para o da capitalização; a majoração paulatina das alíquotas que se constituem na principal fonte de receita do sistema; e a instituição do regime de previdência complementar. A (in)adequação de medidas adotadas no regime próprio de previdência gaúcho voltadas à busca do equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial foi a resposta encontrada ao que se propôs analisar na presente dissertação. / The debate about the financial and actuarial balance of social security regimes is an important and highly discussed subject at the current moment of the Brazilian economy, and particularly in Rio Grande do Sul. The different types of social security systems adopted in Brazil as well as their funding models must be closely linked to the financial and actuarial balance, being appropriate to solutions that enable the achievement of their main purposes, aimed at ensuring the payment of benefits to its policyholders, however, in a manner that this proceeding doesn’t generate any losses in the public accounts as well as at any other state contributions. In the scope of Rio Grande do Sul, the formulas found along decades aiming the trustworthiness of the social security schemes adopted here, do not disagree from those adopted at the national level and thus can be summarized basically into three points: successive legislative alterations with the changing of the funding model from the simple sharing model to the capitalization one; the gradual increase in rates that are the main source of system revenues; and the institution of the complementary pension regime. The (in) adequacy of measures taken in the Rio Grande do Sul own Special Security Regime that aimed the pursuit of financial and actuarial balance was found as the answer for what this dissertation proposed to analyse.

O debate acerca do equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial dos regimes de previdência social é tema relevante e de alta indagação no momento atual da economia brasileira, e em particular, na gaúcha. Os diferentes regimes de previdência social adotados no Brasil e seus modelos de financiamento devem estar intimamente ligados ao equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial, adequados a soluções que permitam o atingimento de seus fins precípuos, voltados à garantia do pagamento de benefícios a seus segurados, sem que, no entanto, esse proceder gere prejuízos nas contas públicas e outros aportes estatais. No âmbito do Rio Grande do Sul, as fórmulas encontradas ao longo de décadas objetivando a solidez do regimes previdenciários aqui adotados, não discrepam daquelas adotadas em âmbito nacional e resumem-se basicamente a três pontos: sucessivas alterações legislativas com a mudança do modelo de financiamento da repartição simples para o da capitalização; a majoração paulatina das alíquotas que se constituem na principal fonte de receita do sistema; e a instituição do regime de previdência complementar. A (in)adequação de medidas adotadas no regime próprio de previdência gaúcho voltadas à busca do equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial foi a resposta encontrada ao que se propôs analisar na presente dissertação. / The debate about the financial and actuarial balance of social security regimes is an important and highly discussed subject at the current moment of the Brazilian economy, and particularly in Rio Grande do Sul. The different types of social security systems adopted in Brazil as well as their funding models must be closely linked to the financial and actuarial balance, being appropriate to solutions that enable the achievement of their main purposes, aimed at ensuring the payment of benefits to its policyholders, however, in a manner that this proceeding doesn’t generate any losses in the public accounts as well as at any other state contributions. In the scope of Rio Grande do Sul, the formulas found along decades aiming the trustworthiness of the social security schemes adopted here, do not disagree from those adopted at the national level and thus can be summarized basically into three points: successive legislative alterations with the changing of the funding model from the simple sharing model to the capitalization one; the gradual increase in rates that are the main source of system revenues; and the institution of the complementary pension regime. The (in) adequacy of measures taken in the Rio Grande do Sul own Special Security Regime that aimed the pursuit of financial and actuarial balance was found as the answer for what this dissertation proposed to analyse.

O debate acerca do equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial dos regimes de previdência social é tema relevante e de alta indagação no momento atual da economia brasileira, e em particular, na gaúcha. Os diferentes regimes de previdência social adotados no Brasil e seus modelos de financiamento devem estar intimamente ligados ao equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial, adequados a soluções que permitam o atingimento de seus fins precípuos, voltados à garantia do pagamento de benefícios a seus segurados, sem que, no entanto, esse proceder gere prejuízos nas contas públicas e outros aportes estatais. No âmbito do Rio Grande do Sul, as fórmulas encontradas ao longo de décadas objetivando a solidez do regimes previdenciários aqui adotados, não discrepam daquelas adotadas em âmbito nacional e resumem-se basicamente a três pontos: sucessivas alterações legislativas com a mudança do modelo de financiamento da repartição simples para o da capitalização; a majoração paulatina das alíquotas que se constituem na principal fonte de receita do sistema; e a instituição do regime de previdência complementar. A (in)adequação de medidas adotadas no regime próprio de previdência gaúcho voltadas à busca do equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial foi a resposta encontrada ao que se propôs analisar na presente dissertação. / The debate about the financial and actuarial balance of social security regimes is an important and highly discussed subject at the current moment of the Brazilian economy, and particularly in Rio Grande do Sul. The different types of social security systems adopted in Brazil as well as their funding models must be closely linked to the financial and actuarial balance, being appropriate to solutions that enable the achievement of their main purposes, aimed at ensuring the payment of benefits to its policyholders, however, in a manner that this proceeding doesn’t generate any losses in the public accounts as well as at any other state contributions. In the scope of Rio Grande do Sul, the formulas found along decades aiming the trustworthiness of the social security schemes adopted here, do not disagree from those adopted at the national level and thus can be summarized basically into three points: successive legislative alterations with the changing of the funding model from the simple sharing model to the capitalization one; the gradual increase in rates that are the main source of system revenues; and the institution of the complementary pension regime. The (in) adequacy of measures taken in the Rio Grande do Sul own Special Security Regime that aimed the pursuit of financial and actuarial balance was found as the answer for what this dissertation proposed to analyse.

Les objectifs de la thèse étaient d’identifier le nombre de MTI en développement, d’évaluer prospectivement l’impact financier que produiront les traitements innovants et de rechercher de nouvelles modalités de paiement des MTI pour aider les décideurs publiques à anticiper l’impact des MTI à court et moyen terme sur le budget de l’assurance maladie. Le nombre de MTI en développement est évalué par le dénombrement des essais cliniques des MTI dans 3 bases de données internationales. Cette étude a montré le grand nombre de MTI en développement et susceptible d’arriver sur le marché. L’impact budgétaire des MTI est évalué. Des modèles de Markov ont été développés pour 3 maladies : Alzheimer, Parkinson et l’insuffisance cardiaque. Ensuite, l’impact des MTI dans 35 maladies sera estimé à l’aide des hypothèses. Cette section montre que les prix élevés des MTI seront inabordables, les payeurs ne pourront pas payer le prix de tous les MTI à l’avance. Une identification des modèles de paiement des thérapies innovantes est effectuée via une revue de la littérature. Ces modèles ont été évalués et discutés durant une réunion d’experts puis un modèle de paiement optimal pour les MTI est suggéré. Des recommandations stratégiques sont présentées pour aider les industriels et les décideurs publiques à assurer l’accès des patients aux thérapies innovantes tout en maintenant la pérennité de l’assurance maladie et évitant la faillite. / The objectives of this thesis were to identify the magnitude of the ATMPs pipeline, to assess the budget impact of ATMPs and to suggest new funding models for ATMPs in order to help decision-makers to anticipate the hypothetical short and medium term budget impact of such products. The magnitude of ATMPs pipeline was evaluated by identifying the number and characteristics of ATMPs clinical trials in 3 worldwide clinical trials databases. A large number of ATMPs are in development (939 clinical trials) and may successfully reach the market. Overall, the results showed that the number of ATMPs clinical trials has been consistently growing over the past 15 years. The budget impact of ATMPs was assessed. Markov models were developed to assess the cost-effectiveness and budget impact for ATMPs using 5 efficacy scenarios in Parkinson disease, Alzheimer’s disease and heart failure. Then, an estimation of the budget impact of 35 ATMPs was conducted suggesting that an ATMP can cure all patients. We have shown in this chapter that a cost-effective ATMP may be unaffordable; payers will not be able to pay upfront the costs of all ATMPs. The traditional funding models may not be adaptable for ATMPs. The proposed funding models for innovative high-cost therapies were identified through a literature review, discussed during a consensus meeting and an optimal funding model for ATMPs was recommended.Finally, health policy recommendations for the stakeholders – patients, physicians, payers and manufacturers – are presented. These recommendations aim to help to ensure patient access to innovation while maintaining the sustainability of healthcare system.

The main purpose of this study was to examine the various finance models that are presently being used to finance facilities and to provide information for the Texas legislature, the Texas Education Agency, and local school districts concerning facilities funding models that might be used in Texas. Based on the information gathered and analyzed, several conclusions are drawn and recommendations regarding state funding of capital projects in the State of Texas are made. The model recommended for Texas is one that provides for an equalized grant and includes formulas for the distribution of state money.

The challenge in most developing countries is lack of funding in education. This leaves no option for most learners except to drop out of school. Even when safety nets are provided for by governments, this does not fully address the issues of access, equity and retention in secondary education. Education for All, as pronounced in the Dakar Declaration (2000) calls on governments to address access, retention and equity in basic education, overlooking the provision of secondary education. Many policies were adopted by governments in post-colonial rule in Africa and Asia to address the colonial disparities in education. This had a tendency of drowning the budgets in educational matters, notwithstanding the issues of fully addressing access, equity and retention in secondary education. In the developing world, the bulk of the population lives in rural areas where infrastructure for teaching and learning still has to catch up with the urban setting. In view of the global economic meltdown in the 1980s, 1990s and mid-2008, education has seen a squeeze on its budget. It is in this context that funding for secondary education has to be analysed in order to establish policies and programmes which are most suitable and sustainable to enable access, equity and retention of learners in secondary education. Models of funding in various countries are carefully examined in this study, in order to draw on the best practices in funding secondary education as applicable to the Zimbabwean case, and possibly to other countries in a similar situation. The research was carried out in three administrative districts of the Manicaland province of Zimbabwe. Using a mixed methods approach, this study examines the safety nets for the provision of secondary school education in Zimbabwe and proposes better ways to finance secondary school education. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)