In the presented diploma thesis we study the reconstruction of the top antitop system in proton-proton colisions with central mass energy 7 TeV de- livered by LHC accelerator at CERN to the ATLAS experiment. ALPGEN and MC@NLO generators are described as two main method of top antitop pairs simulations. We compare events simulated by generators to data from LHC. The background and selection criteria are summarized. Next we de- scribed various methods of the top antitop reconstruction. Finally the Z particle was also studied. 1

The aim of this thesis is to explore Simon Mawer's approach to science and to compare the roles of science in his novels Mendel's Dwarf and The Girl Who Fell from the Sky. The description of author's life and its influence on his work with emphasis on the scientific aspects is provided and his opinion on the relationship between science and literature given. The difference between fiction with aspects of science and science fiction is explained and other authors who deal with science in their fiction are exemplified. As Mendel's Dwarf employs genetics and eugenics and The Girl Who Fell from the Sky nuclear physics, the brief development of these scientific fields is described.

An angular analysis of the rare decay B0 → K∗ (K+ π− )µ+ µ− is presented. The study is based on a data sample from pp collisions at centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider which corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb−1 . An extended unbinned maximum-likelihood fit of the decay angular distribution is used to measure the CP-averaged angular observables FL, S3, S4, S5, S7 and S8 and the cor- responding form-factor independent observables P1, P4, P5, P6 and P8. The measurements are performed in the region 0.04 GeV2 < q2 < 6 GeV2 , where q is the dimuon invariant mass. The results are in agreement with the Standard Model predictions and com- patible with measurements published by other experiments. The most signifi- cant deviations are observed for parameters P4, P5 at the level of 2.7 standard deviations and for P8 which is 1.9 standard deviations away from one of the predictions. The P5 deviation in bin 4 GeV2 < q2 < 6 GeV2 is consistent with the one reported by the LHCb collaboration. The second part of this work shortly summarises the operation of the ATLAS Semiconductor Tracker, testing of the prototype module for the Inner Tracker strip upgrade, and the monitoring of non-collision background which was devel- oped as a part of this thesis.

In this thesis we study a deformation of a black-hole spacetime due to another strong sources of gravity. Keeping within static and axially symmetric metrics, we consider a binary of Schwarzschild black holes held apart from each other by a repulsive effect of an Appell ring. After verifying that such a system can rest in static equilibrium (without any supporting struts), we compute its several basic geometric characteristics and we plot simple invariants determined by the metric functions (especially lapse, or, equivalently, potential) and by their first and second derivatives (gravitational acceleration and Kretschmann scalar). Then we extend the analysis below the black-hole horizon and inspect the behaviour of the scalars inside. The geometry turns out to be deformed in a non-trivial way, we even find regions of negative Kretschmann scalar in some cases. In the second part, we present a summary of the perturbative solution describing a slowly rotating system of a black hole surrounded by a thin finite circular disc, and an analysis of equatorial circular geodesics in such a spacetime. 1

Title: Measurement of the B0 d meson lifetime at ATLAS detector Author: Pavel Řezníček Department: Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: Dr. Zdeněk Doležal Supervisor's e-mail address: Zdenek.Dolezal@mff.cuni.cz Abstract: The lifetime of B0 d mesons is determined from their decays B0 d → J/ψK∗0 reconstructed in ATLAS experiment at the LHC using pp collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV and corresponding to integrated luminosity of 40 pb−1 . The lifetime, extracted from the simultaneous unbinned maximum likelihood mass-lifetime fit, is 1.51±0.04 (stat.)±0.04 (syst.) ps. A total number of 2750±90 (stat.) signal B0 d decays are observed in the measurement, with a fit- ted B0 d mass of 5363.7 ± 1.2 (stat.) MeV. Both the extracted B0 d meson mass and lifetime are within the determined errors consistent with the world average values. Although the achieved precision is still significantly lower than the one of the world average value, the measurement successfully tested the feasibility of the fit-method and allowed to cross-check ATLAS detector performance. Keywords: CERN, LHC, ATLAS, B-physics, B-hadron, Lifetime

Black hole spin is an essential parameter, for it provides us with the infor- mation on the black hole formation and growth. In this Thesis, we simulated observations for an upcoming X-ray polarimetric mission IXPE (Imaging X- ray Polarimetry Explorer) with the aim to study the robustness of black hole spin and inclination measured via X-ray polarimetry. To simulate polarization spectra, we used a multicolor blackbody emission model accounting for thermal radiation from the accretion disk. For the case of maximally rotating black hole (spin a = 0.998), we were able to reconstruct both spin and inclination of the system with a high precision (∆a ≤ 0.2 for spin and ∆θ ≤ 15 deg for inclination). For less rotating black holes, the spin was correctly recovered, but with a large uncertainty. The inclination is well constrained for any spin value. We conclude that polarimetric measurements will be useful to make independent black hole spin measurements, that would be compared with the spectral-fitting and timing methods. Therefore, X-ray polarimetric missions will be highly desirable. 1

This thesis is focused on the inclusion of educational games in teaching physics at the elementary schools. The work aims to create a set of educational games for teaching physics at the elementary school. The theoretical part analyzes the theory of didactic games and use of games in education, increasing motivation among pupils. Further the theoretical part consists of an analysis of the selected thematic unit "substances and bodies". The practical part consists of a set of my own didactic games. Created didactic games can serve mainly for practicing, repetition and consolidation of curriculum and are designed to develop the selected key competencies to stimulate the innate playfulness and creativity of students. They also provide feedback on students' knowledge. It is possible to include games into the teaching in the form of competitions of individuals, couples or groups of pupils. Didactic games' benefits were verified in tests. Evaluation and results of these tests are elaborated at the end of this work.

This diploma thesis deals with the processing of selected parts of the series "A je to" within the framework of an interactive teaching physics in elementary school. Thesis is divided into two parts. Theoretical, describing motivation and interactive teaching and part practical, in which they are processed, video materials and their theoretical analysis.

Hygroscopic properties of wood have significant impact on water vapor diffusion in this material. For the description of this phenomenon the water vapor permeability dependence on relative humidity or partial water vapor pressure can be used. Analytical expression of the diffusion coefficient of wood was modified in order to obtain values for the water vapor permeability. For the verification a cup method experiment at 25, 62.5 and 75% average relative humidity was performed and the results were compared to other researches. Calculated data formed the input of a numerical model, in which a stationary linear analysis with a nonlinear analysis was compared, taking the variability of diffusion properties into account in the construction details of vapor diffusion-open timber constructions. Differences in moisture fields were shown, which in some cases lead to underestimation of the risk of condensation or degradation of wood components in the building envelope, in other cases point to the actual better ability of wooden structures to divert moisture from the interior to the exterior of the building.

The thesis "Experimental physics education at secondary school using the Pasco system," deals with the support of digital technology in education and shows a new use of information systems at secondary schools. It is focused on the use of a specialized set of measuring probes, sensors and other accessories in the experimental classes. It also focuses on the use of these devices in selected elementary schools in chosen subjects. The entire work will be written within the meaning of guide for physics teachers. It will include information about the products available on the Czech market, a set of experimental examples of various topics, including solutions, research relating to the use of experimental systems at schools and a research among pupils, whether these aids facilitate understanding of the topic. Part of the work will be filmed demonstration of experimental physics class, using a Pasco system.