This study examined the association of the experience of emotion and somatic changes. The study compared reported somatic changes generally experienced when anxious with the actual association of the experience of emotion and somatic changes as measured during a specific event. Emotions were measured as both general negative emotion as well as specific emotions: anger, disgust, fear, sadness and shame. Participants were volunteers from a Victorian university who agreed to watch a video depicting the dramatisation of child abuse. Throughout the video, participants indicated their experience of emotion. Measures were also taken throughout the procedure of facial expression and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). In order to examine emotional-congruence, subjects were divided into three groups. These groups were divided according to the congruence of subjects’ experienced emotion with autonomic changes and facial expressivity. Groups were divided separately for each of the emotion types. Where there was little difference between the reported experience of emotion and that, which would have been expected from the observed somatic changes, the subject was deemed to be in the Congruent Group. Subjects whose reported experience of emotion was greater or less than would be expected from observed somatic changes were allocated to the Over-reporter and Under-Reporter Groups respectively. This data was then compared to participants’ reports of the number of somatic symptoms usually experienced when anxious. It was found that participants who under-report the experience of general negative-emotion compared with their observed somatic changes (both GSR and facial expressivity) had lower trait-somatic-anxiety (reported fewer somatic symptoms usually experienced when anxious). There was no significant difference between the Congruent Group and Over-Reporter Group. The Under-Reporter Groups had significantly lower trait-somatic-anxiety than the Congruent Group when emotional-congruence was defined by fear and GSR, anger and GSR and sadness and facial expressivity. The actual association of shame and disgust with either somatic change, sadness with autonomic change and anger and fear with facial expressivity was unrelated to the number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious. The results supported the idea that subjective reports of the number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious reflect the actual association of somatic change and experience, but with limitations. The actual association of experience of fear with autonomic change seems to reflect the number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious more than other emotions. Further for those for whom the experience of anger and negative-emotion has a greater association with somatic change, there was a greater number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious. This would suggest that some people have a greater association of some experiences of emotion and somatic change. Furthermore, while there is an association between reported somatic changes generally experienced when anxious with the actual association of the experience of emotion and somatic changes as measured during a specific event, this was dependant on the association of the emotion types rather than being generalised for all emotions.

Bibliography: leaves 350-389 / xii, 389 leaves : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (M.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Psychiatry, 1987

In the present work, the thermodynamic activites of ironoxide, denoted as "FeO" in the slag systems Al2O3-"FeO", CaO-"FeO", "FeO"-SiO2, Al2O3-"FeO"-SiO2, CaO-"FeO"-SiO2and "FeO"-MgO-SiO2were investigated by employing the gasequilibration technique at steelmaking temperatures. Thestrategy was to expose the molten slag mixtures kept inplatinum crucibles for an oxygen potential, determined by aCO/CO2-ratio. A part of the iron reduced from the "FeO"in the slag phase was dissolved into the Pt crucible. In order to obtain the activites of "FeO", chemical analysisof the quenched slag samples together with thermodynamicinformation of the binary metallic system Fe-Pt is required.Careful experimental work was carried out by employing asolid-state galvanic cell technique as well as calorimetricmeasurements in the temperature ranges of 1073-1273 K and300-1988 K respectively. The outcome of these experiments wasincorporated along with previous studies into a CALPHAD-type ofthermodynamic assessment performed with the Thermo-Calc™software. The proposed equilibrium diagram enabledextrapolation to higher temperatures. The experimentally obtained activites of "FeO" in thepresent work, along with earlier investigations were assessedwith the KTH slag model, THERMOSLAG©. New binaryparameters were evolved and incorporated in THERMOSLAG©.The present model calculations are compared with othercommercially available software such as F*A*C*T™andThermo-Calc™. The validity of the modified model wasinvestigated by measurements carried out in case of Al2O3-"FeO"-SiO2, CaO-"FeO"-SiO2and "FeO"-MgO-SiO2ternary slags. The potential of the model tocompute the activities in the case of multicomponent slags wasdemonstrated. A correlation between the activity of a metallic oxide in aternary slag system and the sulphide capacity of the slag wasinvestigated by using the solubility of sulphur in the binarysystems CaO-SiO2and Al2O3-CaO along with the sulphide capacity of the Al2O3-CaO-SiO2system. The estimated values of the activitieswere found to be in good agreement with the measured values.This correlation also gives the possibility to elucidate theapplicability of Henry's law to the activity of a metallicsulphide and to determine the order in the affinity of a cationto sulphur between two metallic oxides in a slag. Model calculations were performed with THERMOSLAG©, by using plant data from the ladle refiningprocess at OVAKO Steel, Hofors, Sweden. It was found thatoxygen estimations in the metal from the "FeO" analyses ofslags, obtained by conventional sampling and analysis methodwere less reliable. Reliable estimation of the oxygen levelsutilising the sulphur partition between the slag and the metalwere carried out using THERMOSLAG© software. <b>Keywords:</b>Thermodynamics, Activity, Galvanic cell,Calorimetry, Gas equilibration technique, Iron-platinum alloys,FeO, Slags, Modelling, Ladle

<p>In the present work, the thermodynamic activites of ironoxide, denoted as "FeO" in the slag systems Al₂O₃-"FeO", CaO-"FeO", "FeO"-SiO₂, Al₂O₃-"FeO"-SiO₂, CaO-"FeO"-SiO₂and "FeO"-MgO-SiO₂were investigated by employing the gasequilibration technique at steelmaking temperatures. Thestrategy was to expose the molten slag mixtures kept inplatinum crucibles for an oxygen potential, determined by aCO/CO₂-ratio. A part of the iron reduced from the "FeO"in the slag phase was dissolved into the Pt crucible.</p><p>In order to obtain the activites of "FeO", chemical analysisof the quenched slag samples together with thermodynamicinformation of the binary metallic system Fe-Pt is required.Careful experimental work was carried out by employing asolid-state galvanic cell technique as well as calorimetricmeasurements in the temperature ranges of 1073-1273 K and300-1988 K respectively. The outcome of these experiments wasincorporated along with previous studies into a CALPHAD-type ofthermodynamic assessment performed with the Thermo-Calc™software. The proposed equilibrium diagram enabledextrapolation to higher temperatures.</p><p>The experimentally obtained activites of "FeO" in thepresent work, along with earlier investigations were assessedwith the KTH slag model, THERMOSLAG©. New binaryparameters were evolved and incorporated in THERMOSLAG©.The present model calculations are compared with othercommercially available software such as F*A*C*T™andThermo-Calc™. The validity of the modified model wasinvestigated by measurements carried out in case of Al₂O₃-"FeO"-SiO₂, CaO-"FeO"-SiO₂and "FeO"-MgO-SiO₂ternary slags. The potential of the model tocompute the activities in the case of multicomponent slags wasdemonstrated.</p><p>A correlation between the activity of a metallic oxide in aternary slag system and the sulphide capacity of the slag wasinvestigated by using the solubility of sulphur in the binarysystems CaO-SiO₂and Al₂O₃-CaO along with the sulphide capacity of the Al₂O₃-CaO-SiO₂system. The estimated values of the activitieswere found to be in good agreement with the measured values.This correlation also gives the possibility to elucidate theapplicability of Henry's law to the activity of a metallicsulphide and to determine the order in the affinity of a cationto sulphur between two metallic oxides in a slag.</p><p>Model calculations were performed with THERMOSLAG^©, by using plant data from the ladle refiningprocess at OVAKO Steel, Hofors, Sweden. It was found thatoxygen estimations in the metal from the "FeO" analyses ofslags, obtained by conventional sampling and analysis methodwere less reliable. Reliable estimation of the oxygen levelsutilising the sulphur partition between the slag and the metalwere carried out using THERMOSLAG© software.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Thermodynamics, Activity, Galvanic cell,Calorimetry, Gas equilibration technique, Iron-platinum alloys,FeO, Slags, Modelling, Ladle</p>

Effective game music is typically adaptive, interactive, or both. Changes in game music are usually influenced by the current state of the game or the actions of the player. To provide another dimension of interactivity, it would be useful to know the affective state of the human player. Biosignals are continuous signals generated by a person that can be measured over time, and have been shown to reflect affective state. This project demonstrates that control signals can be gathered from the player and mapped to musical parameters. Using a heart rate sensor and galvanic skin response sensor built from open source designs, we have used biosignals to control music playback while playing four games from different genres. A system for controlling game music with biosignals is computationally cheap, and can provide data that is useful to other game systems. The prototype developed for this project is basic, but with further research and development, we believe such a system will greatly improve the immersive experience of video games by involving the player on a new level. / text

Psychologists have used biometric data since the early 1900s to analyze the emotional responses of such subjects as students, patients with autism, and adults suffering from stress. Biometric data, the recording of physiological responses such as galvanic skin response, heart rate, and eye blinking frequency, shows peaks in emotional response to stimuli in a human’s environment. Galvanic skin response (GSR) is the most potent form of biometric data used for the study of emotional arousal. GSR, if studied in tandem with stimuli, can help researchers identify events in a subject’s environment that trigger emotion. GSR has been used to analyze responses to performance arts, but these studies are typically performed in controlled environments using video-taped performances and not under live performance conditions. Furthermore, this research is more often conducted using dance and not theatre, and often the material studied is less than ½ hour in length. This study combines techniques from several prominent studies of GSR for performing arts response research and applies them to the analysis of a 1 and ½ hour theatrical performance. GSR data is collected from six audience members during live performances of this theatrical work and the subjects are interviewed based on their galvanic skin response recorded during the play. The results of the analysis and interviews are reported to the director and design team of the play in order to inform them of the emotional impact of their work. Such information holds the potential to inform the creative team’s future play-making processes. / text

The objective of this study was to evaluate galvanic corrosion potential under various pH conditions, buffering capacities, and corrosion inhibitors including zinc orthophosphate (ZOP) and orthophosphate (OP). Bench-scale dump-and-fill experiments evaluated metals release from a lead and copper couple under stagnant conditions. Key findings from this study were that increasing DIC from 3 to 7 or 17 mg CaCO3/L significantly reduced lead release with or without corrosion inhibitor; however, the lowest lead concentrations were observed in water conditions with corrosion inhibitor addition. However, addition of 20 mg PO4/L as OP exacerbated lead release in some cases; though dissolved lead release was always below 28 µg/L, particulate lead was as much as 4 times greater compared to no corrosion inhibitor. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of high dose ZOP and OP for lead corrosion control in drinking water, however, overdosing OP can lead to exacerbated particulate concentrations.

Fixed-base driving simulators are commonplace in research and training. Simulators provide safe and controlled environments to train users on vehicle and device operation, to evaluate the safety of devices and controls, and to conduct research on driving and driving behaviours. One drawback to simulators is simulator sickness. As with motion sickness, simulator sickness can cause nausea, but additionally it has symptoms such as headache and eyestrain. Simulator sickness is a problem for multiple reasons: it can skew experimental results, it can waste participants’ and experimenter’s time, and it can limit testable populations. In addition, participants may modify their behaviour to avoid sickness, affecting experimental results or impeding learning. While sickness can reduce over multiple exposures, it is not known if any observable behaviours accompany these reductions. It is also not known why there are such marked individual differences in susceptibility. To test for behaviours that could be responsible for reducing sickness, I examined participants across two sessions in a fixed-base driving simulator. I found that gaze behaviour (eye and head movements) changed along with sickness. To determine the cause for this finding I instructed participants (pre-drive) to fixate their gaze during the curves of a simulated drive. This gaze modification was effective in reducing sickness during a first-time experience in the simulator, supporting a causal link. Next, I attempted to replace the missing vestibular input in a fixed-base simulator, so that the visual and vestibular perceptions of motion matched. This experiment showed that by providing vestibular stimulation appropriate or opposite of what would occur in the real world reduced sickness. This provided support for the theory that distracting stimulation (electrical in this case) could reduce attention to visual motion cues and therefore reduce conflict, a novel finding for simulator sickness research. Finally, I tested for any correlations between individual differences and sickness. I found that history of motion sickness and current illness both correlated with sickness, potentially useful as a pre-screening tool. In addition, driving behaviours such as speed, braking, and acceleration all correlated with sickness, showing that how a person behaves in a simulation could also contribute to sickness. / CFI, OGS, Auto21

Innovations in computer game interfaces continue to enhance the experience of players. Affective games - those that adapt or incorporate a player’s emotional state - have shown promise in creating exciting and engaging user experiences. However, a dearth of systematic exploration into what types of game elements should adapt to affective state leaves game designers with little guidance on how to incorporate affect into their games. We created an affective game engine, using it to deploy a design probe into how adapting the player’s abilities, the enemy’s abilities, or variables in the environment affects player performance and experience. Our results suggest that affectively adapting games can increase player arousal. Furthermore, we suggest that reducing challenge by adapting non-player characters is a worse design choice than giving players the tools that they need (through enhancing player abilities or a supportive environment) to master greater challenges.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: p. 239-266.