Thesis (M.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, 2000? / Bibliography: leaves 106-128.

Thesis (PhD) - Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, 2007. / Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology - 2007. Typescript. "September 2007". Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-204).

Thesis (M. Med. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2005.

Background: Gastroenteritis by rotavirus is responsible for approximately 810 annual deaths/year in children under 5 years in Peru and emerging rotavirus genotypes have led to concerns regarding cross-protection by the vaccines available. Moreover, there are no reports on the molecular-epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in Peru Methodology: A total of 131 stool samples were obtained from children under 5 years old hospitalized from January 2010 to December 2012 in the Hospital Regional de Cajamarca, Peru. ELISA and RT-PCR techniques were performed for rotavirus detection. G and P typing of rotavirus-positive samples were obtained by semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR and sequencing was performed to confirm the PCR results. Results: Of the 117 samples available, 18.80% (22/117) tested positive for rotavirus by ELISA and 35.90% (42/117) by RT-PCR. Among the G-genotype identified, G9 in 35.71% (15/42) and G12 in 33.33% (14/42) were the most prevalent. With the most common combination being G12/P6 in 23.81% (10/42). Conclusions: A high prevalence of the G12/P6 genotype was detected. It is know that this genotype is not covered by the current vaccines available. More in depth studies are needed to know the current rotavirus genotypes presents in Peru. / Tesis

Diarrhoeal disease is considered the second most common cause of morbidity and fourth most common cause of mortality, worldwide. Low-income countries such as those in Africa and Asia bear the greatest burden of gastroenteritis. Diarrhoeal disease affects individuals of all ages, however, children <5 years of age, the immunocompromised and the elderly population ≥65 years of age are most severely affected. The elderly population, particularly immunocompromised patients residing in long-term care facilities represent high-risk groups for gastroenteritis and surveillance of these individuals in South Africa is under-represented. It has been observed that an individual’s fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) secretor status has been associated with different degrees of infection by rotaviruses and noroviruses. A total of 1 012 stool specimens from elderly patients were collected over an 18-month surveillance period, of which 340 specimens met the inclusion criteria and were tested. Virus screening was performed using a lyophilised real-time multiplex RT-PCR/PCR screening iv assay testing for norovirus GI and GII, rotavirus, human adenovirus, human astrovirus and sapovirus. Careful analysis of the real-time (RT)-PCR amplification plots and export data identified 50 viruses in 40 patient specimens. Seven norovirus GI/GII dual-infections were observed and three co-infections were identified, each with an astrovirus accompanying infection by a rotavirus, sapovirus and human adenovirus. FUT2 genotyping was performed to acquire the secretor status for all the rotavirus- and norovirus-positive individuals. The real-time TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assay was inconsistent in amplifying the SNP in the FUT2 gene from stool-extracted DNA of elderly patients, and therefore an alternative, conventional genotyping PCR approach was performed. This approach was successful in acquiring the secretor status of 14/21 patient specimens. A total of 10 homozygous secretors, three heterozygous secretors and one homozygous non-secretor were identified. Virus-positive specimens identified in this study were genotyped and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Overall, 14 norovirus- GI, 12 norovirus- GII, 10 sapovirus-, six human adenovirus-, six human astrovirus- and two rotavirus-positives were identified. From the 14 norovirus GI positives, three polymerase regions and two capsid regions were successfully genotyped. The polymerase strains all belonged to genotype GI.P1 and the capsid sequences were all GI.1 genotypes. Only one virus was successfully dual-genotyped as GI.1[P1]. For norovirus GII, a total of nine polymerase and nine capsid strains were genotyped successfully. All the polymerase sequences belonged to the GII.P31 genotype and eight capsid sequences identified as GII.4 Sydney 2012 strains, with a single GII.6 genotype identified. Three of the six adenovirus positives were genotyped, of which one strain grouped into species C and two strains grouped into species D, and shared a clade with a type 17 reference strain. Human astrovirus dual-genotyping was successful for three strains, which identified as type 2 for both the serine protease and capsid types. A single rotavirus strain was genotyped for VP4 and VP7 and identified as G9P[6]. Only two sapovirus-positives were successfully genotyped as GI.2 and GIV.1, respectively. This study highlights the epidemiological importance of clinical surveillance in the geriatric population, acting as a cornerstone for future studies in South Africa. / Dissertation (MSc (Medical Virology))--University of Pretoria, 2019. / The dissertation is under embargo until September 2022. / National Research Foundation / Poliomyelitis Research Foundation / Medical Virology / MSc (Medical Virology) / Restricted

Louis, Tong Kwok-leung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-130). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.III / LIST OF CONTENTS --- p.IV / LIST OF TABLES --- p.VIII / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.X / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XII / GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XII / VARIOUS NOMENCLATURES OR ABBREVIATIONS FOR SRSVS --- p.XIII / OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY --- p.XIV / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- CLINICAL FEATURES OF HUMAN SRSV INFECTION --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- EPIDEMIOLOGY --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SRSV --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5 --- STABILITY OF NORWALK VIRUS --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6 --- DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR SRSVS --- p.15 / Chapter 1.7 --- GENOMIC ORGANIZATION OF SRSVS --- p.16 / Chapter 1.8 --- MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES --- p.19 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- MATERIALS --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1 --- FAECAL SAMPLES FROM 1986 TO 1992 --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2 --- OTHER FAECAL SAMPLES FROM 1995 TO 1998 --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3 --- AGE GROUPS OF ALL THE SAMPLES --- p.21 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODS --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- EXTRACTION OF RNA FROM PATIENT STOOL OR VOMIT SAMPLES --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2 --- REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION - POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-PCR) FOR SRSVS --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Principle of RT-PCR assay for SRSV --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Reverse transcription (cDNA Synthesis) --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Polymerase chain reaction --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Electrophoresis (in the PCR product room) --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Controls for PCR assay --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Interpretation of SRSV polymerase gene PCR --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3 --- RT-PCR USING INOSINE CONTAINING PRIMERS FOR THE CAPSID REGIONS --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- RT-PCR for the capsid region of SRSV genome --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Interpretation of SRSV capsid gene PCR --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4 --- SOLID PHASE IMMUNE ELECTRON MICROSCOPY FOR THE DETECTION OF SRSV --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5 --- OPTIMIZATION OF CONDITIONS FOR SRSV RT-PCR --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Titration of primers --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Titration of MgCl2 --- p.38 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- "Titration ofdNTPs, MgCl2 and Taq polymerase (pH 9.0)" --- p.38 / Chapter 3.6 --- SPECIFICITY OF SRSV RT-PCR --- p.38 / Chapter 3.7 --- PURIFICATION OF PCR PRODUCTS PRIOR TO CLONING …… --- p.38 / Chapter 3.8 --- CLONING OF THE PURIFIED DNA INTO pGEM-T EASY VECTOR --- p.39 / Chapter 3.8.1 --- Introduction --- p.39 / Chapter 3.8.2 --- Sequence of the pGEM-T Easy Vector --- p.42 / Chapter 3.8.3 --- Ligation --- p.44 / Chapter 3.8.4 --- Transformation of competent bacterial cells --- p.44 / Chapter 3.8.5 --- Small-scale preparations of plasmid DNA --- p.45 / Chapter 3.8.6 --- Purification of miniprep using QIAprep Miniprep --- p.45 / Chapter 3.8.7 --- Restriction analysis of small-scale preparations of plasmid DNA --- p.45 / Chapter 3.9 --- CYCLE SEQUENCING OF CLONED SRSV AMPLICONS --- p.46 / Chapter 3.9.1 --- Targets for Sequencing --- p.46 / Chapter 3.9.2 --- Procedures of cycle sequencing --- p.46 / Chapter 3.9.3 --- Gel electrophoresis --- p.48 / Chapter 3.9.4 --- Sequencing conditions --- p.49 / Chapter 3.10 --- SEQUENCE ANALYSIS --- p.49 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- REAGENTS AND BUFFERS --- p.51 / Chapter 4.1 --- REAGENTS AND BUFFERS FOR RNA EXTRACTION --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2 --- REAGENTS AND BUFFERS FOR REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION (cDNA SYNTHESIS) --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3 --- REAGENTS AND BUFFERS FOR PCR --- p.53 / Chapter 4.4 --- GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF PCR PRODUCTS --- p.53 / Chapter 4.5 --- PURIFICATION OF PCR PRODUCTS --- p.54 / Chapter 4.6 --- REAGENTS FOR CLONING THE DNA INSERT INTO pGEM-T EASY VECTOR --- p.54 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- "pGEM-T Easy Vector System (Promega Corporation, USA)" --- p.54 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Isopropylthio-β-D-galactoside (IPTG) stock solution --- p.54 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- X-Gal --- p.54 / Chapter 4.6.4 --- Luria-Bertani (LB) medium --- p.55 / Chapter 4.6.5 --- LB plates with ampicillin --- p.55 / Chapter 4.6.6 --- LB plates with ampicillin/IPTG/X-Gal --- p.55 / Chapter 4.6.7 --- SOC medium --- p.55 / Chapter 4.6.8 --- Mini-prep purification --- p.56 / Chapter 4.6.9 --- Mini-prep analysis --- p.56 / Chapter 4.6.9.1 --- Lambda DNA-Hind IIIφX-174 DNA-Hae III Digest --- p.56 / Chapter 4.6.9.2 --- Not I --- p.58 / Chapter 4.7 --- REAGENTS AND BUFFERS FOR CYCLE SEQUENCING --- p.58 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- SequiTherm EXCEĹёØ II Long-Rea´dёØ DNA Sequencing Kit-AL´FёØ --- p.58 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Sequencing primers --- p.59 / Chapter 4.8 --- REAGENTS FOR SEQUENCING GEL CASTING --- p.59 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- RESULTS --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1 --- RESULTS OF RT-PCR OPTIMIZATION --- p.62 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Magnesium chloride and pH of PCR reaction buffer --- p.62 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Concentration of primers --- p.64 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- "Titration of dNTPs, MgCl2 and Taq polymerase (pH 9.0)" --- p.65 / Chapter 5.2 --- RESULT OF SENSITIVITY TEST --- p.66 / Chapter 5.3 --- RESULTS OF SPECIFICITY TEST --- p.67 / Chapter 5.4 --- RESULTS OF THE PCR USING INOSINE CONTAINING POL PRIMERS --- p.70 / Chapter 5.5 --- RESULTS OF PCR USING INOSINE CONTAINING CAPSID PRIMERS --- p.73 / Chapter 5.6 --- RESULTS OF SOME SAMPLES RETESTED BY SPIEM --- p.75 / Chapter 5.7 --- RESULTS OF SPORADIC OUTBREAKS --- p.77 / Chapter 5.7.1 --- A sporadic outbreak in 1996 --- p.77 / Chapter 5.7.2 --- Sporadic outbreak in a kindergarten in 1997 --- p.79 / Chapter 5.7.3 --- Sporadic outbreak at a hotel in 1998 --- p.79 / Chapter 5.7.4 --- Application of the RT-PCR to contaminated shellfish --- p.80 / Chapter 5.8 --- RESULTS OF MINI PREP ANALYSIS WITH NOT I DIGESTION --- p.85 / Chapter 5.9 --- RESULT OF ELECTROPHEROGRAM OF A SELECTED SPECIMEN FROM THE AUTOMATIC SEQUENCING --- p.86 / Chapter 5.9 --- RESULT OF ELECTROPHEROGRAM OF A SELECTED SPECIMEN FROM THE AUTOMATIC SEQUENCING --- p.86 / Chapter 5.10 --- RESULTS OF ALL TRIMMED DNA SEQUENCES --- p.87 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- DISCUSSION --- p.112 / REFERENCES --- p.122 / APPENDIX --- p.131 / APPENDIX I: Electron micrograph of SRSV particles --- p.132 / APPENDIX II: Confirmation for specificity test --- p.133 / APPENDIX III: Sequencing amplicons using capsid primers --- p.135 / APPENDIX IV: Sequencing amplicons (outbreak) using pol primers --- p.136 / APPENDIX V: Electropherogram (direct sequencing) --- p.138 / APPENDIX VI: Other RT-PCR results using pol primers --- p.139 / APPENDIX VII: Results of RT-PCR using capsid primers --- p.149 / APPENDIX VIII: Mini prep analysis --- p.158

[Truncated abstract] Gastroenteritis is frequently associated with a food or water borne source and the investigation of such cases is undertaken to identify potential sources of infection. Where contaminated food or water are identified as the source of infection/intoxication, action may be taken to limit or prevent further people being affected, and in so doing limit costs to the health care system. This study was undertaken to determine if there is a more effective and efficient way to collect information from patients with certain enteric illnesses. This was based on a trial process of posting self-administered questionnaires with a reply-paid return envelope to the patient and compared with the existing process where local government Environmental Health Officers interview the patient and provide a report to the Department of Health. A limiting factor in the existing process is the time lapse between the onset of illness and follow-up by Environmental Health Officers (EHOs), which results in difficulties in contacting the patient and obtaining a dietary history. Furthermore, the existing system is resource intense, requiring officers to individually interview patients either in person or by telephone. The study was of those patients living in the Perth metropolitan area whose doctor notified the Department of Health that the patient had contracted any of three notifiable enteric illnesses (campylobacterosis, giardiasis or salmonellosis), and the patient was not part of a known outbreak and was assessed as not requiring urgent follow-up. The trial process was used for patients living in five local government areas and the return rate, timeliness of return and completeness of questionnaires in the trial process was compared with the reports returned under the existing process of investigation and reporting by EHOs from 24 metropolitan local government areas that were not part of the trial process. An estimate of the potential costs to local government and the Department of Health was undertaken for both the existing and trial processes of collecting information from patients. A survey of local government EHOs in the metropolitan area was also undertaken to assess the perception of EHOs about roles and responsibilities in the follow-up investigation, the use of the Enteric Disease Investigation Report (EDIR) and the limitations that they identified in the current investigation process.

Résumé: Introduction : Le rotavirus est la principale cause de gastro-entérite aiguë (GEA) chez les tout-petits à travers le monde. En 2011, le vaccin antirotavirus monovalent (RV1) a été introduit dans le programme de vaccination universel du Québec afin de réduire la morbidité reliée à la gastro-entérite à rotavirus (GERV). Ce mémoire avait pour objectif de décrire les taux d’hospitalisation pour GEA et GERV avant et après l’implantation du programme chez les jeunes enfants estriens (étude d’impact) ainsi que la couverture vaccinale et d’évaluer l’efficacité vaccinale (EV) du RV1 (étude d’efficacité). Méthode : Le jumelage d’une banque de données hospitalières avec le registre régional de vaccination a permis d’extraire une cohorte d’enfants nés au Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), vivant en Estrie et âgés de moins de cinq ans durant la période d’étude de juin 2004 à mai 2014 (n = 37 757). Cette cohorte a été suivie de façon rétrospective afin d’examiner les taux annuels d’hospitalisation pour GEA et GERV des années pré- (2004/2005-2010/2011) et post-implantation (2011/2012-2013/2014), globalement et selon diverses caractéristiques socioéconomiques. De plus, l’EV du RV1 a été calculée à l’aide de trois cohortes d’enfants : (1) les enfants vaccinés nés en 2011-2013 (n = 5 033), (2) les enfants non vaccinés nés en 2011-2013 (n = 1 239) et (3) les enfants non vaccinés nés en 2008-2010 (n = 6 436). Résultats : Le taux d’hospitalisation pour GEA a évolué de 81/10 000 enfants de moins de cinq ans en période pré-implantation à 46/10 000 en période post-implantation (réduction relative = 43 %, p < 0,001). Suite à l’implantation du programme, la couverture vaccinale a rapidement augmenté pour atteindre 81 %. Malgré une couverture vaccinale similaire parmi les différents groupes, les plus faibles réductions relatives ont été observées chez les groupes défavorisés. L’EV ajustée pour une série complète était de 62 % (intervalle de confiance [IC] 95 % : 37-77 %) et de 94 % (IC 95 % : 52-99 %) contre les hospitalisations pour GEA et GERV, respectivement. Les enfants vivant dans des quartiers ayant une proportion élevée de familles à faible revenu avaient une EV plus faible contre les hospitalisations pour GEA (30 % contre 78 %, p = 0,027). Conclusion : Trois ans après son introduction dans le programme universel, le RV1 a réduit de façon significative les gastro-entérites sévères chez les jeunes enfants estriens. Ce vaccin est très efficace pour prévenir les hospitalisations pour GERV, particulièrement chez les groupes plus aisés. D’autres études en contexte similaire sont nécessaires pour déterminer les facteurs reliés à une plus faible EV chez les groupes vulnérables. / Abstract: Introduction: Rotavirus is the main cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among young children worldwide. In 2011, the monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1) was introduced into the Quebec universal immunization program to reduce morbidity related to rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE). This thesis aimed to examine AGE and RVGE hospitalization rates before and after implementation of the program in young children from the Eastern Townships (impact study) and the vaccine coverage, and to assess vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the RV1 (effectiveness study). Methods: The pairing of a tertiary hospital database with the regional immunization registry allowed to extract a cohort of children born at the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), living in Eastern Townships and aged less than five years during the study period from June 2004 to May 2014 (n= 37,757). This cohort was retrospectively followed-up to examine AGE and RVGE annual hospitalization rates of pre- (2004/2005-2010/2011) and post-program years (2011/2012-2013/2014), globally and according to several socioeconomic characteristics. Moreover, RV1 VE was calculated using three children cohorts: (1) vaccinated children born in 2011-2013 (n=5,033), (2) unvaccinated children born in 2011-2013 (n=1,239), and (3) unvaccinated children born in 2008-2010 (n=6,436). Results: AGE hospitalization rates evolved from 81/10,000 children aged less than five years in pre-program period to 46/10,000 in post-program period (relative reduction=43%, p<0.001). Following implementation of the program, vaccine coverage rapidly increased to reach 81%. Despite similar vaccine coverage among different groups, lowest relative reductions were observed in disadvantaged groups. Adjusted VE of a complete series was 62% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 37%-77%) and 94% (95% CI: 52%-99%) against AGE and RVGE hospitalizations, respectively. Children living in neighbourhoods with higher rates of low-income families had lower VE against AGE hospitalizations (30% vs. 78%, p=0.027). Conclusion: Three years following its introduction into the universal vaccination program, RV1 significantly reduced severe gastroenteritis in young children in the Eastern Townships. This vaccine was highly effective to prevent RVGE hospitalizations, particularly among the most well-off. Further studies in similar setting are needed to determine factors related to lower VE among vulnerable groups.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Microbiology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis (M.P.H.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.