The thesis entitled “Studies on the Stereoselective Geminal and Vicinal Heterodifunctionalization of Alkenes” consists of three chapters. Chapter 1: Part A: Bromonium Ion Mediated Stereoselective Geminal Aminooxygenation of Vinylarenes In this part (part-A) of Chapter 1, the development and mechanistic studies of the first method for the non-Wacker intermolecular geminal aminooxygenation of vinylarenes (styrenes) has been presented (Scheme 1). Sheme 1 The role of the substituent on controlling the competitive vicinal and geminal addition pathways has been studied. It was found that the unsubstituted amino alcohol takes both the vicinal addition pathways, whereas, the introduction of substituent on the aminoalcohols was found to favour only the geminal addition route (Scheme 2). Scheme 2 The diastereomeric alkenes were found to show stereoconvergence on the product formation. The migration of the phenyl group in the semipinacol rearrangement was confirmed by deuterium labeling studies. This highly stereoselective oxidative geminal addition is found to involve a semipinacol rearrangement (Scheme 3). Scheme 3 Chapter 1: Part B: Bromonium Ion Mediated Stereoselective Anti-Markovnikov Geminal Diamination and Dioxygenation of Vinylarenes In this part (part-B) of Chapter 1, the development of a facile straightforward method for the stereoselective intermolecular geminal diamination of vinylarenes under the bromonium ion mediated conditions is discussed (Scheme 4). Scheme 4 The addition of unsubstituted diamine was found to follow both geminal and vicinal addition routes, while the introduction of the substituent on the diamine was found to favour only geminal addition (Scheme 5). Scheme 5 The stoichiometric geminal dioxygenation of vinylarenes using 1,2 and 1,3 -diols was also found to work well. The substituent on the nucleophile and the nucleophilicity of the heteroatom was found to control the competitive geminal and vicinal addition pathways. The stereoselectivity of geminal dioxygenation is dependent on the ring size of the product formed and on the position of the stereo-inducing substituent. Unlike the unsubstituted diamine and the unsubstituted aminoalcohol, irrespective of the substituents attached to it, the 1,2-diols furnished only the geminal addition product (Scheme 6). Scheme 6 Interestingly, the α-methyl substituted 1,3-diols provided the corresponding 2,4-disubstituted 1,3-dioxanes with very high stereoselectivity. The β-propyl substituted 1,3-diol gave the 2,5-disubstituted 1,3-dioxane as a mixture of diastereomers (Scheme 7). Scheme 7 The phenyl migration in the semi-pinacol rearrangement in the geminal addition process was confirmed from the deuterium labelling studies (Scheme 8). Scheme 8 Chapter 1: Part C: Straightforward Synthesis of 1,3-Dioxolan-4-ones through Geminal Difunctionalization of Vinylarenes The development of a straightforward method for the synthesis of important chiral synthon, 1,3-dioxolan-4-ones by the geminal addition of α-hydroxy carboxylic acids to vinylarenes has been presented in the final part of this chapter (part-C, Chapter 1) (Scheme 9). Scheme 9 The effect of substituents on the α-hydroxy carboxylic acid on controlling the stereoselectivity of the reaction has been studied. In the case of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid derived from isoleucine containing the chiral substituent at the α position, it exclusively forms a single diastereomer of the corresponding 1,3-dioxolan-4-one (Scheme 10). Scheme 10 The reactions of α-hydroxy carboxylic acids with styrenes containing a variety of substituents have been found to work well, including the styrenes containing the electron withdrawing groups and the β-substituted styrenes. The migration of the phenyl group in the semi-pinacol rearrangement in the geminal oxidative reaction has been confirmed by deuterium labelling studies (Scheme 11). Scheme 11 Simple carboxylic acids are found to form only the vicinal addition products on reaction with styrenes. However, the alcohols under the same conditions formed only the geminal addition product, thereby demonstrating the role of nucleophilicty of heteroatom being added that control the competitive vicinal and geminal addition pathways (Scheme 12 Scheme 12 Chapter 2: Reagent-Switch Controlled Metal-Free Geminal Difunctionalization of Vinylarenes In this Chapter, the development of two new methods for the geminal oxyamination of vinylarenes and the detailed studies to understand their mechanism are presented. A novel reagent-switch for the control of migrating group by controlling the two independent, distinct pathways of the two reagent systems has been reported for this geminal addition (Scheme 13). Scheme 13 We have developed the first general method for the geminal diamination of vinylarenes with excellent stereoselectivity mediated by a hypervalent iodine reagent (Scheme 14). Scheme 14 This method is also found to be very efficient for the stoichiometric metal-free geminal dioxygenation of vinylarenes (Scheme 15). Scheme 15 The substituent on the nucleophile and the nucleophilicity of the heteroatom was found to control the competitive geminal and vicinal addition pathways. Chapter 3: Studies on the Synthesis of Enantiopure Morpholine Derivatives Mediated by Dimethyl (Methylthio) Sulfonium Triflate (DMTST) In this chapter, the development of a sulfonium ion mediated cylco-etherification methodology for the construction of biologically important molecules such as morpholines, morpholine carboxylates and morpholine methylthio ethers in good yields under mild conditions using DMTST has been presented. This method was also found to work well for the synthesis of 1,4-oxazepane (Scheme 16). (For figures pl refer the abstract pdf file)

No description available.

Cette thèse décrit la synthèse de carbénoïdes métalliques et leur application vers l’activation de petites molécules et la réduction catalytique du CO2 par BH3.Le premier chapitre décrit la synthèse d’un nouveau ligand asymétrique Ph2P(S)CH2P(BH3)Ph2. Puis, les complexes monoanioniques et dianioniques de lithium et de magnésium ont pu être synthétisés. Leurs structures ont été résolves par diffraction des rayons X et calculées par DFT.Dans le deuxième chapitre, l'oxydation des complexes dianioniques Ph2P(S)CLi2P(BH3)Ph2 avec C2Cl6 et Ph2P(S)CMgP(BH3)Ph2 avec CBr4, a conduit à une insertion intramoléculaire B-H sans précédent de BH3 sur le carbone central via une espèce carbénoïde. Ensuite, le carbénoïde Ph2P(S)C(Cl)P(S)Ph2Li,fais une insertion intermoléculaire B-H avec BH3. Le mécanisme d’insertion B-H a été étudié par spectroscopie RMN et rationalisé par DFT, impliquant un état de transition avec concomitance de la rupture des liaisons B-H et C-Cl et formation des liaisons Li-Cl et C-H. Cela explique la facilité de l’insertion. Aussi, la tentative d'isolement du carbénoïde de magnésium intermédiaire a été décrite.La synthèse et la réactivité du carbénoïde bis(iminophosphoranyl) de lithium [Ph2P(NMes)C(Cl)P(NMes)Ph2Li] (Mes = 1,3,5-Me3C6H2 ) sont présentées dans le troisième chapitre. La réaction avec BH3 conduit à des espèces de boronium ClC{PPh2NMes}2BH2 et LiBH4.Le quatrième chapitre décrit l'utilisation du composé boronium comme l'un des meilleurs catalyseurs pour la réduction de CO2 par BH3. Un intermédiaire ClC{PPh2NMes}2BH{OC(O)H}, a pu être isolé et un mécanisme de cette transformation a été proposé.Enfin, au chapitre cinq, la synthèse d'une nouvelle espèce carbénoïde de lithium asymétrique (Ph2P(S)C(Cl)P(NMes)Ph2Li a été décrite. La réactivité avec BH3 a été étudiée et a donné une insertion B-H. / The thesis describes the synthesis of metal carbenoids and their application towards small molecule activation and the catalytic reduction of CO2 with borane.Chapter 1 describes the synthesis of a novel unsymmetric phosphonium-stabilized methane ligand, Ph2P(S)CH2P(BH3)Ph2. The monoanionic and dianionic lithium and magnesium derivatives were subsequently synthesized. Their electronic structures were elucidated by X-ray crystallography and DFT calculations.Chapter 2 reports the mild oxidation of the dianionic complexes Ph2P(S)CLi2P(BH3)Ph2,and Ph2P(S)CMgP(BH3)Ph2, with C2Cl6 and CBr4 respectively, which underwent an unprecedented intramolecular B-H insertion with BH3 into the central carbon via a carbenoid species, which readily dimerizes. In addition, the carbenoid Ph2P(S)C(Cl)P(S)Ph2Li, underwent a similar intermolecular B-H insertion with BH3 to form Ph2P(S)CBH2(H)P(S)Ph2. The mechanism of the B-H bond insertion was studied by NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations, which shows the concerted bond breaking of a B-H and C-Cl bond and the bond forming of a Li-Cl and C-H bond. This accounts for the low energy required for the B-H insertion reaction. Moreover, the attempted isolation of the magnesium carbenoid intermediate was described.The synthesis and reactivity of bis(iminophosphoranyl)carbenoid Ph2P(NMes)C(Cl)P(NMes)Ph2Li (Mes = 1,3,5-Me3C6H2 )was presented in Chapter and reacted with BH3 yielding the boronium species. ClC(PPh2NMes)2BH2,Chapter 4 describes the application of the boronium species as one of the best catalyst for CO2 reduction by BH3. An intermediate ClC{PPh2NMes}2BH{OC(O)H}, was isolated and a mechanism of this transformation was proposed.Lastly, in chapter 5, the step wise synthesis of a novel unsymmetric carbenoid Ph2P(S)C(Cl)P(NMes)Ph2Li was described. The reactivity with BH3 was probed and showed a B-H insertion reaction.

Les seuls complexes carbéniques stables (hors NHC) des métaux f présentent des groupes R2C(2-) comportant un ou deux atomes de phosphore en position alpha du carbone central. L’objectif de ce travail a été de développer la chimie des carbènes de l’uranium (métal 5f) avec le dianion C{Ph2P(=S)}2(2-) (SCS(2-)) afin d’étendre la chimie organométallique de cet élément à ses divers degrés d’oxydation (+3 à +6), et pour révéler l’effet des orbitales 5f sur la nature et la réactivité de la liaison double U=C.Nous avons tout d’abord isolé les réactifs M(SCHS) (M = Li et K) et montré le rôle du cation M+ sur l’évolution du dianion M2SCS (M = Li, K, Tl) qui se transforme dans le THF en LiSCHS ou en produit de cyclisation intramoléculaire K2[C(PhPS)2(C6H4)]. Nous avons mis au point les conditions pour obtenir les composés mono-, bis- et tris- carbéniques directement à partir du dianion SCS(2-) et de UCl4, le précurseur le plus utilisé dans la chimie de l’uranium. Les réactions de protonolyse de composés amidures (liaison U-NEt2) par le ligand neutre SCH2S ont également été étudiées.Les composés [Li(THF)]2[U(SCS)Cl3] et [U(SCS)Cl2(THF)2] ont ensuite servi à préparer une variété de composés carbéniques cyclopentadiényliques et monocyclooctatétraényliques de l’U(IV). L’analyse DFT des composés [M(SCS)Cl2(py)2] et [M(Cp)2(SCS)] (M = U, Zr) révèle la forte polarisation de la liaison double M=C, renseigne sur la nature des interactions σ et π dans cette liaison, et montre le rôle notable des orbitales f. L'influence des ligands ancillaires sur la liaison M=C est révélée en examinant les effets du remplacement des ligands Cl- et pyridine par des groupements C5H5-. Les analyses Mulliken et NBO montrent que la liaison U=C, contrairement à la liaison Zr=C, n’est pas modifiée par le changement d’environnement du centre métallique.Alors que les essais d’oxydation de complexes carbéniques de l’U(IV) ont été décevants, le premier complexe carbénique de l’uranium(VI), [UO2(SCS)(THF)2], a été isolé avec l’ion uranyle UO2(2+). Les réactions des composés UO2X2 (X = I, OTf) avec les anions SCS(2-) et SCHS- offrent les premiers développements notables de la chimie organométallique de l’ion uranyle. Des études DFT montrent la nature essentiellement ionique de la liaison U(VI)−R et U(VI)=C et la faible contribution de covalence des orbitales 5f. / The only stable f-metal carbene complexes (excluding NHC) metals f present R2C(2-) groups having one or two phosphorus atoms in the central carbon in alpha position. The objective of this work was to develop the chemistry of carbenes for uranium (metal 5f) with the dianion C{Ph2P(=S)}2(2-) (SCS(2-)) to extend the organometallic chemistry of this element in its various oxidation states (+3-6), and to reveal the influence of the 5f orbitals on the nature and reactivity of the double bond C=U.We first isolated the reactants M(SCHS) (M = Li and K) and demonstrated the role of the cation M+ on the evolution of the dianion M2SCS (M = Li, K, Tl) which is transformed into LiSCHS in THF or into product of intramolecular cyclization K2[C(PhPS)2(C6H4)]. We have developed the necessary conditions mono-, bis- and tris-carbene directly from the dianion SCS(2-) and UCl4, as the precursor used in uranium chemistry. The protonolysis reactions of amides compounds (U-NEt2) by the neutral ligand SCH2S were also studied.The compounds [Li(THF)]2[U(SCS)Cl3] and [U(SCS)Cl2(THF)2] were then used to prepare a variety of cyclopentadienyl and monocyclooctatétraényliques uranium(IV) carbene compounds of the DFT analysis of compounds [M(SCS)Cl2(py)2] and [M(Cp)2(SCS)] (M = U, Zr) reveals the strong polarization of the M=C double bond, provides information on the nature of the σ and π interactions in this binding, and shows the important role of f orbitals. The influence of ancillary ligands on the M=C bond is revealed by examining the effects of replacing Cl- ligands and pyridine by C5H5- groups. Mulliken and NBO analyzes show that U=C bond, unlike the Zr=C bond, is not affected by the change in environment of the metal center.While the oxidation tests of carbene complexes of U(IV) were disappointing, the first carbene complex of uranium(VI), [UO2(SCS)(THF)2], was isolated with the uranyl ion UO2(2+). The reactions of compounds UO2X2 (X = I, OTf) with anions SCS(2-) and SCHS- provide the first notable developments in the organometallic chemistry of the uranyl ion. DFT studies show the essentially ionic binding U(VI)-R and U(VI)=C and the small contribution of 5f orbitals covalently.

No description available.

Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden die Herstellung sowie Reaktionen von geminalen Dihydroperoxiden erforscht. Dabei kamen die dargestellten Dihydroperoxide sowohl als Sauerstofftransferreagenz, insbesondere zur enantioselektiven Epoxidation, als auch als Baustein zur Synthese von 1,2,4,5-Tetroxanen zum Einsatz. Es wurde eine in unserem Arbeitskreis gefundene Methode zur Darstellung gem - Dihydroperoxide zunächst hinsichtlich der Reaktionsbedingungen optimiert, um dann eine Vielzahl an Dihydroperoxiden vornehmlich mit dieser Methode zu synthetisieren. Insbesondere gelang es hier erstmals, primäre Dihydroperoxide aus aliphatischen Aldehyden darzustellen. Desweiteren wurde erstmals eine größere Anzahl an enantiomerenreinen DHPs dargestellt. Weitere DHPs konnten durch Ozonolyse von olefinischen Terpenen mit etherischer Wasserstoffperoxidlösung dargestellt werden. Die enantiomerenreinen DHPs wurden verwendet, um enantioselektiv sowohl 2-substituierte Naphthochinone wie auch Allylalkohole, insbesondere tertiäre Allylalkohole, zu epoxidieren. Die Epoxide der letzteren sind nach der normalerweise verwendeten Methode nach Sharpless nicht zugänglich. Außerdem konnten durch Sulfidoxidation Sulfoxide enantiomerenangereichert dargestellt werden. Dies stellt die erste Nutzung von geminalen Dihydroperoxiden zur enantioselektiven Sauerstoffübertragung dar. Die primären aliphatischen gem-DHPs wurden desweiteren zur Darstellung bisher unbekannter 1,2,4,5-Tetroxane genutzt. Insbesondere wurde gefunden, daß durch Kondensation mit Orthoestern verläßlich alkoxysubstituierte Tetroxane erzeugt werden können. Diese wurden in der Literatur bisher nur an sehr wenigen Beispielen beschrieben. / In the course of this dissertation thesis the preparation and reactions of geminal dihydroperoxides were researched. The hereby synthesized dihydroperoxides were used as an oxygen transfer reagent, especially for enantioselective epoxidation, as well as a building block for the synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetroxanes. A method for synthesis of gem-dihydroperoxides that was found in our workgroup was first optimized concerning reaction conditions, and later utilized to synthesize a large number of dihydroperoxides. It was notably possible to synthesize primary DHPs from aliphatic aldehydes for the first time. Also for the first time, a large number of enantiomerically pure gem-DHP was prepared by this method. Additional enantiomerically pure DHPs were made by ozonolysis of olefinic terpenes using ethereal hydrogen peroxide solution. The enenantiomerically pure DHPs were utilized to both epoxidize 2-substituted naphthoquinones as well as allylic alcohols, especially tertiary allylic alcohols. The latter kind does not react via the normally used Sharpless epoxidation. Additionally, enantioenriched sulfoxides could be prepared from sulfides. This is the first time that geminal dihydroperoxides were used for enantioselective oxygen transfer. Primary aliphatic DHPs were further utilized to prepare previously unknown 1,2,4,5-tetroxanes. Notably it was found that condensation with orthoesters reliably yielded alkoxy-substiuted tetroxanes. These were only described in a very few cases in literature before.

Two unspecific peroxygenases (UPO, EC 1.11.2.1) from the basidiomycetous fungi Marasmius rotula and Marasmius wettsteinii oxidized steroids with hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyl functionalities at C17 - such as cortisone, Reichstein's substance S and prednisone - via stepwise oxygenation and final fission of the side chain. The sequential oxidation started with the hydroxylation of the terminal carbon (C21) leading to a stable geminal alcohol (e.g. cortisone 21-gem-diol) and proceeded via a second oxygenation resulting in the corresponding α-ketocarboxylic acid (e.g. cortisone 21-oic acid). The latter decomposed under formation of adrenosterone (4-androstene-3,11,17-trione) as well as formic acid and carbonic acid (that is in equilibrium with carbon dioxide); fission products comprising two carbon atoms such as glycolic acid or glyoxylic acid were not detected. Protein models based on the crystal structure data of MroUPO (Marasmius rotula unspecific peroxygenase) revealed that the bulky cortisone molecule suitably fits into the enzyme's access channel, which enables the heme iron to come in close contact to the carbons (C21, C20) of the steroidal side chain. ICP-MS analysis of purified MroUPO confirmed the presence of magnesium supposedly stabilizing the porphyrin ring system.

No description available.

Two unspecific peroxygenases (UPO, EC 1.11.2.1) from the basidiomycetous fungi Marasmius rotula and Marasmius wettsteinii oxidized steroids with hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyl functionalities at C17 - such as cortisone, Reichstein's substance S and prednisone - via stepwise oxygenation and final fission of the side chain. The sequential oxidation started with the hydroxylation of the terminal carbon (C21) leading to a stable geminal alcohol (e.g. cortisone 21-gem-diol) and proceeded via a second oxygenation resulting in the corresponding α-ketocarboxylic acid (e.g. cortisone 21-oic acid). The latter decomposed under formation of adrenosterone (4-androstene-3,11,17-trione) as well as formic acid and carbonic acid (that is in equilibrium with carbon dioxide); fission products comprising two carbon atoms such as glycolic acid or glyoxylic acid were not detected. Protein models based on the crystal structure data of MroUPO (Marasmius rotula unspecific peroxygenase) revealed that the bulky cortisone molecule suitably fits into the enzyme's access channel, which enables the heme iron to come in close contact to the carbons (C21, C20) of the steroidal side chain. ICP-MS analysis of purified MroUPO confirmed the presence of magnesium supposedly stabilizing the porphyrin ring system.

No description available.