<p>This study have two purposes, one is to examine the ideological consistency between Sida’s gender policy and the gender policy of an implemented project, and the other purpose consists of an attempt to identify a relation between the implementation of Sida’s/LAMP’s policies and actual changes on gender equality in the partnering country. Three research questions were formulated around the topics of women’s situation in Tanzania; the ideological origin of Sida’s gender policy and the reflection of these in the LAMP policy; and the consequences of an implementation in terms of equality between men and women in Babati District, Tanzania. The analysis is carried out with the help of different theoretical perspectives on women and gender in development, perspectives that have been selected on the basis that they have been influential and dominating in the contemporary planning and policy making of development agencies. The method used was a functional idea analysis and a field study where semi-structured interviews were conducted. The conclusion regarding the ideological consistency is that a comparison between the policies of Sida and LAMP shows patterns of great ideological resemblance, and that both have a somewhat stronger connection to the GAD approach. The conclusion regarding actual changes on gender equality reveals that an integration of gender aspects into the LAMP programme has had several consequences for women. The programme has helped to reduce women’s work load, increased their chances of income, and promoted women’s participation in decision-making on different levels. These are all aspects that may challenge the traditional order of women’s relationship to men and the subordination of women.</p>

<p>Vi har i vår studie analyserat sju personliga intervjuer med kvinnor anställda på företaget Eventia. Syftet med studien har varit att vi i intervjupersonernas narrativa berättelser sökt efter betydelser och därigenom önskat synliggöra om det finns en bristande överrensstämmelse mellan organisationen Eventias avsikt och strävan efter att vara jämställd, och dess tillämpning i praktiken. Vår teoretiska utgångspunkt är feministisk och vi utgår ifrån Joan W. Scotts förståelse av genus. Vi har som teoretisk metod i huvudsak använt oss av de fyra teman som Anna Wahl, Charlotte Holgersson, Pia Höök och Sophie Linghag formulerat i sin forskning: Struktur, Ledarskap, Symbolism och Förändring. Syftet har ringats in med våra frågeställningar: Hur kan könsstrukturen beskrivas på Eventia, och hur kommer diskriminering till uttryck? Hur överensstämmer föreställningar om kön med den sociala praktiken på Eventia? Vilka jämställhetsmetoder kan identifieras och hur relaterar dessa till jämställdhetsdiskurser?Till sist förde vi också ett resonemang om vilka följder och effekter som ovanstående bidrar till. Våra slutsatser är: Vi tycker oss kunna påvisa att det råder en diskrepans mellan Eventias strävan att vara jämställd och dess tillämpning i praktiken. Vi kunde också skönja diskriminerande strukturer av både direkt och indirekt slag. Vi menar också att föreställningar om kön på olika sätt får betydelse i praktiken, bl.a. i samband med egenskaper som en bra chef antas ha, och där dessa är könsmärkta utifrån en manlig norm. Men även att de som intervjupersonerna kopplar ihop med kvinnliga egenskaper, inte värdesätts utan tvärt om ses som hindrande för löne- och utvecklingsmöjligheter. Vad beträffar den diskursiva jämställdheten så menar vi att företagets strävan ligger i linje med den av samhället föreskrivna, men att det råder en diskrepans mellan ideologi och praktik.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>The aim of my study has been to investigate which expectations students at The Hotel and Restaurant Programme have for their futue working life and labour market. I want to investigate if these expectations are important factors that female dominance is large within the meal service sector. I have chosen to do qualitative interviews to discover these expectations.</p><p>Some explanations that the respondent give for the gender differences within the restaurant and meal service sectors are the old tradition of male and female work. Furthermore the possibility of becoming well known within the market and the possibility for personal development in this market are described as important factors.</p><p>The answers to my questions show that all respondents are positive to future work markets; also they all want to work within the restaurant sector and not in the meal service sector. The reasons for their choice cannot give a complete explanation to why female dominance is so big within the meal service sector.</p><p>Keywords: Gender, status and celebrity-hood.</p>

<p>Detaljhandeln har dominerats av kvinnor sedan 1950-talet. Trots detta så är det än idag männen som styr handeln. Statistik visar att kvinnliga handelsanställda tjänar mindre än sina manliga kollegor. År 2005 utgjorde kvinnornas löner 93,5 % av männens (Carlén 2005:14-15). Om det stora antalet deltidsarbetande kvinnor tas med i beräkningen blir kvinnornas löner istället 77,3 % av männens (Carlén 2005:22).</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka olika orsaker till löneskillnaderna mellan könen inom detaljhandeln. Genom detta kommer kvinnors situation inom området att belysas. Yvonne Hirdmans teori om genussystemets inverkan på detta utgör uppsatsens grund. Analysen utgår från Statens Offentliga Utredningar (SOU) 1998:4 vilken skrivits av Elisabeth Sundin, samt Stefan Carléns utredning av löneskillnaderna inom samma område. Utöver detta är ytterligare information hämtad ur två av Handelns Utredningsinstituts (HUI) egna utredningar.</p><p>Sammanfattningsvis kan det konstateras att den största orsaken till löneskillnaderna mellan män och kvinnor inom handeln är att deras arbetsinsatser värderas olika. Kvinnors insatser värderas sämre än mäns och de får därför sämre ersättning.</p><p>Gamla stereotyper om manligt och kvinnligt lever kvar än idag. Detta orsakar en segregering av handeln där kvinnor i många fall tilldelas lågavlönat arbete och utesluts från högavlönade arbeten.</p>

First experiences of sexual intercourse were examined among university students. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding their sexual behavior and reaction to first sex. In the first paper, sexual health indicators were reported, such as age at first intercourse, contraception and protection against sexually transmitted infections (STI), and rates of STI and pregnancy as a result of first sex. In the second paper, gender similarities and differences were explored on reported aspects of first sex within a social constructionist framework. The third paper is a poster, which was presented at the 9th European Society of Contraception Seminar in 2007, and highlights gender differences in emotional reaction to first sex. Results indicate a relatively positive view of sexual behavior and a possible convergence of social scripts for men and women. However, gender differences still occur for affective reactions to first intercourse. Overall, results reflect the dominant cultural and political climate within Canada. / Counselling Psychology

This dissertation examines the gendered experience of professional engineers in Alberta, Canada. The study is based on qualitative interview data collected from men and women trained in engineering (n=36) and textual analysis of materials produced by engineering organizations (Association of Professional Engineers, Geologists and Geophysicists of Alberta; the Consulting Engineers Association in Alberta; the Engineering Alumni Association at the University of Alberta; and the School of Engineering at the University of Calgary). Drawing on the theoretical insights of Bourdieu, in combination with Connells constructionist perspective on gender, the dominant norms of the profession, the idealized traits and dispositions of engineers, and the impacts of a (mis)match between these broader norms and individual traits on commitment, are examined. The dissertation is structured around chapters that: 1) describe the dominant ideals of the engineering field; 2) examine whether the norms of engineering reflect gendered and racialized ideals; 3) argue for attention to professional identity and personal alignment with the profession over traditional notions of retention; 4) examine three key traits of engineers (or the engineering habitus): a strong work ethic, individual responsibility, and being rational problem-solvers; 5) analyze a primary engineering trait, technical orientation, in relation to retention and gender; 6) describe masculinities enacted in the profession and how they parallel differences in commitment and the engineering habitus; and 7) explore womens perceptions of gendered personalities, structural issues in the balancing of family and work, and the relationship between organizational support of work-life balance and commitment to the profession. Through these analyses I find that women, and those less tied to the technical, are less likely to be committed to the profession. Yet this conclusion is far from determined as multiple factors come into play including a professional culture that pushes engineers to their limits, organizations that do not support or provide work-life balance opportunities, an emphasis on individual responsibility within rigid structures, and an ideal of making a difference in a field that reinforces the status quo. These factors, when further combined with gendered norms, create a profession in which the retention is far from that of a simple pipeline.

The current study examined the relation between temperament and school readiness in preschool children. Two research questions were of interest: 1) Do approaches to learning behaviors mediate the relation between temperament and school readiness and 2) Does temperament moderate the relation between approaches to learning and school readiness? Data were collected on 195 Head Start children. Teachers assessed children's temperament styles as undercontrolled, resilient, or overcontrolled, as well as their approaches to learning behaviors. Trained research assistants directly assessed children's school readiness. The results showed a gender by temperament interaction effect for overcontrolled children with boys performing the worst on all outcomes and girls performing either the best or as well as resilient girls and boys. Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted separately for girls and boys. For girls, temperament did not predict school readiness and therefore, there was no effect to mediate. For boys, competence motivation and attention/persistence partially mediated the relation between temperament and school readiness for overcontrolled versus resilient boys. For both girls and boys, temperament did not moderate the relation between approaches to learning and school readiness. These results and the implications of this research will be discussed.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, June, 2005. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 162-168)

Television is something that is a part of the everyday lives of a majority of people in America. The content of what is on television can vary in nature from being positive to being negative. However, what people are exposed to through music videos, in particular, a very popular form of artistic expression, has not been thoroughly investigated. This study uses structural ritualization affect, gender schema theory, media and audience power theories, cultivation theory, agenda setting and framing theories, and (cognitive) social learning theory in order to investigate what people are actually exposed to by watching music videos, in particular, MTV, BET, and GAC.