Aim The purpose of this study is to investigate if there is any variance between masculine and feminine physical education teachers leadership. Are men more authoritarian than woman in their education? Do the influence of pupils have something to do with the gender of the teacher’s? Do the pupils respect masculine physical education teachers any different compound to feminine teachers? Method We have studied relevant literature that consider masculine and feminine leadership. The choice was to work with senior compulsory school. We choose the community of Botkyrka, through comfort choice. The criterion for the teachers were that they would have a swedish physical education and have been working at least for 4 years. We chose to interview two male and two female physical education teachers. We gave the pupils the questionnaire so for that reason we didn´t have any external reduction. After that did we compiled the interviews and the questionnaires. At the same time did we improved relevant literature for the study. During the study had we a supervisor to guide us at Idrottshögskolan in Stockholm. Results The questionnaire shows that there are no significant differences between male and female teachers in authoritarian leadership. The results show that the pupils get more respect from the masculine physical education teacher. The respondents consider that male teachers seem to have greater authority, to their benefit, which influences with a rougher voice and bigger physique. The pupils are allowed to influence the lessons regardless of the gender of the teacher. Conclusions A conclusion from this study shows that there are no significant differences between male and female leadership qualities. / Syfte Syftet med studien är att ta reda på om det finns skillnader mellan manliga och kvinnliga idrottslärares ledarskap. Är män mer auktoritära än kvinnor i sin undervisning? Har elevers inflytande på lektioner något att göra med om läraren är manlig eller kvinnlig? Respekteras kvinnliga idrottslärare annorlunda än manliga idrottslärare av eleverna? Metod Vi har forskat utifrån relevant litteratur som behandlar manligt och kvinnligt ledarskap. Urvalet blev skolor 7-9. Vi valde respektive skola i Botkyrka kommun genom bekvämlighets urval. Kriterierna för idrottslärarna var att de skulle ha svensk utbildning samt arbetat i minst 4 år. Vi valde att intervjua två manliga och två kvinnliga idrottslärare. Vi delade ut enkäterna på plats för att inte få något externt bortfall, därefter sammanställdes intervjuerna och enkäterna samtidigt som vi förkovrade oss, i den relevanta litteraturen för studien. Under studiegången har vi haft handledning av en pedagogisk handledare på Idrottshögskolan, Stockholm. Resultat Enkätstudien visar att det inte finns någon signifikant skillnad i det auktoritära ledarskapet mellan manliga och kvinnliga lärare. Vidare visar resultatet att manliga idrottslärare får större respekt från eleverna. Respondenterna anser att manliga idrottslärare har en större pondus med fördelar som grövre röst och större fysik, vilket lärarna anser skulle kunna leda till större respekt. Oavsett lärarens kön får eleverna vara med och påverka lektionsinnehållet. Slutsats En slutsats från den här studien visar att det inte kan nämnas några signifikanta skillnader mellan män och kvinnors ledaregenskaper.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna uppsats är att göra en genusanalys av utgångspunkterna i SOU 2002:5 ”Handlingsplan för ökad hälsa i arbetslivet”. Mina frågeställningar är: Hur konstrueras genus i utredaren Jan Rydhs utgångspunkter för den statliga offentliga utredningen ”Handlingsplan för ökad hälsa i arbetslivet”? Vilka kategorier/benämningar används för att beskriva grupper och individer? Vilka förklaringsmodeller för ohälsa för Jan Rydh fram i sina utgångspunkter? Vilka konsekvenser får de olika benämningar/kategorier och förklaringsmodeller för Rydhs analys av hälsoproblemen i arbetslivet? Metod Jag har valt att göra en textanalys av utgångspunkterna i SOU 2002:5, som presenteras i kapitel två. Jag har använt mig av olika forskningsstudier för att problematisera denna text. Mitt empiriska material har således bestått av dessa texter. Jag har tittat på motsägelser, hur Rydh behandlar olika begrepp och vilka faktorer han framhäver för att kunna påverka hälsan. Jag har även analyserat hur detta gestaltar sig utifrån ett genusteoretiskt perspektiv. Resultat och slutsatser Idag är nästan dubbelt så många kvinnor som män sjukskrivna, detta till trots är Jan Rydhs text till synes genusneutral och behandlar individer. I Jan Rydhs text är det inte särskiljandet som är ett problem utan de genusneutrala begreppen individ och arbetsgivare som texten främst kretsar runt. Rydh skriver i sina utgångspunkter att individer har olika förutsättningar i livet, vilket i sin tur påverkar sjukfrånvaron. Problemet idag, som Rydh ser det, är att arbetsgivare betalar samma avgift trots olika ansträngningar att minska sjukfrånvaron. Eftersom arbetsdelningen i hemmet inte har synliggjorts mellan kvinnor och män i Rydhs text blir bilden av kvinnors hälsa onyanserad. Kvinnors underordning är idag en generell problematik och leder till en ökad ohälsa bland kvinnor. Kvinnor återfinns i större utsträckning idag inom lågavlönande jobb, har sämre arbetsmiljö då mannen utgör norm, och har ofta en större total arbetsbörda emedan kvinnor fortfarande har ett större ansvar för hem och familj. Detta till trots avfärdar Rydh att det skulle kunna finnas generella orsaker till den ökande sjukfrånvaron. För att reducera skillnaderna i hälsa och öka hälsan i arbetslivet visar forskning att det är viktigt att se till hur genus påverkar hälsa för att komma åt de faktiska orsakerna till ökande sjukfrånvaro. / Aim The aim of this essay is to do a gender analysis of the starting-points in SOU 2002:5 “Actionplan for increased health in working life”. My questions are: How is gender constructed in the investigator Jan Rydh´s starting-points for the official government investigation “Actionplan for increased health in working life”? What categories/designations are made to describe different people in the text? Which models of explantions does Jan Rydh raise in his starting-points? What consequences will the categories/designations and the models of explanations have on Rydh’s analysis of the health problems in working life? Method I have chosen to do a textanalysis of the startingpoints in SOU 2002:5, which are presented in chapter two. I have used different research studies in order to analyse SOU 2002:5. These texts have been my empirical material. I have examined contradictions; the way Rydh handles different conceptions and which factors he regards as having an effect on health. I have also analysed how this appears from a gender theoretical perspective. Results and conclusions Today almost twice as many women as men are on sick leave, despite this Jan Rydh´s text appears to be gender neutral and it deals with individuals. It is not the separation of sex that is the problem in the text, but the gender neutral conceptions “individual” and “employer” that the text has it focus on. Rydh writes in his starting-points that individuals have different prerequisites in life, which affect the sick leave. The problem today as Rydh sees it is that employers pay the same fee in spite of different efforts to decrease sick leave. Since the division of home labour has not been recognized in Rydh´s text the picture of women´s health is left without nuances. Women’s subordination is today a general problem that leads to decreased health among women. Women are found, to a greater extent than men in low-paid jobs; working enviroments are often adapted to male standards. Women often have a greater total working load since they have a larger responsibility for family and home. In spite of this Rydh dismisses general reasons for increased sick leave. To reduce the differences in health and increase health in the working enviroment research has shown that it is important to acknowledge the effect that gender has on health.

The purpose of this study is to research the gender roles represented in SVT’s Bolibompa and whether these confirm or question the traditional stereotypes. I also studied if female and male characters were given equal roles, both in qualitative and quantitative terms. The study is based on eight programs aired on the morning of April 19th 2013, seven of which are cartoons and one filmed live action. The feminist gender theories were the starting point for this study. This point of view states that there are gender-related inequalities on television and in the society as a whole and that these should be corrected. By qualitatively analyzing the visual attributes of the characters and the roles assigned to them in the narrative I have studied the gendered values on both explicit and implicit levels. The results showed that although certain stereotypes were questioned, children’s programs to a high degree conform to traditional gender roles. Males are usually main characters and more active protagonists than females.

Police officers‟ perceptions of gender-motivated violence against women have been overlooked in hate crime research. In an attempt to fill a gap in the hate crime, violence against women, and policing hate crime literature, I examine how nine police officers understand gender-motivated violence in Canada using vignettes, sentence-competition tasks, and an interview guide. Here, participants are asked about their perceptions of and experience with hate crime and gender-motivated hate crime against women. Results indicate that the majority of participants do not perceive hypothetical instance of violence against women as hate crime, all of which is a product of: victim-perpetrator relationships, ambiguous motives and alternative motives, and definitional constraints with legal terms. Equally, factors and conditions that influence police officers‟ perceptions relate to: the typical victims of hate notion, police routine and experience with hate crime and gender-motivated violence, hate crime legislation, hate crime policies and procedures for police, and hate crime training for police. / UOIT

This dissertation explores the transatlantic shaping of the early twentieth century sex reform movement as a pivotal moment in the history of affect. I focus on a set of influential white middle class British and American radical intellectuals who emphasized emotions, instincts, and energies as transformative forces that could politically, socially, and materially alter the world. Crucially, this dissertation shifts historical attention on this period as a watershed in sexual practices toward the lens of a politics of love that informed sex reformers' construction of discourses and practices. I argue that sex reformers' politics of love amounted to the emergence of new registers of organizing bodies along the lines of gender, race, class, and sexuality by differentiating these bodies in terms of what I call their affective potential to achieve love. By examining the sex reform movement through this lens of a politics of love, I highlight the multiple ways that sex reformers radicalized the domain of intimacy as an arena of intense concern in matters of both social and political organization as well as ontological questions of spiritually and ecologically relating to the world. Each of this dissertation's chapters aims to take the reader on a journey thorugh the multiple worlds that took shape as sex reformers looked to develop scientific, spiritual, social, political, and economic strategies to engineer relationships defined by love. This journey spatially and temporally situates sex refomers' bodies as affective compasses that moved through and constructed historically specific worlds out of Darwinian maps of cities and nations, bohemian living arrangements, 'modern' schools and playgrounds, Edenic gardens, plant breeding and animal sex research laboratories, and imagined eugenic utopias of future species and races.

This study provided information on the long term psychosexual and psychiatric outcomes of 139 boys with gender identity disorder (GID). Standardized assessment data in childhood (mean age, 7.49 years; range, 3–12 years) and at follow-up (mean age, 20.58 years; range, 13–39 years) were used to evaluate gender identity and sexual orientation outcome. At follow-up, 17 participants (12.2%) were judged to have persistent gender dysphoria. Regarding sexual orientation, 82 (63.6%) participants were classified as bisexual/ homosexual in fantasy and 51 (47.2%) participants were classified as bisexual/homosexual in behavior. The remaining participants were classified as either heterosexual or asexual. With gender identity and sexual orientation combined, the most common long-term outcome was desistence of GID with a bisexual/homosexual sexual orientation followed by desistence of GID with a heterosexual sexual orientation. The rates of persistent gender dysphoria and bisexual/homosexual sexual orientation were substantially higher than the base rates in the general male population. Childhood assessment data were used to identify within-group predictors of variation in gender identity and sexual orientation outcome. Social class and severity of cross-gender behavior in childhood were significant predictors of gender identity outcome. Severity of childhood cross-gender behavior was a significant predictor of sexual orientation at follow-up. Regarding psychiatric functioning, the heterosexual desisters reported significantly less behavioral and psychiatric difficulties compared to the bisexual/homosexual persisters and, to a lesser extent, the bisexual/ homosexual desisters. Clinical and theoretical implications of these follow-up data are discussed.

Propertius 3.20 is a poem that has received relatively little critical attention for its merits as a poem or its relationship to the poets larger poetic project and to the turbulent era in which it was written. Here, the poem is placed into its literary and cultural context and subjected to a gendered reading influenced by modern feminist theory. Propertius 3.20 uses the language of fidelity and contracts that was traditionally associated with solemn legal ceremonies and agreements in his depiction of a socially illegitimate relationship between a lover and his mistress. The destabilization of relationships caused by the application of this language to the demimonde leads to a problematization of the gender roles of the actors in the relationships. Propertius 3.20 raises issues relevant to the construction of gender in the Propertian corpus and the crisis of masculinity triggered by the rise of Augustus.

Individuals who use the Internet can obtain uncensored information about nearly any subject with ease. The unlimited access and the perceived freedom make the Internet an extremely popular media form. The purpose of this research is to examine the differences in how the types of sites individuals visit affect their gendered views. I specifically examined (1) individuals who go to gender-issue sites are less likely to support traditional, female gender-roles and (2) individuals who go to political sites are more likely to support traditional female, gender-roles. This study, using special questions pertaining to gender-roles within the household and visiting gender and political websites from the 2002 General Social Survey, examines the question as to whether the Internet has an effect on people's gendered views. The relationship among the dependent variable and the independent variables, control variables, and mediating variables were examined in both a bivariate and a multivariate context. First, to test my hypotheses I examined the bivariate correlations between the dependent variables and other variables. Next, I examined the relationships in the multivariate context using a regression model. This analysis creates a model with three separate steps, with the first step being an examination of the relationship between the dependent variable and the control variables. The second step examined the relationship between the dependent variable, control variables, and the independent variables. The final step in the forward step regression model examined the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables and the effects the control and mediating variables had on the relationship. The only significant finding of the current study is that of sex, age, and income, with sex having a more significant effect than either of the other two variables. Females tended to have a more traditional view of female gender-roles. It does not appear that visiting gender-issues or political sites affects a person's traditional female gender-role. This finding indicates that females tend to toe the gender line much more strongly than do males in that they were more likely to do the traditionally female household tasks and not do traditionally males tasks. Male respondents, however, reported that they engaged in both traditionally male and traditionally female household jobs.

Parents' perceptions of children's behavior may vary depending on the gender of the child and the type of behavior displayed. It is important to delineate which factor(s) influence parental perceptions because parental perceptions directly influence whether or not parents respond to their children's behavior and how parents choose to manage the behavior. The present study examined how the gender of the child and the types of behaviors (internalizing vs. externalizing) the child displays affect parental perceptions regarding the severity of the behavior. One hundred and three parents of children ages 1 V2 to 5 years in the Southeast region of the United States participated by reading several vignettes, which manipulated child gender and type of behaviors (internalizing vs. externalizing). Parents were also asked to rate the severity of the behavior described in four vignettes. A demographics questionnaire, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2000, 2001), the Parenting Stress Index (PSI-SF; Abidin, 1995), and the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ; Sarason & Sarason, 1982) were also completed. Results indicated that parents rated the male/externalizing scenario the most problematic of all four scenarios, while the female/externalizing scenario was rated the second most problematic. Parents rated the female/internalizing scenario as the third most problematic, while the male/internalizing scenario was rated by parents as the least problematic.

The present researcher focused on how subjects cope with jealousy in 6 different situations. A scale was developed to assess how jealous subjects would be in the 6 situations and how likely they were to use 13 different coping methods. Principal components analysis yielded 3 coping components. The researcher investigated the relationship between personality and coping style, finding that different personality types, using Costa and McCrae's 5-factor model, coped differently with jealousy. The researcher also examined the relationship between gender and coping style. Results suggested that females use coping methods to save the relationship with their partner and males tend to "get back" at their partner or deny/avoid their jealousy. Finally, the relationship between intensity of jealousy and coping method was studied. Results indicated that subjects "get back" at their partners or interfere with the rival relationship when reporting the highest level of jealousy experienced.