This study focused on the relationship between gender and science.The position taken was that this relationship is in need of theoretically informed clarification, from a perspective which allows for the questioning of taken-for-granted assumptions about knowledge. Thus, the sociology of knowledge, a discipline concerned essentially with the ideological basis of knowledge, provided the theoretical underpinnings for the study.The study's overall purpose was to advance understanding of the gender/science relationship through the development and testing of a theory. Secondary school science, an area in which the problematic gender/science relationship is of particular concern and an area which suffers acutely from lack of theory in this regard, was selected as the specific focus.The problem central to the study concerned the manner in which the structure of curriculum and assessment in secondary schools appears to influence the relationship between gender and science. In addressing this problem, the study involved two major tasks. The first task was to develop a theory which reconceptualises and integrates three strands of previous research, namely, (i) theories about the sociology of knowledge and the school curriculum, drawing initially on the research of Bernstein (1971b), Young (1971b) and Broadfoot (1979); (ii) empirical research, conducted mainly by science educators, concerning the manner in which science curriculum and assessment policy and practice appear to interact with gender; and, (iii) theories developed from the postmodernist feminist critique of science. The second task was to test this theory through a socio-historical analysis of patterns of sex differences in participation and achievement in secondary school science in one Australian State, namely Western Australia.The theory of the gender code of school science is the major outcome of the integration ++ / of the intellectual and empirical activities described in this thesis. Essentially, it is a conceptual, sociological framework in which gender is a central category. It is shown, in this study, to have both descriptive and predictive power with respect to the gender/science relationship at secondary school level.

Magister Artium - MA / This study explores the nuances around gendered dynamics, attitudes, ideologies, values and knowledge that exist within astronomy and astrophysics institutions paying specific attention to the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) as study site. This study investigated implicit and explicit ways in which SAAO spaces and practices are gendered and hierarchized, and the extent to which 'astronomy as a specific discipline within science' remains highly masculinized. By focusing on studies on power, feminist critiques of science and institutional culture in other South African sectors, especially higher education, the study deconstructs a field that has been relatively neglected in South African feminist studies of gendered institutional culture. This thesis makes use of feminist qualitative methodological approaches and fuses mixed methods to collect data. The use of participant observation enabled a broader understanding of the context and to gain an understanding of how gendered, classed and raced subjects construct and navigate social meanings in the hierarchized and symbolically marked space of the SAAO. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

This thesis locates itself in wider developments in gender theory and examinations of the state’s production of gender inequality. It responds to two research problems in existing literature. Firstly, scholars have developed increasingly complex theorisations of the social construction of gender and the state’s role in it. This body of research has shown how gender blindness and gender bias in state policies produce inequality and how gender structures priorities, hierarchies and roles within state organisations. Fully operationalising these insights has, however, thus far proved difficult. Secondly, whilst existing research provides a nuanced picture of these multiple dynamics involved in the state’s reproduction of gender inequality, we cannot yet fully account for the processes through which these dynamics are maintained. As a result, our explanations of how change could be achieved are also under-developed. This thesis uses gender mainstreaming (GM) implementation as a model to explore these research problems, examining the processes underlying the ‘disappointing’ policy outcomes which existing analyses of GM implementation have documented (Bretherton 2001, Daly 2005, Mazey 2000). Whilst these existing studies provide an essential starting point, this thesis argues that many have applied an implicitly rigid or rationalistic approach to policy analysis, highlighting the disparity between the intended and actual outcomes of GM. This kind of approach fails to operationalise our understanding of the construction of gender as a process and a constantly renegotiated phenomenon. It also fails to exploit the research opportunities which GM implementation provides. To enable such an analysis, this thesis draws together literatures from policy studies, particularly interpretative policy analysis (Colebatch 2009, Pressman and Wildavsky 1984, Yanow 1993) and science and technology studies/the sociology of knowledge (STS/SK) (Latour and Callon 1981, Law 1986) to apply an understanding of policy implementation as a process of negotiation, where we analyse how policy is interpreted, understood and enacted, on the ground. This perspective emphasises how local responses to strategic policy demands emerge through collective processes of interpretation, which are heavily affected by pre-existing policy assumptions, activities and practices (Wagenaar 2004, Wagenaar et al 2003). These concepts are used to operationalise the concept of gender knowledge (Andresen and Doelling 2002, Caglar 2010, Cavaghan 2010, 2012, Doelling 2005) to investigate how shared (non)perceptions of gender inequality are institutionalised and perpetuated, whilst competing notions are marginalised. Thus developed, the gender knowledge concept enables us to grasp and analyse (non)perceptions of the gender inequality issue; the evidence or ways of thinking which underpin them; and the processes, materials and persons involved in institutionalising them to the exclusion of competing perceptions. This approach therefore operationalises the notion that gender and gendering is a process and connects the ‘genderedness of organisations’ (Benschop and Verloo 2006, Rees 2002) to gendered policy outputs. Examining ‘what is happening’ when GM is implemented in this manner provides an opportunity to identify mechanisms of resistance, i.e. the processes through which the production of gender inequality is maintained. By corollary, examining ‘successful’ incidences of GM implementation provides empirical examples of how change has occurred. The project thus aims to produce theoretical insights which can be extrapolated to a wider understanding of the perpetuation of the state production of gender inequality.

This thesis is an investigation of the representation of gender in the many American fiction television programmes dealing with the theme of apocalypse that debuted in the post-9/11 period, specifically between September 2002 and August 2012. It is the first study of this cycle of programmes, as well as the first overview of gender in twenty-first-century American telefantasy. The thesis takes a broadly cultural studies approach, mainly employing close textual analysis as its methodology. The aim of the thesis is, firstly, to point out some of the recurring narrative patterns and motifs relating to gender in the 25 programmes which fall within its remit and, secondly, to consider to what extent it is possible to draw links between the representation of gender in these programmes and contemporary events, especially 9/11 and the ‘war on terror.’ In particular, it aims to discern whether the series in question show the same reversion to traditional notions of masculinity and femininity that critics such as Susan Faludi (2007) have identified in American factual media of the same period. Following the introduction and literature review, Chapter One examines two archetypes of masculinity that were widely invoked by the American media in the aftermath of 9/11, the cowboy and the superhero, as they are respectively portrayed in The Walking Dead (2010- ) and Heroes (2006-2010). Chapter Two explores the representation of father-son relationships in a number of apocalyptic programmes and suggests that they tend to follow a narrative pattern which I refer to as the ‘Prince Hal narrative.’ Chapter Three examines the typical perpetrators of the apocalypses in these shows, patriarchal conspiracies, and the gendered dynamics between the conspirators, their victims and the heroes that attempt to stop them. It focuses on Jericho (2006-2008) and Dollhouse (2009-2010). Chapter Four looks at the conspiracies’ primary victims: young women who have been turned, against their will, into human ‘weapons.’ Finally, the conclusion notes the continuing popularity of apocalypse as a theme on American television, reiterates the previous chapters’ conclusions and draws some more general ones before indicating possible areas for further study.

Orientador: Léa Maria Strini Velho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T18:14:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cartaxo_SandraMariaCarlos_M.pdf: 1046301 bytes, checksum: 93bca3f73fb8cb7b7ce0d19857d4bbd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A Física é uma área predominantemente masculina e, por muito tempo, os chamados naturalistas justificavam os motivos do afastamento das mulheres da área como sendo de ordem biológica. Entretanto, as mulheres, embora sejam muito poucas na área, apresentam em média um rendimento maior que o dos homens na física. Em vistas disso, o presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender como se dão as relações sociais de gênero nessa área, além dos motivos que justificariam a baixa participação das mulheres na Física e as dificuldades de ascensão na carreira enfrentada por elas, apesar da alta produtividade científica. Para tanto, foram considerados os pontos de vista de homens e mulheres sobre a realidade das mulheres na Física, em particular, no contexto do Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin" (IFGW) da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Foi analisado o modo com que homens e mulheres descrevem o cotidiano e a rotina de trabalho, de ensino e pesquisa em que estão envolvidos. Para entendimento dessas relações de gênero no IFGW, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com mulheres e homens do IFGW. Estas entrevistas, analisadas à luz da literatura sobre Gênero e Ciência, revelaram que as dificuldades de acesso e ascensão da carreira de Física para as mulheres vão além da opção destas pela maternidade ou da priorização do cuidado da família em detrimento da carreira. Foram apontadas questões associadas ao processo de socialização das mulheres na carreira que podem desfavorecer o acesso, a progressão e a atuação destas na Física. Foram também identificadas áreas e oportunidades dentro da física que são negadas às mulheres, assim como outras que se apresentam como "permitidas" a elas. Esse processo de regulação ao acesso das mulheres é alimentado por uma visão estereotipada das suas "qualidades femininas" que fazem com que elas sejam aptas ou não para exercer a atividade. Dessa forma, para conseguirem acesso a determinadas áreas, as mulheres precisam se destacar muito mais que os homens, a fim de demonstrar que são capazes. Por outro lado, embora essas alunas e professoras demonstrem estar, em muitos casos, acima da média de rendimento em comparação aos colegas homens, elas frequentemente encontram um "teto de vidro" que as impossibilitam de progredir na carreira. Diante disso, espera-se que o entendimento das relações de gênero presentes no IFGW, conforme revelado neste estudo, possa estimular novos comportamentos e contribuir para as relações entre homens e mulheres na área, bem como, proporcionar uma reflexão sobre o tema pela comunidade da área / Abstract: Physics is a predominantly male area, and for a long time, the so-called naturalists have justified the reasons for the rejection of women from the area as being of a biological order. Women, however, even though they are few and far between in the area, have on average a higher productivity in physics than men. In this light, the present study aims to understand how the social gender relations are set in this field, in addition to the reasons that justify the low participation of women in physics and the difficulties they encounter to advance their careers, despite their high scientific productivity. To achieve this, the perspectives of men and women on the reality of women in physics were considered, particularly in the context of the "Gleb Wataghin" Physics Institute (IFGW) of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). We analyzed the way that men and women describe the daily life and routines of the work, education and research in which they are involved. To understand these gender relations in the IFGW, semi-structured interviews with women and men of the IFGW were conducted. These interviews, analyzed from the perspective of the literature on Gender and Science, revealed that the difficulties women encounter to access and advance their careers in physics go beyond their choice for maternity or the prioritization of family life over their careers. Issues associated with the socialization process of women in their careers, which can discourage their access, progress and performance in physics, were pointed out. Areas and opportunities within physics that are denied to women were also identified, as well as other areas to which their access is "allowed". This process regulating the access of women is fed by a stereotypical view of their "feminine qualities", which would determine whether or not they are able to perform the activity. To gain access to certain areas, therefore, women need to stand out much more than men in order to demonstrate what they are capable of. On the other hand, despite the fact that these female students and teachers demonstrate to have, in many cases, an above average productivity compared to their male colleagues, they often encounter a "glass ceiling" that prevents them from progressing in their careers. In view of this, we hope that an understanding of the gender relations present in the IFGW, as revealed in this study, may stimulate new behaviors and contribute to the relations between men and women in the area, in addition to encouraging a reflection on the subject by the area's scientific community / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestra em Política Científica e Tecnológica

No description available.

What could it mean to be a physicist specialized in radioactivity in the early 20th century Vienna? More specifically, what could it mean to be a woman experimenter in radioactivity during that time? This dissertation focuses on the lived experiences of the women experimenters of the <i>Institut für Radiumforschung</i> in Vienna between 1910 and 1938. As one of three leading European Institutes specializing in radioactivity, the Institute had a very strong staff. At a time when there were few women in physics, one third of the Institute's researchers were women. Furthermore, they were not just technicians but were independent researchers who published at about the same rate as their male colleagues. This study accounts for the exceptional constellation of factors that contributed to the unique position of women in Vienna as active experimenters. Three main threads structure this study. One is the role of the civic culture of Vienna and the spatial arrangements specific to the <i>Mediziner-Viertel</i> in establishing the context of the intellectual work of the physicists. A second concerns the ways the Institute's architecture helped to define the scientific activity in its laboratories and to establish the gendered identities of the physicists it housed. The third examines how the social conditions of the Institute influenced the deployment of instrumentation and experimental procedures especially during the Cambridge-Vienna controversy of the 1920s. These threads are unified by their relation to the changing political context during the three contrasting periods in which the story unfolds: a) from the end of the 19th century to the end of the First World War, when new movements, including feminism, Social Democracy, and Christian Socialism, shaped the Viennese political scene, b) the period of Red Vienna, 1919 to 1934, when Social Democrats had control of the City of Vienna, and c) the period from 1934 to the <i>Anschluss</i> in 1938, during which fascists and Nazis seized power in Austria. As I show, the careers of the Institute's women were shaped in good part by the shifting meanings, and the politics, that attached to being a "woman experimenter" in Vienna from 1910 to the beginning of the Second World War. / Ph. D.

O objetivo da tese foi visualizar como as imagens das cientistas podem estar contribuindo para a manutenção de um panorama predominantemente masculino na ciência, sobretudo nas ciências duras, em razão de estudiosos de gênero terem identificado discriminação sexista como causa da ausência delas na área. Para tal, usamos o suporte teórico da teoria das Representações Sociais de Moscovici para entender a representação de mulher cientista como fenômeno que se modifica através do tempo e as imagens como fatores intervenientes nesse processo de mudança. O esforço do pensamento humano no intuito de entender a visão e as imagens resultou em teorias para explicar as imagens físicas tangíveis, através da compreensão da luz como veículo para mediar as representações que a mente cria, em imagens mentais, por intermédio da captação das imagens físicas nos olhos. Estudamos então como a transformação dessas teorias, através do tempo, culminou no conceito de imagem da ciência moderna, resultado da busca de objetividade de uma ciência em transformação. A culminação paradigmática na ciência moderna criou condições para a naturalização das imagens fotográficas, e pós-fotográficas, como imagens verdadeiras, introduzindo-as como reais, conceito presente nas mentes atuais. Separamos, assim, as imagens em dois grupos: imagens mentais e imagens físicas, para estudar a participação das últimas nas transformações das primeiras; as imagens mentais são entendidas na concepção das representações sociais. Encontramos, assim, na divulgação científica as imagens aliadas às jornalísticas, de cientistas consideradas aqui como reais. Comparando-as com as das películas cinematográficas de ficção, observamos semelhanças e diferenças para concluir como elas interferem na representação da mulher que trabalha com ciência. Em levantamento das imagens, no período de aproximadamente dez anos, de 1996 a 2007, na divulgação cientifica, gênero literário adotado aqui como interface comunicativa entre a Ciência e o senso comum, vê-se que as representações veiculadas, em imagens e textos, têm se metamorfoseado. Na metade da década de 1990, entrevistas com mulheres cientistas enfocavam sua vida doméstica, ressaltando seu duplo pertencimento: privado e público. Atualmente os artigos têm o mesmo teor das entrevistas com cientistas do sexo masculino, focalizando apenas seu trabalho. Dando visibilidade apenas ao que julgam extraordinário, contudo, reforçam as representações sociais de ciência e de cientista como um ser incomum e superdotado, estereótipo já presente no imaginário do senso comum. O cinema reforça isso ao nos oferecer, ao olhar e à interpretação, imagens de cientistas em tramas verossímeis, porém como personagens cuja complexidade tornaas difíceis de serem espelhados como modelos para futuras cientistas. Dessa maneira, as duas mídias acabam se complementando no reforço de uma representação que perpetua o estado de exclusão das mulheres na ciência. Em lugar de dar visibilidade à Ciência como empreendimento e cientista como um trabalhador comprometido com seu labor, ambas as mídias contribuem para manutenção das coisas como estão: uma imagem que contempla o cientista como um ser superior e do sexo masculino, ainda que tenha se ampliado o número de cientistas mulheres. / This thesis objective is to visualize how women scientists images can contribute for the maintenance of a masculine gender panorama in science. This was identified especially on hard sciences, thanks to studies that found sex discrimination as a cause for scientists women absence. Therefore, we use as support the theory of the Social Representations of Moscovici to make clear the representation of woman scientist as phenomenon that modifies through the time, and images as intervening factors in this changing process. The effort of the human thought to understand the vision and the images, resulted in theories to explain the tangible physical images, through the comprehension of the light as a vehicle to mediate the representations that the mind creates, in mental images, by means of the physical images catching in the eyes. We study then, how the transformation of these theories, across the time, culminated in the concept of image in modern science, as a result of the search of objectivity in a mutant science. The paradigmatic culmination in modern science, created conditions for the naturalization of the photographic images, and post photographic, as \"true images\", introducing them as real, a present concept in the current minds. We separate, so, the images in two groups: mental images and physical images, to study the participation of the last ones into the transformations of the first ones; the mental images are understood in the conception of the social representations. We find then, in the scientific diffusion, the images allied to the journalistic ones, of scientists considered here as real. Comparing them with the ones of the fictions cinematographic films, we observe similarities and differences to conclude as they intervene in representation of the woman who works with science. In survey of the images, about the period of ten years, from 1996 to 2007, in the scientific spreading, the literary genre adopted here as communicative interface between Science and the common sense, it can be seen that the representations propagated in images and texts have metamorphosed. At the half of the decade of 1990, interviews with women scientists focused its domestic life, standing out its double belonging: private and public. Currently the papers have the same aspects of the interviews with scientists of the masculine sex, focusing only its work. They give visibility only to that they judge extraordinary, however, they strengthen the social representations of science and scientist as a uncommon and super endowed being, like a stereotype present in the imaginary mind of the common sense. The cinema reinforce it when offers us to see and make interpretation, images of scientists in likely trams, however as personages whose complexity becomes them difficult to be reflected as models for future scientists. By this way, the two medias complement themselves reinforcing a representation that perpetuates the state of exclusion to the women in science. Instead of giving visibility to Science as an achievement and to put the scientist as a worker compromised to its job, both the medias contribute for maintenance of the things as they are: a image that contemplates scientist like a superior being, even there is more women scientists nowadays.

Submitted by Gentil Jeorgina (jeorgina@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2014-06-15T17:09:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JEORGINA_GENTIL RODRIGUES -TESE 2014 - PDF - OK.pdf: 6116062 bytes, checksum: afa948e2b994b9b707480051a5560c97 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gentil Jeorgina (jeorgina@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2014-06-15T18:05:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JEORGINA_GENTIL RODRIGUES -TESE 2014 - PDF - OK.pdf: 6116062 bytes, checksum: afa948e2b994b9b707480051a5560c97 (MD5) / Submitted by Gentil Jeorgina (jeorgina@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2014-06-16T22:16:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JEORGINA_GENTIL RODRIGUES -TESE 2014 - PDF - OK.pdf: 6116062 bytes, checksum: afa948e2b994b9b707480051a5560c97 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gentil Jeorgina (jeorgina@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2014-06-16T22:18:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JEORGINA_GENTIL RODRIGUES -TESE 2014 - PDF - OK.pdf: 6116062 bytes, checksum: afa948e2b994b9b707480051a5560c97 (MD5) / Submitted by Gentil Jeorgina (jeorgina@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2014-06-17T12:47:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JEORGINA_GENTIL RODRIGUES -TESE 2014 - PDF - OK.pdf: 6116062 bytes, checksum: afa948e2b994b9b707480051a5560c97 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gentil Jeorgina (jeorgina@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2014-06-17T12:50:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JEORGINA_GENTIL RODRIGUES -TESE 2014 - PDF - OK.pdf: 6116062 bytes, checksum: afa948e2b994b9b707480051a5560c97 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-17T12:52:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JEORGINA_GENTIL RODRIGUES -TESE 2014 - PDF - OK.pdf: 6116062 bytes, checksum: afa948e2b994b9b707480051a5560c97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Comunicação em Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Trata-se de um estudo descritivo-exploratório, de caráter quantitativo, que teve por objetivo delinear a participação feminina no esforço de pesquisa realizado pela Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), especialmente nos anos recentes. A fonte inicial para levantamento de dados foi a Diretoria de Recursos Humanos (Direh) da Fiocruz, com vistas a identificar o contingente de servidores e servidoras com titulação de doutorado. Até maio de 2012, havia na Fiocruz um total de 1.064 servidore(a)s com titulação de doutorado, sendo 654 (61,5%) mulheres e 410 (38,5%) homens. Consulta ao Portal Transparência (http://www.portaltransparencia.gov.br/), permitiu identificar o total de servidore(a)s que entraram por concurso público, e que no momento do estudo possuíam titulação de doutorado, identificou um total de 571 servidore(a)s, sendo 346 (60,6%) mulheres e 225 (39,4%) homens. A partir desse universo, o passo seguinte foi a busca dos respectivos currículos cadastrados na Plataforma Lattes, utilizando-se a ferramenta ScriptLattes (http://scriptlattes.sourceforge.net). As análises realizadas cobriram o período 1996-2013. Esse conjunto de currículos foi baixado em uma base de dados especialmente desenhada para recebê-los e, em seguida, o total de referências foram migradas e tratadas em um software de mineração de dados, o VantagePoint®, o que permitiu análises quantitativas da produção acadêmica e técnica, das orientações, do acesso às bolsas de produtividade e de prêmios. Em paralelo, uma segunda perspectiva de análise documental foi realizada com vistas a mapear a participação feminina em postos de tomada de decisão na Fiocruz. Os resultados apontam que ainda que a produção bibliográfica das mulheres em números absolutos seja maior que a dos homens, a média de artigos publicados pelos homens (19,2 artigos/homem) é 51,6% maior que a produção pelas mulheres (12,6 artigos/mulher). No grupo das produções técnicas, as mulheres apresentam produção superior a dos homens. Em relação às orientações, os homens assumem maior número orientações de doutorado que as mulheres. As mulheres superam os homens nas orientações Lato Sensu. No total de projetos de pesquisa, os homens apresentam uma produção superior (11,5%) às mulheres. No que diz respeito à bolsa de Produtividade do CNPq, os homens também predominam, ainda que a proporção de bolsistas mulheres cresça nas diferentes modalidades, mas diminui na medida em que cresce o nível hierárquico da bolsa. Os dados parecem ainda confirmar estudos prévios no que diz respeito à presença feminina na área pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas (38,41%), ainda que as Ciências da Saúde respondam também pela presença feminina de forma equivalente (31,94%). Os dados sugerem, no geral, segregação hierárquica (ou vertical), fenômeno conhecido na literatura como “teto de vidro”, caracteriza-se pela menor velocidade na ascensão da carreira pelas mulheres, em comparação com a progressão profissional masculina, o que resulta na sub-representação das mulheres nos postos de tomada de decisão e, consequentemente, limita o alcance de posições de maior prestígio na Instituição. / This quantitative, descriptive, exploratory study aimed to delineate women’s participation in recent research conducted by the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz). The initial data source was the Human Resources Directory (Diretoria de Recursos Humanos - Direh) at Fiocruz, which was used to identify the number of employees with PhD degree. As of May 2012, there were a total of 1,064 Fiocruz employees with PhD, of whom 654 (61.5%) were female and 410 (38.5%) were male. The Brazilian Portal of Transparency website (http://www.portaltransparencia.gov.br/) was used to identify the total number of employees who had completed a civil service examination and had a PhD degree at the time of the study. The website identified a total of 571 employees, of whom 346 (60.6%) were female and 225 (39.4%) were male. The ScriptLattes tool (http://scriptlattes.sourceforge.net) was then used to search for curriculum vitae (CV) that were registered in the Lattes Platform for the period from 1996 to 2013. This set of CVs was downloaded into a specially designed database, and all references were transferred to and analyzed with the data mining software VantagePoint®, which enables quantitative analyses of academic and technical production, supervision, access to productivity scholarships and awards. A second document analysis was performed to map women's participation in decision-making positions at Fiocruz. The results indicate that although women’s bibliographic production in absolute numbers is greater than men's, the average number of articles published by men (19.2 articles/man) is 51.6% higher than the number of articles published by women (12.6 articles/woman). In terms of technical production, women have higher production than men. In relation to supervision, men assume a greater number of PhD students than women, but women outnumber men in Lato Sensu supervisions. In terms of the total number of research projects, men have 11.5% higher production than women. With regard to the Productivity Scholarship from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq), men also predominate, although the proportion of women fellows grows in different ways but decreases as the hierarchical level of scholarship increases. These data provide evidence in support of previous studies regarding the presence of women in research in the biological sciences (38.41%), although research in the health science have a similar female presence (31.94%). In general, the data suggest hierarchical (or vertical) segregation, a phenomenon known in the literature as the “glass ceiling”, which is characterized by a slower rise in career for women compared to men. This disadvantage results in the underrepresentation of women in positions of decision-making, and women are limited from reaching the most prestigious positions in the institution.

O objetivo da tese foi visualizar como as imagens das cientistas podem estar contribuindo para a manutenção de um panorama predominantemente masculino na ciência, sobretudo nas ciências duras, em razão de estudiosos de gênero terem identificado discriminação sexista como causa da ausência delas na área. Para tal, usamos o suporte teórico da teoria das Representações Sociais de Moscovici para entender a representação de mulher cientista como fenômeno que se modifica através do tempo e as imagens como fatores intervenientes nesse processo de mudança. O esforço do pensamento humano no intuito de entender a visão e as imagens resultou em teorias para explicar as imagens físicas tangíveis, através da compreensão da luz como veículo para mediar as representações que a mente cria, em imagens mentais, por intermédio da captação das imagens físicas nos olhos. Estudamos então como a transformação dessas teorias, através do tempo, culminou no conceito de imagem da ciência moderna, resultado da busca de objetividade de uma ciência em transformação. A culminação paradigmática na ciência moderna criou condições para a naturalização das imagens fotográficas, e pós-fotográficas, como imagens verdadeiras, introduzindo-as como reais, conceito presente nas mentes atuais. Separamos, assim, as imagens em dois grupos: imagens mentais e imagens físicas, para estudar a participação das últimas nas transformações das primeiras; as imagens mentais são entendidas na concepção das representações sociais. Encontramos, assim, na divulgação científica as imagens aliadas às jornalísticas, de cientistas consideradas aqui como reais. Comparando-as com as das películas cinematográficas de ficção, observamos semelhanças e diferenças para concluir como elas interferem na representação da mulher que trabalha com ciência. Em levantamento das imagens, no período de aproximadamente dez anos, de 1996 a 2007, na divulgação cientifica, gênero literário adotado aqui como interface comunicativa entre a Ciência e o senso comum, vê-se que as representações veiculadas, em imagens e textos, têm se metamorfoseado. Na metade da década de 1990, entrevistas com mulheres cientistas enfocavam sua vida doméstica, ressaltando seu duplo pertencimento: privado e público. Atualmente os artigos têm o mesmo teor das entrevistas com cientistas do sexo masculino, focalizando apenas seu trabalho. Dando visibilidade apenas ao que julgam extraordinário, contudo, reforçam as representações sociais de ciência e de cientista como um ser incomum e superdotado, estereótipo já presente no imaginário do senso comum. O cinema reforça isso ao nos oferecer, ao olhar e à interpretação, imagens de cientistas em tramas verossímeis, porém como personagens cuja complexidade tornaas difíceis de serem espelhados como modelos para futuras cientistas. Dessa maneira, as duas mídias acabam se complementando no reforço de uma representação que perpetua o estado de exclusão das mulheres na ciência. Em lugar de dar visibilidade à Ciência como empreendimento e cientista como um trabalhador comprometido com seu labor, ambas as mídias contribuem para manutenção das coisas como estão: uma imagem que contempla o cientista como um ser superior e do sexo masculino, ainda que tenha se ampliado o número de cientistas mulheres. / This thesis objective is to visualize how women scientists images can contribute for the maintenance of a masculine gender panorama in science. This was identified especially on hard sciences, thanks to studies that found sex discrimination as a cause for scientists women absence. Therefore, we use as support the theory of the Social Representations of Moscovici to make clear the representation of woman scientist as phenomenon that modifies through the time, and images as intervening factors in this changing process. The effort of the human thought to understand the vision and the images, resulted in theories to explain the tangible physical images, through the comprehension of the light as a vehicle to mediate the representations that the mind creates, in mental images, by means of the physical images catching in the eyes. We study then, how the transformation of these theories, across the time, culminated in the concept of image in modern science, as a result of the search of objectivity in a mutant science. The paradigmatic culmination in modern science, created conditions for the naturalization of the photographic images, and post photographic, as \"true images\", introducing them as real, a present concept in the current minds. We separate, so, the images in two groups: mental images and physical images, to study the participation of the last ones into the transformations of the first ones; the mental images are understood in the conception of the social representations. We find then, in the scientific diffusion, the images allied to the journalistic ones, of scientists considered here as real. Comparing them with the ones of the fictions cinematographic films, we observe similarities and differences to conclude as they intervene in representation of the woman who works with science. In survey of the images, about the period of ten years, from 1996 to 2007, in the scientific spreading, the literary genre adopted here as communicative interface between Science and the common sense, it can be seen that the representations propagated in images and texts have metamorphosed. At the half of the decade of 1990, interviews with women scientists focused its domestic life, standing out its double belonging: private and public. Currently the papers have the same aspects of the interviews with scientists of the masculine sex, focusing only its work. They give visibility only to that they judge extraordinary, however, they strengthen the social representations of science and scientist as a uncommon and super endowed being, like a stereotype present in the imaginary mind of the common sense. The cinema reinforce it when offers us to see and make interpretation, images of scientists in likely trams, however as personages whose complexity becomes them difficult to be reflected as models for future scientists. By this way, the two medias complement themselves reinforcing a representation that perpetuates the state of exclusion to the women in science. Instead of giving visibility to Science as an achievement and to put the scientist as a worker compromised to its job, both the medias contribute for maintenance of the things as they are: a image that contemplates scientist like a superior being, even there is more women scientists nowadays.