During the past 10 years Sweden has updated its penal code for sexual crimes twice. Despite this few are convicted for the crime of rape in Sweden. As the majority of perpetrators being male, this is a problem concerning women’s rights to respect for their bodies and personal integrity. A possible explanation, and this study’s point of departure is a potential discrepancy between the intention of the law and the interpretation of the same as the Swedish legal system rests on a foundation of legal positivism. Hence focus of this study has been the motives behind the definition of rape in the law and the interpretation of the same. The purpose has been to establish the development of the rape law and its political motives, how the judicial system has interpreted the legal text in actual cases and if this is in alignment. As to explain why so few are convicted for the crime of rape and to critically examine how this affects women’s rights as well as how the interpretation of the definition of rape can be carried out in a more legally secure way for the victims. This has been done firstly by examining the states public investigations and state bills before the update of the penal codes definition of rape in 2005 and 2013. Secondly by an analysis of arguments used by the Swedish courts, mainly the district courts, in two rape convictions and three verdicts of acquittal. Arguments used by the courts have then been compared to the motives behind the legal definition of rape to see if the perceived discrepancy between the intended meaning of the law and the interpretation of the same existed. Thirdly, the judicial systems legal basis for interpretation was criticised from the two theoretical perspectives of the study; a criticism to legal positivism and a gender hierarchical perspective.   The analysis shows that the updates of the rape law are clearly morally motivated and women’s rights based. In contrast to the legal positivistic judicial system interpretations, avoiding morally based argumentation relying on the systems foundation solely. The critical investigation shows that both a the perceived gender neutral system as well as legal positivistic tradition of sidestepping moral argumentation in courts result in lack of questioning the system and how it comes to its decisions.  Hence the discrepancy between the two systems can be a part of the explanation why women’s rights are not secured in Sweden.

Incels, en sammanslagning av engelskans involuntary och celibates, är en grupp män som tillsammans utgör en subkultur präglad av misogyni, våldsbejakande attityder och en hierarkisk syn på genus. Våldsdåd begångna av incels har ökat och incel-ideologin har börjat ses som ett potentiellt hot för extremistiskt våld. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur incels skriftliga våldstillämpning kunde kopplas till deras positioneringar inom genushierarkier. Studien antog en netnografisk ansats för insamlingen av incelförfattade foruminlägg och manifest. Empirin analyserades sedan med en tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att incels tillämpar våld i skrift både för att positionera sig i förhållande till varandra samt för att överordna sig kvinnor. Utifrån resultatet var det möjligt att dra slutsatsen att incels genom sin skriftliga våldstillämpning positionerar sig inom såväl västvärldens patriarkala genushierarki som deras interna maskulinitetshierarki. / Incels, a portmanteau of the words involuntary and celibates, are a group of men forming a subculture characterized by misogyny, hierarchical gender views, and violent attitudes. Violent acts committed by incels have increased, and the incel ideology has started to be perceived as a potential threat for extremist violence. This study aimed to investigate how incels’ written use of violence can be linked to their positioning within gender hierarchies. Employing a netnographic approach, the study collected forum posts and manifestos authored by incels. The empirical data were then analyzed through a thematic analysis. The findings revealed that incels’ written use of violence were used both to position themselves in relation to one another and to make women subordinated. Based on the results, it was concluded that through their written use of violence, incels position themselves within the Western patriarchal gender hierarchy as well as their internal hierarchy of masculinity.

Historical fencing represents an interesting leisure time activity that thousands of people in the Czech Republic devote, most of them joining historical fencing groups. There is a relatively strong hierarchy within a number of groups. The main goal of the thesis is to reveal mechanisms, by which the hierachies in the particular group are generated, maintained, how these hierarchies affect the behaviour of individuals and how an individual can move up and down in the group's hierarchy. The secondary goal of the thesis is to focus on the role of gender in relation to group hierarchies and how is gender done in a group. To get the data qualitative research methods of participant observation and semi-structured interviews are used. The thesis is supplemented by a photo documentation. Theoretical framework used in the research is mainly Bourdieu's capitals and the subculture capital. In addition the concept of authenticity became important during the research. Based on the data the most important capitals are objecitified and embodied subcultural capital, physical capital and social capital. For subcultural studies is very typical the engagement in the subculture, in this case subcultural engagement proved to be important mainly for the non-fighting members of the group. Within the group gender has not...