In the Atlantic world of the eighteenth century, revivalists in Europe, North America, South America, and the Caribbean centered their theology around the doctrine of the new birth. The new birth was the unifying, if contested, theme of the transatlantic revivals. Although prominent evangelical theologians like Jonathan Edwards, John Wesley and Nikolaus von Zinzendorf each conceptualized rebirth a little differently, the surprising unity of the doctrine across geographic and institutional boundaries stemmed from the fact that they all sought to ground the spiritual metaphor of the new birth in the natural philosophy of childbirth. Before the early modern Atlantic world saw a sudden increase of this evangelical preaching on the doctrine of the rebirth, there was a sudden increase of writings by natural philosophers on new findings about conception and childbirth. This seventeenth-century fascination among natural philosophers with the process of "generation," as it was called, led to the eighteenth-century preoccupation with "regeneration" among evangelical leaders. Edwards, Wesley and Zinzendorf were each exposed to the mechanism of Descartes, the empiricism of Locke, and the theory of preformationism at early ages, long before their theological systems had solidified. Employing this natural philosophy of generation was not simply a way to legitimize the idea of the new birth; it was the method by which this doctrine was produced. The main question of this dissertation, then, is one of epistemology: where do religious knowledge and values come from? How is a theological doctrine formed? As this case study of the new birth shows, theology is oftentimes produced from the body--from embodied experiences, bodily metaphors, and empirical information about the body. Bodies--as much as sacred texts, charismatic leaders, ecclesiastical institutions, etc.--are sites of religious values and truths. The experience of being born again, Edwards, Wesley and Zinzendorf agreed, was instantaneous and sometimes accompanied by convulsions of the body and terrors of the mind as in the pangs of childbirth. To learn about the spiritual mechanisms of this new birth experience, one could study the physical process of childbirth as explained by natural philosophers. Revivalism relied heavily on enlightenment philosophy for the development of its values and worldview, and in turn enlightenment movements relied on transatlantic revivalism for the transmission of its ideas to those who would not otherwise have had access to them. Evangelical preachers like Edwards, Wesley and Zinzendorf were the cultural mediators between what Wesley called "plain people" and natural philosophers like Malebranche, Descartes, and Locke. The sermons and treatises written by these preachers were the medium through which knowledge about the natural and supernatural worlds was conveyed. Rather than viewing evangelicalism as opposed to the heady intellectualism of enlightenment empiricism, this dissertation shows how these revivalists consistently drew from the findings of natural philosophy in the creation of their theology. For them, the body was a site for the formation of such theological knowledge. Early modern natural philosophy put human bodies into discourse, transforming bodies from an experiential reality into a natural phenomenon worthy of academic study. This in turn opened up the body as a site of theological inquiry for clergy across the Atlantic who believed that divine truths could be gleaned from the natural world. Several of these clergy birthed the first evangelical movement by translating the natural philosophy of childbirth into a streamlined metaphor that both united those who had had the experience of the new birth and radically divided them from those who had not. If the body was the epistemology that revivalists drew knowledge from, then religion was the medium through which such knowledge was conveyed. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Religion in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Spring Semester, 2015. / December 5, 2014. / evangelicalism, John Wesley, Jonathan Edwards, natural philosophy, new birth, Nikolaus von Zinzendorf / Includes bibliographical references. / Amanda Porterfield, Professor Directing Dissertation; Edward Gray, University Representative; John Corrigan, Committee Member; Michael McVicar, Committee Member.

Includes bibliographical references / Gender identification behaviour has altered drastically within the last decade. Consequently, there has been a noteworthy rise in the amount of androgynous individuals. Gender identity congruity theory posits that individuals display more favourable behavioural outcomes towards brands that possess similar images or identities to their own. Further, contemporary consumers express their identities via their brand choices. Thus, there is a strong implication that introducing an androgynous brand could prove to be a lucrative strategy for marketers. However, gendering brands as either masculine or feminine prevails as the most commonly employed strategy to differentiate a brand and appeal to target audiences. Introducing androgynous brands through a brand extension could prove to be less risky and costly than introducing such a brand as a novel, stand-alone offering. This study examined gender identity's potential influence on the evaluation of an androgynous brand extension. Further, it investigated the potential influence of three key factors on this central relationship: self-concept, product category and the gender of the parent brand. With regard to these moderators, it was posited that first, if the brand's image aligned with one's self-concept the evaluation of the androgynous brand extension would be more favourable. Distinction was made between actual and ideal self-concept. Second, a distinction could be made between functional and symbolic product categories with regards to the influence that gender identity exerted on brand extension evaluation. And third, that the gender of the parent brand would influence the evaluation of the androgynous brand extension. Subsequently, a 2 x 2 factorial design experiment was administered to a quota-controlled non-probability sample of Generation Y consumers. The findings demonstrated that gender identity influences the evaluation of an androgynous brand extension. Furthermore, self-concept moderated this relationship between gender identity and brand extension evaluation. The product category wherein the androgynous brand extension was implemented was evidenced to affect individuals' evaluation of the brand extension, with the one introduced in the symbolic product category receiving more favourable evaluations than the extension introduced in the functional category. The gender of the parent brand exerted no influence on brand extension evaluation, where androgynous brand extensions from both feminine and masculine parent brands were evaluated similarly. Self-concept also exerted an effect on brand extension evaluation, with ideal self-concept exerting a stronger influence than actual self-concept. Lastly, individuals were shown to prefer an androgynous brand to a masculine or feminine one. The principal inference resulting from this research is that marketers should strongly consider introducing an androgynous brand extension should they possess a feminine masculine brand within the clothing, deodorant, or similar products categories. Respondents evaluated the androgynous brand extension favourably across both assessed product categories and regardless of whether the brand extension was introduced from a masculine or feminine parent brand. This was observed for all gender identity segments. It is imperative that managers take gender identity and self-concept into account as these identity aspects exert noteworthy influences on individuals' consumption behaviours. However, managers should take note of the evidenced interaction between gender identity and self-concept. Where individuals perceive there to be a high level of congruence between their self-concept and the androgynous brand extension, individuals with high levels of masculinity should not be targeted as they displayed negative evaluations of the brand extension.

Counselors must have innovative knowledge and approaches regarding the multidimensional aspects of sexuality and gender identity. This session provides an overview of the five dimensions continuum model of biology, gender identity, gender expression, sexual/affectional orientation and sexual behavior. A case study is provided as an example of using the model with clients. The presentation will focus on the application of this multilayered approach in conceptualizing clients who identify as a sexual minority.

Current literature about marginalised youth centres adult knowledges and perpetuates narratives of risk. Additionally, very little is known about young transgender persons within the South African context. Therefore, by making use of Photovoice elements, this narrative project sought to explore the lived experiences of transgender youth while simultaneously creating a space where they could discuss and re-present these experiences. The project aimed to challenge dominant narratives about transgender youth; youth gender and sexuality, and to expand transgender research in South Africa. This project also aimed to contribute to the empowerment of participants by positioning them as experts and centring their knowledges. The study was conducted in partnership with an LGBTIQ+ advocacy NGO and purposive sampling was used to recruit five trans-identifying participants between the ages of 18-26. In-depth interviews were conducted around what it means to be a young transgender person in Cape Town today, and the photographs participants took to represent these experiences. All data were analysed using thematic narrative analysis. The overarching thematic narratives that emerged were: ‘Navigating Identities’ and ‘Living within/out the Cistem’. Within these themes, participants drew on narratives of rigidity/fluidity, exclusion/belonging, and invisibility/hypervisibility respectively. The findings illustrate the complexity of experiences of transgender youth and thus demonstrates that young peoples’ lives are comprised of more than inherent risk. This project also provided an opportunity to critically reflect on Photovoice as a methodology for working with marginalised groups.

This dissertation examines the history of the women’s movement in architecture in the United States. In response to the feminist movement of the 1960s and ’70s, and especially the women’s liberation movement, which began in the late 1960s, women in architecture began to organize and fight for greater status in a profession that had systematically excluded them. Their activism took many different forms—from the establishment of women’s professional groups and the organization of conferences or exhibitions to research on female architects of the past. At the same time, more radical projects such as the Open Design Office, Women’s School of Planning and Architecture (WSPA), and the Women’s Development Corporation tried to re-imagine how architecture could be taught and practiced, which client groups should be served, and the relationship between architects and clients. Beginning in the early 1970s, women architects formed the Alliance of Women in Architecture (New York City, 1972) and Women Architects, Landscape Architects, and Planners (Boston, 1972), and the Organization of Women Architects (Bay Area, 1973). Through these organizations, feminist architects pressured the American Institute of Architects (AIA) to create a Task Force on Women. Several conferences in 1974 and 1975—most notably “Women in Architecture: A Symposium,” at Washington University in St. Louis in March 1974 and the “West Coast Women’s Design Conference” at the University of Oregon, Eugene, in April 1974—facilitated the development of a national network of feminist architects. The AIA’s Task Force used this network to help conduct a survey, which it finalized as a report to the Institute in 1975. These organizations and conferences also brought together the founders of WSPA, which held its first session in 1975. While women were forming professional organizations and hosting conferences, a few architects began conducting historical research on women and architecture. In 1973, Doris Cole published From Tipi to Skyscraper, the first history of women architects in the US. Four years later, an exhibition entitled Women in American Architecture and accompanying book were launched at the Brooklyn Museum. Both publications challenged architectural historiography by including non-professional women like the domestic reformer Catharine Beecher. Architectural scholars Dolores Hayden and Gwendolyn Wright pushed the boundaries of the discipline even further—Hayden through her work on utopian communities and the “material feminists” of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, and Wright through her social history of housing, which placed equal weight on the contributions of women writers and reformers as those of professional architects. This dissertation demonstrates the successes and shortcomings of the women’s movement in architecture. These include an increase in the number of women studying and practicing architecture, pressure on institutions such as architecture schools and the AIA to take seriously the plight of women in the profession, a reduction in the discrimination and harassment faced by women at schools and work, and the production of a significant body of scholarship on the contributions of women to the built environment. These achievements can be credited to two principal factors. The first is the concerted effort made by feminist architects to work together and bring about these changes. By participating in women’s organizations and at conferences, female architects across the US created a collective identity based on their shared grievances and desire for change. It was their ability to work collectively that forced institutions to respond to their demands. The second factor was the larger social transformation of American society at the time. The successes within architecture were possible only in a period of broader feminist activism that placed external pressure on the profession and reinforced the demands of feminist architects. Less successful were the more radical efforts, few of which survived architecture’s retreat from social projects towards the formalist and pop culture concerns of postmodernism by the late 1970s, the resurgence of conservative politics, and a backlash against feminism in the 1980s. By the mid-1980s, the energy of the women’s movement in architecture had diminished, but not without leaving behind a rich legacy for future generations of feminist architects.

When Kurt Weill chose to compose a work based on Elmer Rice's play Street Scene (1929), he set out to create a new American operatic idiom crafted for the Broadway stage. Because Weill's writings about Street Scene (1947) are centered on the topic of genre, most of the scholarship on the work contends with this issue. Street Scene is also remarkable in the way it highlights the female experience in mid-century America. In the focus on Street Scene in the history of American opera, questions of the roles of women and Street Scene's relationship to American social history have been largely ignored. The characters in Street Scene exemplify a nuanced conception of male and female roles, which results in a commentary on and criticism of conventional gender dynamics. Among the topics explored in this show, gender dynamics may be the most potent. The female characters in Street Scene negotiate vocal spaces of expression and recognition. Multiple layers of character portrayals serve to expose a treacherous space in which female vocality is policed, truncated, and devalued. This emerges in the way the thoughts of the central female characters are interrupted and in how some of the most poignant musical expressions generate no response from the other characters onstage. Examining Street Scene through the lens of music as gendered discourse illuminates the ways in which this work highlights female experience, through both the affirmation and the negation of its characters' vocality. The New York City street of the show's title opens a space where the audience observes the public and private expression of female experience. These elements reflect a sensitive perspective on female voice and female agency in mid-twentieth-century American culture, a perspective not explored in other contemporary music theater productions. At a time when many people were concerned about a "woman problem," Street Scene centered its narrative on women who did not fit the conventional model of womanhood. Weill belittles ostensibly upstanding female community members in the music he wrote for female ensembles. Conversely, for the characters of Mrs. Maurrant and her daughter, Rose, he contextualized their story for his audience through sympathetic musical expressions. The audience's relationship with the leading women also hinges on the musical portrayal of the show's male characters, including a largely one-dimensional portrayal of the jealous husband, Frank Maurrant, and the choice to keep Mrs. Maurrant's lover in a non-singing role. The Maurrant women's voices possess a heightened form of expression, allowing them to be heard more acutely and with greater significance than the spoken word could afford. Although the content of their lyrics may indicate uncertainty about their futures or their senses of self, the music empowers their voices in song. But the feminist reader elated to hear the female condition communicated so significantly in Street Scene must also recognize the ways in which the show denies its female voices and removes its characters' agency as much as it offers them a vocal space. Mrs. Maurrant's neighbors consistently grant no value to her voice, whether they interrupt her speech, ignore the content of her song, or associate her with a voiceless character. Mrs. Maurrant's voice may transcend her pitiable circumstances, but the character herself remains trapped. Street Scene was situated in a historical time on the verge of change in the way women were conceptualized and discussed. The conflicting arguments surrounding the "woman problem" would soon be confronted directly by second-wave feminists, ushered in by authors such as Betty Friedan and Simone de Beauvoir. The issues in Street Scene are the same issues to which Friedan and Beauvoir responded. Street Scene reflects a social need that feminist literature would soon begin to meet. A crucial necessity for women belonging to themselves is to feel strength in their voices, from feeling comfortable enough to express their thoughts publicly to expecting that those who hear them will acknowledge their expression. Street Scene makes ignoring the female voice impossible. Street Scene gave its women a voice through music and its audiences a chance to hear them better and, consequently, to understand them. / A Thesis submitted to the College of Music in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Music. / Spring Semester, 2015. / April 9, 2015. / Gender, Kurt Weill, Langston Hughes, Street Scene, Voice, Women / Includes bibliographical references. / Douglass Seaton, Professor Directing Thesis; Sarah Eyerly, Committee Member; Douglas Fisher, Committee Member.

The purpose of the present research study is to provide preliminary evidence of validity for the Eating Behaviors and Attitudes Inventory (EBAI) as an educational device and screening tool. The ultimate goal for the development of the EBAI is to provide an instrument that could be administered by 8-12th grade health education teachers or guidance counselors to facilitate learning about healthy and unhealthy self-regulatory eating behaviors and attitudes among adolescent women. A secondary goal for the EBAI is for the instrument to be utilized by counselors to help college women in a counseling setting to help them fine-tune and shape healthy eating patterns. The EBAI is an instrument which was initially developed through sampling college women in order to identify behavioral mechanisms and attitudes women employ to self-regulate eating behaviors when faced with three levels of eating stress, (a) baseline, (b) 3-5 day disturbance, and c) 10 lb. weight change. The item development of the EBAI yielded a total of 84 items: 60 behavior and 24 attitude items. The EBAI is comprised of two sections, the Assessment of Eating Behaviors (Part I) and the Assessment of Eating Attitudes (Part 2). The EBAI's format calls for a yes/no response to each of the behavior and attitude items. Participants are directed to recall three episodes of eating stress and to complete the instrument accordingly. The sample for the preliminary validation study consisted of a combined, assessable, and heterogeneous sample of 202 undergraduate women enrolled at three academic institutions. The participants were 18 to 44 in age and the mean age was 20.6 years. The sample was also comprised of: 40% freshmen, 17% sophomores, 26% juniors, and 17% seniors. In regards to race, 45% of the individuals self-identified themselves as majority participants and 55% of the individuals self-identified themselves as minority participants. One subsample was composed of 100 undergraduate female African American students who were enrolled in an introductory psychology course at a large historically African American university in the Southeast. A second subsample consisted of 42 undergraduate female cadets who were enlisted in an introductory psychology course and attended a military academy in the Northeast. The third subsample was comprised of 60 undergraduate women who were enrolled in either a science of nutrition, communication and human relations, or introduction to educational psychology course at a large state university in the Southeast. During the last 30 minutes of a class period within their respective course, each of the participants received and completed a packet consisting of informed consent, a background data sheet, and the EBAI. This study addressed six research questions in order to ascertain the descriptive attributes, factorial validity, concurrent validity, and discriminant validity of the EBAI. First, frequency counts of behavior and attitudes items endorsed at each of the three levels of eating stress were conducted. Then, a frequency count of the total mechanisms selected per individual was performed. Next, an exploratory factor analysis, using a principal components analysis with varimax rotation, was conducted on both the behavior and attitude checklists across three levels of eating stress. Then, a Pearson Product Moment correlation was used to ascertain the strength of the relationship between the participant's BMI and factor scores on the both the behavior and attitude checklists of the EBAI. A t-test was also performed to compare the number of behavior strategies and attitude items employed by majority and minority participants. Finally, a chi square analysis was administered to contrast the endorsement between majority and minority participants for each item. The results show that all items of the EBAI are useful, as each item was endorsed by at least one participant. Also, a four-factor structure model for both the Behavior and Attitude Checklists emerged. The factors were labeled control and monitoring, self-detachment, extreme behaviors and action for the Behavior Checklist and positive emotions, negative emotions, guilt, and motivation to change for the Attitude Checklist. A Pearson Product Moment correlation showed some relationship between participants' BMI score and factor scores. The majority participants endorsed significantly more behavior and attitude items than the minority participants. However, the individual items did not discriminate between race and therefore no bias was present at the item level. Finally, suggestions for further research development and validation of the EBAI and implications for practice are discussed. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester, 2008. / July 21, 2008. / Disordered Eating, Eating Habits, Self-Regulation, Self-Regulation in Eating, Eating Attitudes, Eating Behaviors / Includes bibliographical references. / James P. Sampson, Jr., Professor Co-Directing Dissertation; Gary W. Peterson, Professor Co-Directing Dissertation; Thomas E. Joiner, Outside Committee Member; Steven I. Pfeiffer, Committee Member.

The purpose of this research study is to develop the Eating Behaviors and Attitudes Inventory (EBAI) as a diagnostic tool and educational device. The EBAI is an instrument that measures women's ability to self-regulate eating behaviors when faced with eating stress. A sample of 100 female students ranging in ages of 14-23 completed the Eating Behaviors and Attitudes Inventory. The participants consisted of 90 undergraduate women who were enrolled in an introductory psychology course and attended a large university in the Southeast. The sample also contained 10 female high school students who attended a charter high school in the Southeast. The EBAI is comprised of a behavior and attitude checklist. The participants recalled four episodes of eating stress and completed the instrument accordingly. The development of the EBAI yielded a total of 84 items: 60 behavioral items and 24 attitudinal items. The results showed that 11 of 60 behavioral items and 14 of 24 attitudinal items discriminated among four levels of eating stress. For both the behavior and attitude scales, every item was endorsed by at least once one individual and none of the items were endorsed by every individual. In addition, the behavior items were aggregated into nine domains of self-regulation of which 4 of the 9 domains varied among levels. The findings also indicated that individual's employ an average of 9.8 mechanisms along all levels of eating stress. The implications of findings for further research and potential uses of the EBAI are described. / A Thesis submitted to the Department of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. / Summer Semester, 2005. / June 15, 2005. / Eating Attitudes, Self-Regulation, Eating Behavior / Includes bibliographical references. / Gary W. Peterson, Professor Directing Thesis; Steven I. Pfeiffer, Committee Member; Thomas Joiner, Committee Member.

The years between 1989 and 1993 witnessed a sea change in the fabric of contemporary artistic practice, with a sudden embrace of previously marginalized identities on the part of museums, galleries and other institutions. This dissertation traces how sexuality, race and gender came to be placed at the center of discussions of contemporary art, and examines the ways in which artists responded to the sudden embrace of marginal identities on the part of museums and other art institutions in the early 1990s by harnessing the potential of this newly increased visibility, and also by developing strategies to offset the spectacularization of their identities. In particular, I focus on the collision between this new institutional desire for difference and the emergence of a notion of queerness that is specifically anti-identitarian and thus in conflict with the imperative to produce art about one’s identity. The dissertation is structured around four exhibitions that each played a crucial role in establishing this reorganization of the art world. This sequence of exhibitions narrates the larger structural shift through gradual steps, but each chapter also serves as a case study, since distinct notions of power emerge from the individual exhibitions. Tied into these divergent, sometimes incompatible understandings of power were competing understandings of the ways in which identity could be engaged politically and aesthetically. In particular, I focus on how a melancholic approach to queer subjectivity was materialized in art at the time, on the resurgence of documentary practices, on psychoanalytically inflected artistic interventions into museum spaces, and on the emergence of new forms of artistic critique.

The Crimean War (1854-1856) followed quickly by the Indian Revolt (1857-1858) caused many civilians to become interested in the affairs of the army and the lives of soldiers. The increased visibility of the army created numerous calls for reform. Civilian moral reformers and government officials embarked on a project to create a more ‘respectable' army. This project was not teleological, nor was it voiced in a unified or always consistent manner. Furthermore, movements for moral reform consistently faced the realities of the financial constraints of the mid-Victorian Liberal State. The project was gendered, and it involved competing discourses of masculinity. This dissertation offers a thick description of key debates involving corporal punishment, soldiers' sexuality, the desirability/inability of soldiers to marry, and programs to assist their wives and children. It argues that one cannot understand the Victorian Army without considering what occurred in civilian society. These two worlds intersected and intertwined in numerous ways throughout the mid-nineteenth century. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Spring Semester 2016. / April 8, 2016. / British Army, Crimean War, Masculinity, Sexuality, Soldiers' Families / Includes bibliographical references. / Charles Upchurch, Professor Directing Dissertation; Barry Faulk, University Representative; Suzanne Sinke, Committee Member; Robinson Herrera, Committee Member; Jonathan Grant, Committee Member.