The goal of this research was to determine whether relational aggression in girls was similar to overt aggression in boys in terms of social-psychological adjustment. A total of 199 fifth through ninth grade children (86 boys, 113 girls) participated in this study. Relational and overt aggression scores were used to form groups of children who varied on the two types of aggression. Results indicated that overtly aggressive boys did not differ from relationally aggressive girls in terms of depression, anxiety, psychopathy, sensation seeking, ADHD, delinquency, and drug use. Further, boys in the aggressive groups scored consistently higher than boys in the nonaggressive groups on all indices of maladjustment. The results of the current study provide support for the hypothesis that relational aggression in girls is not different from overt aggression in boys in terms of social-psychological adjustment problems.

The goals of this exploratory study were to: (a) compare counselor educators’ ideal ratings of importance with their perceptions of the institutions’ importance ratings on tasks related to scholarship, teaching, service, and supervision and (b) expand the understanding of the importance that counselor education faculty members assign to those same tasks. Group differences based on characteristics of gender, ethnicity, tenure status, program type, type of institution, and type of college or university in ideal importance ratings for scholarship, teaching, service and supervision tasks were also examined in this study. Participants in this study were counselor education faculty members working in CACREP-accredited counseling graduate programs (N=169). All participants completed the Counselor Education Task Importance Instrument (CETII) that was designed for this study to assess participant's ideal and perceived institutional importance of tasks related to scholarship, teaching, service, and supervision. Paired ttests on all CETII items resulted in statistically significant differences between participants’ ideal importance ratings and their perceived institutional importance ratings in scholarship, teaching, service, and supervision tasks. Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) resulted in statistically significant differences for participants’ ideal importance ratings for variables gender, type of program, type of institution, and type of college or university. Results for the MANOVA demonstrated nonsignificant statistical differences between ideal ratings for variations in the ethnicity and tenure status of participants. Faculty members in counselor education can use the findings from this study to establish priorities for their work in higher education and advocate for a professional counseling identity that is distinct from other disciplines in the social sciences. Administrators in higher education who have responsibility for establishing and maintaining tenure and promotion criteria for counselor education can utilize the same findings to create benchmarks that encourage equity for the advancement of counseling faculty members. Results from comparing ideal and perceived institutional importance ratings suggest that counselor educators have conflicting priorities for their professional counseling and their academic careers. Future research can compare actual institutional ratings to participants' ideal and perceived institutional ratings on the CETII in order to clarify counselor educators' multiple identities as practitioner, researcher, and educator.

MSc (Med), University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences / Background: Males have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases compared to premenopausal women. However, postmenopausal women are at equal risk to men. It has therefore been suggested that estrogen is cardioprotective. Although the exact mechanisms of the purported cardioprotective effects of estrogen are unknown, estrogen administration has been reported to suppress beta-adrenergic receptor up-regulation in ovariectomized female rats. As beta-adrenergic activation induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis, and hence adverse cardiac remodelling and heart failure, I aimed to determine whether the extent of beta-adrenergic induced apoptosis and necrosis differs between males and females. Methods: 27 male Wistar rats were assigned to one of two groups: ISO M (n=14) receiving a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, isoproterenol (0.02mg/kg) and CON M (n=13) receiving vehicle (saline, 0.2ml). 29 female Wistar rats were assigned to one of two groups: ISO F (n=15) receiving a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, isoproterenol (0.02mg/kg) and CON F (n=14) receiving vehicle. Isoproterenol and saline were administered by means of daily subcutaneous injections for 5 days. On the 5th day, cardiac geometry and function were assessed before and after ISO or saline administration using echocardiography. Rats were then terminated under anaesthesia within 30 minutes of ISO (or vehicle) administration and blood samples collected for the determination of serum estrogen concentration (ELISA). Female rats were terminated in proestrus which corresponds to peak estrogen concentrations. Cardiac myocyte apoptosis was assessed histologically using the DeadEndTM Colorimetric TUNEL system (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The number of apoptotic cardiomyocyte nuclei was expressed as a percentage of the total number of cardiomyocyte nuclei per slide (heamotoxylin and eosin stain). Necrosis and fibrosis (pathological score) were assessed by assigning a pathological score to sections stained for fibrosis (van Gieson). Groups were iii compared using two-way (gender and regimen; and including repeated measures for echocardiography data) ANOVA followed by the Tukey-Kramer post hoc test. Results: As expected estrogen concentrations were higher in female compared to male rats (mean±SEM, pg.ml-1; ISO M: 7.04±1.41; CON M: 7.14±0.53; ISO F: 23.00±3.47; CON F: 19.31±3.66; p<0.01). Five days of ISO or saline administration had no effect on cardiac function or geometry in either the male or the female rats. Inotropic effects (increased heart rate and cardiac function) were observed in response to acute ISO administration in both male and female rats. The female rats had slower heart rates (p<0.05) and showed a greater heart rate response to acute ISO administration than the male rats (p<0.05). But the acute ISO induced increments in cardiac function were similar between genders. Five days of ISO administration induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in male rats but not in female rats (mean±SEM, % ; ISO M: 0.086±0.013; CON M: 0.030±0.004; ISO F: 0.053±0.004; CON F: 0.041±0.007; p<0.05). Furthermore, 5 days of ISO administration induced cardiomyocyte necrosis in male rats but not in female rats (mean±SEM, pathological score; ISO M: 1.21±0.21, CON M: 0.46±0.14, ISO F: 0.50±0.11, CON F: 0.68±0.12, p<0.01). Conclusion: Male rats are more susceptible than female rats to beta-adrenergic induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis. The protective effects of estrogen against the adverse effects of beta-adrenergic activation on the heart, may explain the lower risk of cardiovascular disease in premenopausal women compare to men; however, the possible role of progesterone cannot be ignored.

<p>Gender differences favoring women have been found in face recognition, and in addition to this, it has been shown that women remember more female than male faces. This own-gender effect may be a result of women directing more attention towards female faces, resulting in a better memory. The aim of this study was to assess the role of attention for gender differences in face recognition and women’s own-gender bias by dividing attention at encoding of faces. Thirty-two participants completed two recognition conditions: one where faces at presentation were fully attended and one where a second task was performed simultaneously. Women remembered more female faces than men did when encoded under full attention. This difference disappeared when attention was divided. Less attentional resources might have hindered women from using their assumed expertise processing of faces.</p>

<p>Två experiment undersökte empati och empatiträning. I Experiment 1 fick 130 deltagare läsa en berättelse där ett barn, en bebis eller en hundvalp for illa. Därefter skattade deltagarna sina känslor. Resultatet visade att kvinnor hade mer empati än män oavsett offer. Föräldrar hade mer empati än andra för barn/bebis. Hundägare hade mer empati än andra för hund. I Experiment 2, som gick vidare och undersökte empatiträning, deltog 38 elever i årskurs 3 och 4. Pojkar som fått empatiträning i form av REDE-projektet visade en tendens till mer empati än pojkar som inte använt projektet. Ingen effekt påvisades hos flickorna. Flickor verkar utveckla sin empati på egen hand medan pojkar verkar behöva lite hjälp.</p> / <p> </p><p>Two experiments investigated empathy and empathy training. In Experiment 1, 130 participants read a story where either a child, an infant or a puppy had been abused. The result showed that women had more empathy for all the victims than men. Parents had more empathy for a child/an infant than those who weren´t parents. Dog owners also showed more empathy for the puppy than those who didn´t own a dog. In Experiment 2, which consisted of 38 students in grades 3 and 4, boys who had used the REDE-project had a tendency to more empathy than boys who hadn´t used the project. No effect was demonstrated with the girls. Girls seem to develop their empathy on their own while boys seem to need some help.</p>

No description available.

Gender differences favoring women have been found in face recognition, and in addition to this, it has been shown that women remember more female than male faces. This own-gender effect may be a result of women directing more attention towards female faces, resulting in a better memory. The aim of this study was to assess the role of attention for gender differences in face recognition and women’s own-gender bias by dividing attention at encoding of faces. Thirty-two participants completed two recognition conditions: one where faces at presentation were fully attended and one where a second task was performed simultaneously. Women remembered more female faces than men did when encoded under full attention. This difference disappeared when attention was divided. Less attentional resources might have hindered women from using their assumed expertise processing of faces.

Två experiment undersökte empati och empatiträning. I Experiment 1 fick 130 deltagare läsa en berättelse där ett barn, en bebis eller en hundvalp for illa. Därefter skattade deltagarna sina känslor. Resultatet visade att kvinnor hade mer empati än män oavsett offer. Föräldrar hade mer empati än andra för barn/bebis. Hundägare hade mer empati än andra för hund. I Experiment 2, som gick vidare och undersökte empatiträning, deltog 38 elever i årskurs 3 och 4. Pojkar som fått empatiträning i form av REDE-projektet visade en tendens till mer empati än pojkar som inte använt projektet. Ingen effekt påvisades hos flickorna. Flickor verkar utveckla sin empati på egen hand medan pojkar verkar behöva lite hjälp. / Two experiments investigated empathy and empathy training. In Experiment 1, 130 participants read a story where either a child, an infant or a puppy had been abused. The result showed that women had more empathy for all the victims than men. Parents had more empathy for a child/an infant than those who weren´t parents. Dog owners also showed more empathy for the puppy than those who didn´t own a dog. In Experiment 2, which consisted of 38 students in grades 3 and 4, boys who had used the REDE-project had a tendency to more empathy than boys who hadn´t used the project. No effect was demonstrated with the girls. Girls seem to develop their empathy on their own while boys seem to need some help.

Commuting is becoming more and more important in every day life in the world of complex labour markets. If for hundred years ago most workers lived less than one hour walking distance from their workplace, then today they commute daily outside the cities and villages they live. Often is it a trade off between unemployment and employment. The subject of this thesis is to investigate if there are differences in female and male commuting behaviour. Especially it studies to what extent their spatial interaction is affected by variables such as labour in origin municipality, jobs in destination municipality and the distance between these two. Gravity models are used, and six different versions are estimated. The commuting data used in thesis comes from SCB (Statistics Sweden) and data about travel time collected by the Swedish Road Administration. Commuting data includes 1 003 771 people in Sweden who commute to a job located in another municipality than he or she was settled. The results imply that men are less sensitive to distance between two locations. Moreover, the amount of labour in origin and the amount of jobs in destination have higher effect on male commuting.

No description available.