This diploma thesis deals with the relationship of archaeology and the general public in Czech Republic. The aim of the thesis is firstly the analysis and consequent evaluation of the current situation in presentation of Czech archaeology and secondly, the proposition of possible solutions of this situation. The thesis contains the theoretical parts besides the practical ones, which present the point of view of both general public and experts, on the ground of realized research of public opinion. Some of the chapters contain also foreign analogies, that have to serve as means to deeper understanding and demonstration of broader comunication possibilities between archaeologist and the public. Key words: archaeology, science, general public, Czech Republic, popularization, presentation

This thesis focuses on the subjective perception of the translating and interpreting profession among Czech translators and interpreters, students of translation studies at the Institute of Translation Studies at the Faculty of Arts at Charles University in Prague, and the Czech general public. The thesis is comprised of two parts, theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part characterizes the translating and interpreting profession and describes the knowledge, abilities and skills needed to practice both professions. This part also provides a description of all factors determining the perception of the status of both professions and the factors that have an impact on the real status of translators and interpreters in society. This is followed by a description of the Czech environment and its possible influence on the status and working conditions of translators and interpreters in the Czech Republic. These descriptions serve as a basis for the empirical part of this thesis, which aims to compare, using the questionnaire survey method, the perception of both professions among translators and interpreters themselves, students of translation studies and the Czech general public, and to ascertain the general public's knowledge of both professions. The survey shows not only differences in the...

1 Abstract The topic of the presented thesis are issues related to public spaces. Public spaces are defined in the Municipalities Act and the Capital City of Prague Act and comprise all squares, streets, marketplaces, sidewalks, public green areas, parks and other areas accessible to anyone without restrictions, i.e. serving public use and irrespective of the ownership of the space. This is the only definition in the Czech legal system and several other norms refer to it. The main purpose of public spaces is their public use. Therefore, the relevant legal rules regulate also the limits of various activities in public spaces. The current legal regulation is rather brief and the topic has not been covered extensively in the legal doctrine as of yet. The aim of the thesis is to summarize the legal rules relevant to public spaces and the regulation of activities on them, as well as to identify issues and ambiguities stemming from the insufficient legal regulation. The first part of the work introduces the definition of public space and its history and illustrates the emergence and abolishment of public spaces. The legal definition characterizes public spaces using the listing of specific types of places and referring to a common characteristic, i.e. accessibility to public. It emphasizes that public spaces are...

A mail survey of randomly selected stratified U.S. households assessed general attitudes toward wildlife and specific concerns about wildlife damage management and the federal Animal Damage Control program. Respondents strongly supported federal government's role in ensuring public safety , engaging in public education, and continuing research into nonlethal control methods. Weaker support was found for lethal control of predators and crop depredators, and financial compensation for losses due to wildlife activities was generally opposed. Lethal methods of control were generally considered to be inhumane and nonlethal methods humane. When asked to rank the importance of factors to be considered when selecting management methods, II human safety ranked highest followed by animal suffering, effectiveness, environmental impacts, severity of problem, and ability to target the specific problem animal. The lowest ranked factor was public opinion. Considered as a whole, results suggest that U.S. citizens want a role in wildlife damage policy formation but respect wildlife professionals ' judgment in specific management situations. This study also assessed attitudes and beliefs about wildlife damage management (WDM) activities and federal government agencies ' roles in carrying out those activities. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine if variables such as environmental attitude, wildlife experience, and sociodemographic characteristics explained levels of support for WDM activities and the importance of the federal government's role . Respondents generally support WDM operations. Differences in respondents' general environmental attitudes and enjoyment of hunting accounted for most of the variation in their attitudes toward WDM practices. Independent variables that most influenced perceived importance of federal involvement in WDM were sex , age, education, and general environmental attitudes.

Zur Therapie von Adipositas als weltweit wachsendes Gesundheitsproblem ist ein kaum zu überblickender Markt an Maßnahmen entstanden. Die unterschiedlichen Möglichkeiten rücken mehr in öffentliche Diskussion - auch aufgrund begrenzter finanzieller Ressourcen des Gesundheitssystems. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Studien aufgeführt, die sich mit der Einstellung der Allgemeinbevölkerung, medizinischen Personals sowie betroffenen Patienten bezüglich Therapiemöglichkeiten von Adipositas beschäftigen. Ergänzend dazu werden im Anschluss die Ergebnisse der Studie zur Wirksamkeitserwartung und Empfehlungsbereitschaft der deutschen Allgemeinbevölkerung bezüglich Gewichtsreduktionsmaßnahmen bei Adipositas vorgestellt. Als wirksamste Maßnahmen gelten weniger Essen und mehr Bewegung (Zustimmung 82% bzw. 98%). Die Mehrheit (57%) befindet operative Methoden, als wirksame Maßnahmen, doch nur 22% würden bariatrische Chirurgie weiterempfehlen bzw. selbst als Behandlung wählen. Die Zurückhaltung lässt sich erklären durch die allgemeine Sorge um Risiken und Komplikationen oder Unklarheit über die Kostenübernahme. Medikamente werden mit 12,5% am wenigsten als wirksam bewertet. Bei Überprüfung möglicher Einflussfaktoren zeigt die Kausalattribution signifikante Auswirkungen. Bei angenommenen internalen Ursachen erhöht sich die Wirksamkeitserwartung für konservative Maßnahmen; ein positiver Einfluss zeig sich bei operativen und medikamentösen Interventionen, wenn als Ursache von Adipositas eher genetische Faktoren vermutet werden. Wie wahrgenommene Wirksamkeit einer Maßnahme deren Akzeptanz determiniert und damit die Behandlungsentscheidung von Patienten und Ärzten beeinflussen kann, sollte Fokus weiterer Studien sein.

Theoretical Framework Although the beginnings of nursing reach deep into our history, nursing is a relatively young profession. In the course of human history nursing has been influenced by many factors that have changed public values and attitudes to nursing issues and to providing the most effective nursing care. Nursing is focused on an active search and satisfying biological, psychological, social and spiritual needs of the sick and healthy people in the care of their health. The main representative of nursing practice is Florence Nightingale, who has affected health care throughout the world. She is considered the founder of modern nursing, because she has elevated nursing to such a profession that is as important as that of a physician. Aims of the Thesis To compile the thesis three goals were set. 1) To find out the views and ideas of the general and professional public on the nursing profession. 2) To determine the views of the general and professional public on what the most important and effective procedures in nursing are. 3) To identify what the general and professional public expect nursing can provide to modern society and how nursing can contribute to its development. Methods Used To compile the diploma thesis a quantitative method using interviews through questionnaires was applied. The data collection technique was snowball sampling. Based on the initial pilot study two forms of the survey were determined, for the professional and the general public. The professional public was represented by nurses working in primary care, home care, in hospitals and other medical facilities. The general public was represented by people who visit general practitioners, use home care services, hospitalized patients and other general public. Results The results of the thesis have helped explain opinions of the public and their attitudes to nursing care. They can be used as background material for teaching nursing subjects or as a contribution to professional seminars, courses and conferences dealing with this issue. The answers to the hypotheses are discussed in detail in the research section of the thesis. Based on the statistically processed data the hypotheses were evaluated as follows: H1: By the general public nursing is perceived rather as a profession focused on maternity care than as a professional discipline. H1 was confirmed. H2: As for the general public, men´s perception of nurses as nursing representatives is different from women´s perception of nurses as nursing representatives. H2 was confirmed. H3: The professional public perceive the profession as a mission, unlike the general public, who take it more as a matter of routine from the part of nurses. H3 was confirmed. H4: The professional public perceive the attitude of the general public towards nursing more positively than the general public themselves. H4 was not confirmed. H5: Nurses´ strengths are perceived more than their weaknesses by the general public. H5 was not confirmed. H6: To the public the value of nursing depends on how the professional public express satisfaction with the care provided by their colleagues. H6 was confirmed. H7: Education is a fundamental value of nursing more from the perspective of the professional public than from the perspective of the general public. H7 was not confirmed. H8: The potential contribution of nursing to modern society from the perspective of professional public is higher than from the perspective of the general public. H8 was not confirmed. H9: The general public´s view on the value of nursing is directly dependent on the image of nursing presented by the media. H9 was confirmed. Conclusion The benefit of this work is publication of the findings related to opinions and ideas of today´s society on nursing and pointing to the issue and identification of weak parts.

Notre recherche se porte sur l’éthique des techniques de procédures de maternité de substitution. Nos études se basent sur la Théorie Fonctionnelle de l’Intégration et de l’information de N.H Anderson (1981). Pour l’étude menée en France auprès d’un public dit tout-venant : 236 personnes dont 62 hommes et 174 femmes ont émis un jugement de non acceptabilité concernant les procédures de maternité de substitution dans 54 scénarios construits par la combinaison de quatre facteurs : « Origine de l’embryon », «Autonomie de la mère porteuse», « Famille de la mère porteuse » et « Niveau de rémunération ». En ce qui concerne l’étude menée en Inde, c’est 430 étudiants, 275 femmes et 155 hommes, qui ont également émis un jugement de non acceptabilité pour ces mêmes 54 scénarios. Les résultats ont mis en évidence l’émergence de différents groupes de politique de jugement pour les deux études. En France, on distingue 4 clusters différents. Bien que ces clusters diffèrent dans leur jugement, on retrouve un consensus concernant le facteur « Autonomie » pour chaque groupe. Enfin, plus de 50% de notre échantillon se montre non favorable face à de telles procédures. Pour l’étude menée auprès d’étudiant indien, quatre clusters différents ont également été mis en évidence. Près d’un quart de notre échantillon n’a pas souhaité se positionner et plus de 50% des participants se montrent enclin à accepter ce type de procédures en fonction des différentes circonstances qui définissent la situation. Le jugement de non acceptabilité des procédures de maternité de substitution est influencé par les facteurs proposés et on constate l’émergence de différentes positions face à ces questionnements éthiques. / Our research deals with ethical questions about surrogate motherhood. Both of our studies are based on the Integration Information Theory of N.H. Anderson (1981). The first one took place in France with general public: 236 people of whom 62 men and 174 women. They judged the non acceptability of surrogacy on 54 scenarios combining four factors: “Type of surrogacy », « Surrogate mother’s level of autonomy », « Surrogate mother’s family situation » and «Level of Compensation ».The second study took place in India with 430 students, 275 of whom were women and 155 were men. Indian students judged the non acceptability of surrogacy on the same 54 scenarios. Further to the results different groups of judgment politics emerged for both studies. In France, four groups of participants distinguish. Even if these groups put forward different judgements, the factor « Autonomy » obtained general consensus. Finally, 50% of our French sample doesn’t agree with the surrogate motherhood procedure. In the second study, also four groups of participants distinguish. Almost 25% of the sample does not give a judgment about surrogacy and more than 50% agrees with the surrogate motherhood procedure depending on different circumstances defining the situation. The judgment of non acceptability is influenced by the factors presented and the emergence of different positions among the participants is noted.

<p>A variety of radiation sources exist at the Department of Radiology and the Department of Nuclear Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge. Radiation sources can also be found in areas outside of these departments due to the wide use of mobile xray machines and fluoroscopic c-arm equipment and also due to the movement of patients that have received diagnostic or therapeutic doses of radionuclides.</p><p>In a proposal for a new legislation from the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority (SSI), which was later issued as legislation SSI FS 2005:6, the effective doses of the general public from a practice using ionising radiation need to be kept below stated limit of 0.1 mSv/year. This project was performed to verify the dose limit for individuals of the general public in the above mentioned practices.</p><p>Long-term measurements with TL-dosimeters were utilised to carry out the environmental monitoring of the areas throughout the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. To assess the contribution of ionising radiation from rooms housing mobile fluoroscopic c-arm equipment to surrounding areas, a tissue equivalent phantom of size (30×30×20 cm3) was employed to simulate a patient and the scattered radiation was monitored by using area monitors, such as portable proportional counters. The annual effective doses were calculated in terms of personal dose equivalent as well as ambient dose equivalent monitored using TL-dosimeters and area monitors, respectively. The stated limit of 0.1 mSv/year to the general public was verified by risk analysis.</p><p>An attempt to create a method for determining the amount of radiation shielding in terms of lead equivalence in walls, doors, protective glasses of manoeuvre rooms and cupboards of diagnostic x-ray labs was also performed using a radiation point source of 99mTc and a NaI scintillation detector. Depending on the accuracy in the measurements the amount of lead deviated slightly from the expected 2 mm value based on the former legislation SSI FS 1991:1.</p>

A variety of radiation sources exist at the Department of Radiology and the Department of Nuclear Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge. Radiation sources can also be found in areas outside of these departments due to the wide use of mobile xray machines and fluoroscopic c-arm equipment and also due to the movement of patients that have received diagnostic or therapeutic doses of radionuclides. In a proposal for a new legislation from the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority (SSI), which was later issued as legislation SSI FS 2005:6, the effective doses of the general public from a practice using ionising radiation need to be kept below stated limit of 0.1 mSv/year. This project was performed to verify the dose limit for individuals of the general public in the above mentioned practices. Long-term measurements with TL-dosimeters were utilised to carry out the environmental monitoring of the areas throughout the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. To assess the contribution of ionising radiation from rooms housing mobile fluoroscopic c-arm equipment to surrounding areas, a tissue equivalent phantom of size (30×30×20 cm3) was employed to simulate a patient and the scattered radiation was monitored by using area monitors, such as portable proportional counters. The annual effective doses were calculated in terms of personal dose equivalent as well as ambient dose equivalent monitored using TL-dosimeters and area monitors, respectively. The stated limit of 0.1 mSv/year to the general public was verified by risk analysis. An attempt to create a method for determining the amount of radiation shielding in terms of lead equivalence in walls, doors, protective glasses of manoeuvre rooms and cupboards of diagnostic x-ray labs was also performed using a radiation point source of 99mTc and a NaI scintillation detector. Depending on the accuracy in the measurements the amount of lead deviated slightly from the expected 2 mm value based on the former legislation SSI FS 1991:1.

This thesis focuses on geographical literacy of the general public. It sets two main aims. Firstly to identify geographical community opinion on what knowledge and skills should be these days considered basics of geographical literacy for everyone regardless of their age and achieved education. Secondly to verify the selected basics of geographical literacy with the lay public. The structure of this work follows these aims. The theoretical part concentrates on the explanation of key words and the definition of geographical literacy in accordance with contemporary literature. The other part of the work presents the results of two researches of one's own. The first one was done in the form of an electronic questionnaire and addressed to the members of the geographical community. They firstly used a four-level scale to consider the importance of knowledge and skills that were verified in the research of the geographical literacy of adults in the USA. Secondly, in the form of open-answer questions, they could express their opinion on the core of the monitored assessment reference scope. It proved that assessment statements to most suggested skills are very varying. On the grounds of the evaluation of this survey we suggested requirements for individual performances that apply to closely defined issues,...