A common goal of instructional techniques is to teach skills effectively and efficiently. Matrix training techniques are both effective and efficient as they allow for the emergence of untrained responding to novel stimulus arrangements, a phenomenon known as recombinative generalization. However, it is unclear which type of matrix arrangement best promotes recombinative generalization. The current study compared two common matrix training approaches, an overlapping (OV) design and a non-overlapping (NOV) design, with respect to arranging relations targeted for training. We conducted a replication evaluation of a Wilshire and Toussaint study, and taught two typically-developing preschoolers compound object-action labels in Spanish and used either an OV or NOV matrix training design. Results from both studies demonstrated the participant trained with an OV design produced recombinative generalization and participants trained with a NOV design produced significantly low levels of emergence or none at all. These results suggest that an OV matrix design facilitates recombinative generalization more effectively than a NOV design. Implications for instructional arrangements are discussed.

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<p>This thesis concerns object oriented modelling and automatic generalisation of geographic information. The focus however is not on traditional paper maps, but on screen maps that are automatically generated from a geographical database. Object oriented modelling is used to design screen maps that are equipped with methods that automatically extracts information from a geographical database, generalises the information and displays it on a screen. The thesis consists of three parts: a theoretical background, an object oriented model that incorporates automatic generalisation of geographic information and a case study where parts of the model have been implemented.</p><p>An object oriented model is an abstraction of reality for a certain purpose. The theoretical background describes different aspects that have impact on how an object oriented model shall be designed for automatic generalisation. The following topics are described: category theory, the human ability to recognise visual patterns, previous work in automatic cartographic generalisation, and object oriented modelling.</p><p>A view is here defined to consist of several static levels, or maps, defined at different resolutions. As the user zooms the level that is appropriate for the particular resolution is shown. An object class belongs to one and only one level and has a certain symbolisation. The automatic creation of new objects in a level is discussed as well as the relation between objects in different levels. To preserve topological relations between objects in a level a network structure is formed between all linear objects in a level and objects that might cause conflicts are modelled using dependencies.</p><p>The model is designed for a set of typical geographical object classes such as road, railroad, lake, river, stream, building, built-up area etc. The model is designed to handle information in a scale-range from 1:10 000 to 1:100 000. The model has been implemented for a subset of these classes and tested for an area covering approximatley 60 km².</p>

This study examines the effects of training in two yoked learning channels (hearsee/say and hearsee/write) on the acquisition, generalization and retention of learning. Four fifth-grade participants were taught the lower-case letters of the Greek alphabet. Twelve letters were taught in the hearsee/say channel and twelve letters taught in the hearsee/write channel for equal amounts of time. The see/say channel reached higher frequencies at the end of training and showed higher acquisition celerations than the see/write channel. However, the see/write channel showed higher accuracy and retention than the see/say channel. The see/write channel also showed greater generalization across learning channels including the see/say, think/say, think/write and see-name/draw-symbol.

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This study partially replicated the research of Cook, Kwak, Hoffman, & Loftus where they examined post-event activities that induces subjects to pick a wrong person in a forced choice identification procedure. The goal was to investigate if providing a neither option to a match to sample task increases the accuracy of responding. Subjects were asked to study three faces for 10 seconds, after which they were asked to pick out the faces in a forced choice setting where two other faces were presented. Later the subjects were asked to pick out faces in a setting in which they could use a neither option. Results indicated that a generalization effect occurs when identifying faces and the effect is seen as subjects choosing the wrong face. This suggests that when using faces with some similar features in a lineup setting the procedure may cause the subject to pick the wrong person.

Students may engage in behavior during instruction that impacts the acquisition of skills. Intervening on student behavior using group contingencies may be more efficacious than other intervention methods. Directly programming for generalization of treatment effects may increase the durability of behavior change and further increase the efficacy of group contingencies. The current study examined the effect of a randomized dependent group contingency and programming common stimuli on levels of academic engagement and problem behavior for second-grade participants receiving small-group reading and writing instruction. The results showed that a randomized dependent group contingency increased the academic engagement of primary participants and several of the other participants during small-group instruction. The findings also showed that high levels of academic engagement were maintained when common stimuli were present and the dependent group contingency was withdrawn.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:19:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Telma Lima Leite.pdf: 619884 bytes, checksum: e2b05ed813ae49444ce28edc44c07071 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-27 / The present study had the objective to promote the acquisition and generalization of mands by a child with Autism, using three of the six parts of the Picture Exchange Communication System PECS, combined with procedures of the Applied Behavior Analysis. Autism is defined as a severely incapacitating developmental disability that typically occurs before age three (National Society for Autistic Children, 1993). The participant was a seven-year-old boy that had been diagnosed with Autism, chosen to participate in this study because he presented clear characteristics of the diagnosis and for his difficulty in acquiring the ability to communicate effectively. To show experimental control, a Multiple Baseline between Settings Design was used. Generalization was programmed according to the technique of multiple exemplars proposed by Stokes and Baer (1997). The study implemented three parts of the PECS program in the acquisition of mand responses thru the exchange of cards with photographic representations of potential reinforcers. Mand responses and any intelligible vocalization by the child were registered. Results show that the intervention was effective in facilitating the acquisitions of mands and that his ability generalized from the training setting to two other settings (school and residence) without additional training. It is believed that the PECS program has built-in elements that promote generalization. An increase in the frequency of intelligible vocalizations was observed. The results confirm the efficacy of the PECS program and procedures of Applied Behavior Analysis in teaching functional communication to a child with Autism. / O presente estudo teve por objetivo a promoção da aquisição e generalização de mandos por uma criança com Autismo, utilizando três das seis fases do Sistema de Comunicação por Intercâmbio de Figuras (Picture Exchange Communication System - PECS) combinadas com procedimentos da Análise Aplicada do Comportamento. Autismo é definido como uma desordem do desenvolvimento severamente incapacitante que tipicamente aparece nos três primeiros anos de vida (National Society for Autistic Children, 1993). O participante foi um menino com sete anos de idade, que havia sido diagnosticado com Autismo, escolhido para participar da pesquisa por apresentar características claras desse diagnóstico e por seu grau de dificuldade em adquirir a habilidade de comunicar efetivamente. Para demonstrar controle experimental utilizou-se o Delineamento de Linha de Base Múltipla entre Ambientes. A generalização foi programada de acordo com a técnica de exemplares múltiplos proposta por Stokes e Baer (1997). O estudo implementou três partes do programa PECS para a aquisição de repostas de mandos em um sistema de intercâmbio de cartões com representações fotográficas de reforçadores em potencial. Foram registradas as respostas de mando e quaisquer vocalizações inteligíveis da criança. Os resultados mostraram que a intervenção foi efetiva em facilitar a aquisição de mandos e que essa habilidade se generalizou do ambiente de treino para dois outros ambientes (escola e residência) sem um treinamento adicional. Acredita-se que o próprio programa PECS já contém elementos que promovem a generalização. Observou-se um aumento na freqüência de vocalizações inteligíveis. Os resultados confirmam a eficácia do programa PECS e procedimentos da Análise Aplicada do Comportamento em ensinar comunicação funcional em uma criança com Autismo.

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a teacher-implemented behavioral skills training (BST) procedure for teaching preschool students to exhibit an appropriate safety response in the presence of chemical bottles. Students’ safety responses were evaluated during baseline and teacher lessons (before and after BST) for each classroom. Prior to training, teachers were prompted to give a lesson including three safety steps (don’t touch, walk away, tell a teacher). No additional instructions were provided. Next, teachers received training from a researcher on how to implement BST in a classroom setting. Results indicated that the training procedure utilized was effective for increasing the number of BST components used by teachers. Further, teacher-implemented BST resulted in increases in preschool children’s appropriate responses to chemical bottles for two classrooms; however, the increase for one of the two classrooms was only moderate, and no increase was observed for children in a third classroom. Therefore, in-situ feedback was required for these two classrooms. In addition, the procedures resulted in generalized responding to a novel set of chemical bottles, as well as, a novel category of dangerous item (medicine bottles).