The results of this study indicate that the Taiwan managers have a fairly high level of consistency in their preference for both a predominant leadership and conflict resolution style. They prefer a participative style of leadership and an introspective/observant style of conflict resolutions. In addition, the owner/managers studied had a good sense of the reality of their perceptions of their own leadership style. Both of these findings are consistent with what might be expected from Chinese and Confusion Philosophy. However, there the strength of these preferences is not as strong in the younger employees indicating a real generational shift in preferred styles. This is particularly clear in terms of the conflict style where there was an increased preference for a more assertive style or Western style of conflict resolution in younger employees. In addition, there was a clear difference in preferred approach to leadership when leadership was looked at from the transformational/transactional theory approach to leadership. The older manager/owners preferred a transactional leadership approach which is more in line with the paternalistic nature of Chinese management. The traditional Chinese approach to management would have predicted that the transactional leadership approach would dominate. The results of this study supported this expectation but only for the older group and not the younger group. The younger group preferred the transformational approach to leadership which may be argued to be closer to modern Western approaches to leadership. One other finding of particular note was that while the relative strength of conflict and leadership style preferences varied slightly, the generational differences were consistent regardless of whether the intergenerational differences were measured inside the same company or across a variety of companies and the groups of older and younger managers/owners were related by organizational membership or completely independent of each other. The results of this study provide additional insights into the role of preferred leadership and conflict styles within organizations in Taiwan.

No description available.

Entrepreneurs are seen to play a vital role in the growth of an economy, particularly in an emerging market such as South Africa. To date, there has been a limited amount of research concerning the drivers, influences and factors that predispose an individual towards entrepreneurial intent within the South African context. Equally so, there is little research on generational theory and how this relates to entrepreneurial activity as a whole. This study focuses on comparing the X and Y generational cohorts in terms of their propensity towards entrepreneurial intent within the context of South Africa. Research was conducted following an in depth literature review which focused on the concept of entrepreneurship and its effect on the economy, generational theory and the interaction and influence of generational cohort theory on the drivers of entrepreneurial intent. The data gathered through the course of the literature review was utilised as a theoretical foundation on which to build propositions of entrepreneurial intent and from which a quantitative survey instrument was developed. The quantitative survey was open to any South African individual who falls within the X or Y generational cohort as defined in this study.Key findings include similarities and differences between the X and Y generational cohort individuals in terms of the following aspects: education and entrepreneurial training; exposure to technology; problem solving; leadership orientation; visionary perspective; the influence of family and organisational support networks; creativity and innovation, attitude towards risk-taking and self-confidence. It is hoped that the findings contribute to the existing literature on entrepreneurial intent and in particular to that within the South African context of the X and Y generational cohorts. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

No description available.

No description available.

Generational cycles of teenage pregnancy trend among many families create economic, social, and health problems on teen parents and their families. Scholarly literature includes quantitative studies addressing the issue of teenage pregnancy but there is not many qualitative studies about the family cycle of teenage pregnancy among a highly-concentrated area of African American females in the Southern region of the United States. The life history theory and the socialization and social control theories of the intergenerational transmission of early childbearing served as the theoretical framework.. A qualitative case study is designed to identify factors that contributed to generational cycles of teenage pregnancy among families in the Southern region of the United States. Data were collected using questionnaires from 3 family triads of teenage mothers. Data were analyzed and display tables were created. The results indicated that participants had a lack of knowledge of proper contraceptive use and experienced peer pressure to engage in sexual behaviors. Teenagers looked at their mothers and sister's pregnancy in a favorable way making their pregnancy acceptable within families. Most participants felt teenagers should wait before becoming pregnant. Participants felt teenage mothers could overcome obstacles associated with teenage pregnancies. Pregnancy prevention programs may benefit from the results of this study through parenting programs to teach mothers, who were pregnant in their teen age, how to communicate with their teenage daughters about their sexual experiences.

Previous research has shown that job satisfaction contributed to better employee engagement and intention to stay in organizations. Hotel employees who are satisfied with their job pursue their job tasks in a quality manner which possibly will establish competitive advantage for hotel organizations. This study extended the prior work of intrinsic motivation from the job itself based on Job Characteristics Model by examining: (1) the differences in job satisfaction of chain hotel employees from three generations; Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials, and (2) to compare and contrast the generational perspectives on job satisfaction. The job satisfaction was measured in terms of the core job characteristics, critical psychological states, aspects of the jobs, and feeling of other employees with similar jobs. The Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS) was used in this study with some demographic questions. A purposive sample of 108 chain hotel employees from five hotel chains in three counties in southern Illinois participated in this survey. One way ANOVA and Welch ANOVA were conducted to investigate the differences between groups. The Games-Howell post-hoc test was used to confirm group differences. Overall differences were found between Baby Boomers and Millennials and between Baby Boomers and Generation X. There were no overall differences found between Generation X and Millennials. The findings indicated that Baby Boomers have the most engagement in the workplace and have more intention to stay in hotel organizations.

No description available.

This is a secondary research study and is part of a broader project on the relational experiences between older persons and younger people. The focus of this study is on the nature of intergenerational transmission from the perspective of older persons. Intergenerational transmission is the process by which knowledge, resources and support are transferred between generations. In terms of the current study, a specific focus was not undertaken as it was the intention to determine what would emanate from the data. Transmission can take place through teaching, observation, modelling and story-telling. This process can take place both from the older to the younger generation (downwards) and from the younger to the older generation (upwards). Downward transmission from older to younger persons may serve to satisfy the need for generativity, according to the lifespan development theory. A generative need is associated with the desire to teach and mentor the younger generation and to pass on a positive legacy. Intergenerational transmission is also facilitated if generational members adopt the perspective of the generational other, according to generational intelligence theory. This research is motivated by the observation that previous studies had for the most part been conducted internationally, with little focus on intergenerational transmission. Effective intergenerational relationships and transmission have the potential to fulfil the needs both of the younger and the older generations and therefore merit investigation. Secondary data were used for this research. Data from an original study that focused on the relational experiences of older persons in relation to young adults were used. The orginal study included a sample of 18 (7 men and 11 women) older persons from the Service Centre in Potchefstroom. They were aged between 60 and 84 and were either Afrikaans- or English-speaking. Inclusion criteria also stated that the older persons had to function independently and not demonstrate any visible cognitive disability. Previous particpation in research on relational experiences with younger generations was an exclusion criterion. Data were obtained by means of the Mmogo-method®. This is a visual research method that is based on projection. Participants are provided with materials such as clay, straws and colourful beads. Based on an open-ended prompt, namely to show how they experience their relationships with persons younger than 25, visual and textual data were obtained. Secondary data analyses were conducted by using sequential and visual analysis to explore the nature of transmission from the perspective of older persons. Trustworthiness was ensured during data analysis by various methods. Conceptual coherence of the topic was ensured by using literature to support the research question and themes that emerged from the data analysis. The method of data gathering was chosen with the specific intention of attaining rich personal perspectives as well as a collective experience from participants, thus ensuring data saturation. The researcher also attempted to demonstrate integrity and transparency throughout the process by providing a clear and detailed audit trail. Both upward and downward transmissions were perceived by the older generation as being present. Both these transmissions were described as being conditionally dependent. Conditions included age, competency, regular contact, using a person-centred approach and transferring knowledge in a systematic manner. Specific commodities were transmitted from the older persons to the younger people and vice versa. The older persons transmitted skills, emotional and physical care, values and the teachings of their heritage. The older persons, in their turn, experienced young people as transferring knowledge about technology and new innovations as well as positive attitudes to their elders. Some of the older people described how they used prescriptive methods when transmitting to the younger generation whereas others felt that more faciltative methods were more effective. The older generation experienced the response of the younger generation to downward transmission as either receptive or resistant. Descriptions of their motivation for transmission to the younger generation indicated that it might be generativity or a feeling of obligation. Findings from this study could be used to facilitate programmes that promote intergenerational relationships and transmission. Findings may also be valuable in terms of stimulating further research enquiry. / MSc (Clinical Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This is a secondary research study and is part of a broader project on the relational experiences between older persons and younger people. The focus of this study is on the nature of intergenerational transmission from the perspective of older persons. Intergenerational transmission is the process by which knowledge, resources and support are transferred between generations. In terms of the current study, a specific focus was not undertaken as it was the intention to determine what would emanate from the data. Transmission can take place through teaching, observation, modelling and story-telling. This process can take place both from the older to the younger generation (downwards) and from the younger to the older generation (upwards). Downward transmission from older to younger persons may serve to satisfy the need for generativity, according to the lifespan development theory. A generative need is associated with the desire to teach and mentor the younger generation and to pass on a positive legacy. Intergenerational transmission is also facilitated if generational members adopt the perspective of the generational other, according to generational intelligence theory. This research is motivated by the observation that previous studies had for the most part been conducted internationally, with little focus on intergenerational transmission. Effective intergenerational relationships and transmission have the potential to fulfil the needs both of the younger and the older generations and therefore merit investigation. Secondary data were used for this research. Data from an original study that focused on the relational experiences of older persons in relation to young adults were used. The orginal study included a sample of 18 (7 men and 11 women) older persons from the Service Centre in Potchefstroom. They were aged between 60 and 84 and were either Afrikaans- or English-speaking. Inclusion criteria also stated that the older persons had to function independently and not demonstrate any visible cognitive disability. Previous particpation in research on relational experiences with younger generations was an exclusion criterion. Data were obtained by means of the Mmogo-method®. This is a visual research method that is based on projection. Participants are provided with materials such as clay, straws and colourful beads. Based on an open-ended prompt, namely to show how they experience their relationships with persons younger than 25, visual and textual data were obtained. Secondary data analyses were conducted by using sequential and visual analysis to explore the nature of transmission from the perspective of older persons. Trustworthiness was ensured during data analysis by various methods. Conceptual coherence of the topic was ensured by using literature to support the research question and themes that emerged from the data analysis. The method of data gathering was chosen with the specific intention of attaining rich personal perspectives as well as a collective experience from participants, thus ensuring data saturation. The researcher also attempted to demonstrate integrity and transparency throughout the process by providing a clear and detailed audit trail. Both upward and downward transmissions were perceived by the older generation as being present. Both these transmissions were described as being conditionally dependent. Conditions included age, competency, regular contact, using a person-centred approach and transferring knowledge in a systematic manner. Specific commodities were transmitted from the older persons to the younger people and vice versa. The older persons transmitted skills, emotional and physical care, values and the teachings of their heritage. The older persons, in their turn, experienced young people as transferring knowledge about technology and new innovations as well as positive attitudes to their elders. Some of the older people described how they used prescriptive methods when transmitting to the younger generation whereas others felt that more faciltative methods were more effective. The older generation experienced the response of the younger generation to downward transmission as either receptive or resistant. Descriptions of their motivation for transmission to the younger generation indicated that it might be generativity or a feeling of obligation. Findings from this study could be used to facilitate programmes that promote intergenerational relationships and transmission. Findings may also be valuable in terms of stimulating further research enquiry. / MSc (Clinical Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015