L’entrée à la « grande école » représente un passage : de l’école maternelle à l’école élémentaire, il s’agit symboliquement pour l’enfant de se séparer davantage de ses parents et d’entrer sur la voie des apprentissages. Or, quelquefois le développement de troubles comportementaux est corrélé à ce passage. Parmi les enfants qui présentent de tels troubles certains sont soumis à un secret de filiation. La situation d’apprentissage, en encensant le savoir, fait flamber la problématique de l’enfant concernant ses origines et génère un conflit intrapsychique qui se traduit dans le comportement explosif. L’enfant doute d’être le rejeton de ses parents et il les soupçonne de dissimuler « la vérité ». Il est partagé entre le désir et l’interdit de savoir. Les parents font obstacle à la transmission de ce savoir car leur relation avec l’enfant s’est fondée sur un mensonge par omission et ils craignent d’être désavoués si l’enfant apprenait qu’ils ont menti. Malgré les mots tus et les non-dits, la relation aux savoirs scolaires n’est pas entachée ; au contraire, les enfants sont avides de connaissances. Mais face au silence de sa famille, la résistance de l’enfant s’érige dans son corps et son langage subversifs : à l’école, la relation aux autres est investie sur un mode agressif, revendicatif et le mensonge est presque une seconde nature. Toutefois, révéler le secret de filiation n’a pas les effets escomptés pour l’école ; c’est-à-dire la disparition du trouble du comportement. L’enfant ne renonce pas facilement aux bénéfices secondaires que lui procurait son symptôme. D’autre part, le fonctionnement psychique de l’enfant s’était clivé à partir de la dichotomie entre famille, lieu du secret, et école, lieu du savoir ; un temps de latence est donc logiquement nécessaire, suite à la révélation du secret, pour que l’enfant puisse réaliser un travail de réélaboration psychique de sa place dans la généalogie et l’histoire familiale. Pourtant, le risque d’une rupture entre institution scolaire et famille est constamment présent avec le spectre d’une exclusion de l’école, voire d’une déscolarisation. / Entry to “Grade School” represents a passage : from Pre-School to Elementary School. It is symbolic for the child to be separated from his parents. Sometimes, the development of behavioral troubles is correlated to this passage. Among children who show such troubles, some face to a “secret of filiation”. The situation of apprenticeship, by praising the knowledge, lights the fire of his own origins and leads an intrapsychic conflict. Child doubts to be the “offspring” of the parents and suspects them to hide “the Truth”. He is torn between the desire and the prohibition of Knowledge. Parents interfere with this transmission of knowledge because their relationship, with the child, is based on a lie by omission. They are feared to be disowned by their child if he knew that they were lying. Despite the “silent an unspoken words”, the desire of knowledge is not questioned. Children are hungering for knowledge. But, in front of the family silence, the resistance of the child is erecting in his body and in his subversive language : in school, the relationship with the other is invested on an aggressive stance and the lie is almost a second nature. However, exposing the “secret of filiation” does not having the desired effects. That is : there is no disappearance of behavioral troubles. On the one hand, the child does not give up easily on his problem. On the other hand, his psychic functioning was cleft from the dichotomy between the family as a place of secret, and the school, as a place of knowledge ; latency is therefore necessary, following the exposure of the secret, so that the child can realise a psychic reorganization from his place in genealogy and family history. However, the risk of rupture between school institution and family constantly exists with the spectrum of school exclusion.

Thesis advisor: Summer H. Hawkins / Thesis advisor: David Takeuchi / Dramatic increase in the number of people living to old age has led to a higher prevalence of three-generational households during the last few decades. And co-resident grandparents play a more important role in the lives of children as caregivers in three-generational households. However, little is known about the longitudinal effects of co-resident grandparents on grandchildren’s health. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) from Wave I-III, this three-paper dissertation explored the longitudinal effects of co-residence with grandparents on the physical and psychological health of grandchildren in three-generational households across racial/ethnic groups. Paper 1 investigated the determinants of co-residence with grandparents in three-generational households within the family context, showing that co-residence with a grandparent was associated with low socio-economic status for white families, and with family culture for Hispanic families. Paper 2 examined the influence of co-residence with grandparents on BMI trajectories as adolescents age into emerging adulthood across racial/ethnic groups. The results showed that Hispanic adolescents who lived with a grandparent showed significantly slower rates of BMI growth compared to those who have not lived with a grandparent during adolescence. Paper 3 examined how co-residence with a grandparent affects adolescents’ depressive trajectories as they age into early adulthood and whether this relationship varies by immigrant generational status. The results showed that Asian first-generation immigrant adolescents experienced less depressive symptoms than Asian second- and third- generation immigrant adolescents in three-generational households. This dissertation suggested that we attempt to provide intergenerational policies and services to improve the well-being of all family members. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

For centuries, people have been telling stories of the traumatic events in their lives in order to deal with the lasting effects of those traumas. This thesis will explore the way Gábor Schein applies this belief to his own writing by focusing on his protagonists’ connection with the Holocaust. In his novels, The Book of Mordechai and Lazarus, Schein uses the protagonists to reveal the process of recovery through storytelling. By applying the theory of narrative therapy to Schein’s writings, it becomes apparent how vital the moments of sharing are for those suffering from trauma. Schein’s protagonists have suffered several forms of mental and physical displacement, but they find a new home and sense of community with the people that they share their stories. Many studies have been done on the effect that trauma has on memory and how those memories, no matter how terrible they may be, can be shared with happiness. Schein’s protagonists engage in social sharing of their stories to build off of each other’s memories and regain a semblance of the community they lost.

Motivation is rarely used as a diversity management strategy, and as a result, little academic research explores the relationship between generational age differences and motivation in public sector management. Using Deci's intrinsic and extrinsic motivation theory as the foundation, the purpose of this correlational design study was to evaluate the relationship between generational age differences and employee motivation in a Maryland government agency. Data were collected through an online survey using the Work Preference Inventory from 35 of the agency's 5585 employees, born between 1946 and 2000. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with post-hoc tests to assess the relationship between the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations of Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y. Findings of the ANOVA revealed that there were no statistically significant associations between the 3 generational cohorts regarding intrinsic or extrinsic motivations suggesting that there are no differences among the 3 generations in terms of preferences. However, an analysis of correlations between intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for both Baby Boomers and Generation X were strongly positive at r = .862 and .602 respectively, but strongly negative for Generation Y at r = -0.856. One of the social change implications stemming from this study is the recommendation for public organizations to explore a blend of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to attract and enhance the longevity of members of each generational group in the public sector. This provides a more balanced and cost effective approach in sustaining generational diversity in the sector through employee motivation. This will benefit the general public because they could receive efficient services offered with minimal personnel cost.

High employee turnover rates are problematic in the retail banking industry because turnover increases the risk of costly regulatory compliance mistakes. The factors that predict turnover in this industry are not well understood, however. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship between the independent variables of job satisfaction, burnout, time on the job, generational identity, and the dependent variable of turnover intention for retail banking employees in the United States. Mannheim's theory of generations was the framework for this study. A random sample of 100 individuals from the banking industry responded to an online survey that combined elements of a job satisfaction survey by Babin and Boles, a turnover intention survey by Boshoff and Allen, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results of the multiple linear regression analysis suggested statistically significant (p < .001) relationships between burnout and turnover intention �� = 0.297) and between job satisfaction and turnover intention (� = 0.683). These findings are congruent with research that shows that satisfied employees report less burnout and are more likely to remain in their job. Positive social change may occur because reduced employee turnover allows banks to serve businesses and consumers in local communities better and to accomplish their financial goals and objectives, thus potentially leading to improvements in community stability. Reduced employee turnover in turn increases the likelihood of positive contributions to economic activity, as well increased employment and improvements in the overall employment experience for retail banking employees through increased job satisfaction.

This thesis is written in the format of a three act play. The author has elected this structure to frame the ethnographic data and analysis because it seemed befitting for telling my own life story alongside the memories of three generations of my matrilateral and patrilateral Tongan family residing in Auckland New Zealand. Thus, actors and scenes play out the thesis storyline in three parts where each act is titled Prologue, Dialogue and Epilogue. The Prologue, part one of this three act play, is three chapters which sets in motion the main actors - the research participants, and the scenes - the ethnographic context in which data was collected. It represents an ethnographic mosaic of memory and meaning as co-constructed by actors in recounting how they make sense of their place, their time, in a transnational history, that is, a family of stories among three Tongan generations residing largely in Auckland New Zealand. The Dialogue, part two of this three act play, is four chapters which maps out the theoretical and ethnographic territory that actors and scenes border-cross to visit. By this, I mean that research participants are political actors subject to social factors which shape how their memories and ensuing meanings are selectively reproduced in certain contexts of retelling the past and its relevance to understanding the present. The Epilogue, part three of this three act play, is the curtain call for the closing chapter. It presents an ending in which a new 'identity' entry made by the youngest Tongan generation creates possibilities for social change not yet experienced by prior generations residing in Auckland New Zealand. This thesis is woven into an overarching argument. Here, three generations of my matrilateral and patrilateral Tongan family residing in Auckland New Zealand intersect through two modes of memory and meaning. First, family reconstruct collective memories of 'identity' and 'culture' to make sense of how their ancestral origin, their historical past, is meaningful in their transnational lives and lifestyles. Second, inter-generational change among Tongan family residing in Auckland New Zealand is a social-political product of the transnational condition experienced by ethnic-cultural groups categorised as 'minorities' in the developed world.

The centrality of the thesis is the impact upon the individual Greek migrant who chose to leave his place of birth by emigrating, repatriating, and subsequently re-emigrating, and how the surreptitious nature of acculturation alters perceptions and thoughts. The causes of such migratory translocations will be analyzed within the sociocultural and historicoeconomic conditions that appertained at the time the decisions were taken to deracinate oneself. The study will provide an analysis of diachronic Hellenic migration and Australian immigration policies (since its inception as a federated state). There will also be an analysis of Australia�s diachronic and dedicated immigration control mechanisms since federation, its various post-immigration integration policies of immigrants, the mass immigration program activated in the post-WWII period, and the adoption and incorporation of multiculturalism as the guiding force in migrant selection and integration. Australia�s history, its cultural inheritance, its socioeconomic development, and its attraction as a receiving country of immigrants are analyzed, as are Australia�s xenophobia and racism at its inception, and how these twin social factors influenced its immigration program. The study examines limitations placed upon social intercourse, employment opportunities, and other hindrances to Greek (and other non-British migrants) immigrants because of Australia�s adoption of restrictive, racially-based immigration policies. The study focuses upon the under-development of Hellas in the first half of the twentieth century, its high unemployment and under-employment rates, and the multiple other reasons, aside form unemployment, which forced thousands of Hellenes to seek an alternative (for a better life) through internal or external migration. Particular emphasis will be placed upon historic occasions in Greece�s history and the influence of foreign powers upon internal Greek politics. The motivations for each distinct stage of translocation, in the lives of the respondents, will be examined within the ambit of social, cultural, economic, and historical context, which will place emphasis on the socioeconomic development of Hellas, the development of Hellenic Diaspora, Australia�s development as a receiving immigrant country, and the effects of acculturation and nostalgia upon first-generation Greek-Australians. Given that the thesis is based upon personal recollections and detailed information that span decades of the respondents� lives, the thesis is divided into four parts for greater clarity and comprehension: the first examines respondents� lives in region of birth, their families� economic, educational, and social environment, scholastic achievements by respondents, employment status, future prospects, religiosity, hopes and aspirations, and reasons for seeking to migrate. The second part examines respondents� lives in Australia, within the contextuality of accommodation, employment, family creation, social adaptation, language acquisition, attitude towards unionism and religion, expectations about Australia, and reasons for repatriating. The third part analyzes repatriation and life in Greece through resettlement, accommodation, children�s schooling and adaptation, relatives� and friends� attitude, disappointments, and longing for things Australian, while it also examines re-emigratory causes and the disillusionment suffered through repatriation. The final part assesses resettlement in Australia, and all associated social, economic, and environmental aspects, as well as respondents� children�s readaptation to different lifestyle and educational system. The thesis concludes with recommendations for possible further studies associated with the thesis� nature.

Generational Accounting (GA), developed by Auerbach. Gokhale and Kotlikoff (1991) is an alternative and dynamic method employed in measuring the impact of existing fiscal policies on current and future generations. The method is based on the government&rsquo / s intertemporal budget constraint which principally requires that the present value of current and future generations&rsquo / net tax payments plus the existing net wealth be sufficient enough to cover for government&rsquo / s future consumption. In contrast to the traditional and static measures of fiscal sustainability, GA method reveals the intergenerational distribution of tax burden and helps identifying the policies that can alleviate the generational imbalance. This paper constructs and presents the first set of generational accounts for Turkey in an attempt to measure the generational gap and compare the Turkish intergenerational fiscal outlook to a number of developed and developing countries.

In the generational shift, sharing the knowledge of the older generation to the younger coworkers is an important consideration. The aim of this study is to explore knowledge sharing from aging workers to younger workers and the potential of improving knowledge sharing within organizations. A multiple case study was executed in three different organizational contexts: The Municipality, The School and The Manufacturer. The data collection consisted of semi-structured individual interviews, focus interviews, document analyses and statistics. The results were analyzed in within-case and cross-case analysis, triangulated and related to previous research. The conclusion is that knowledge sharing is generally perceived as a ninformal activity and an issue lacking strategic relevance in organizations. There are however possibilities to make knowledge sharing in the generational shift into a legitimate strategic consideration, if activities are formally created to support strategic objectives. A process for choosing and evaluating knowledge sharing programs is presented.

The centrality of the thesis is the impact upon the individual Greek migrant who chose to leave his place of birth by emigrating, repatriating, and subsequently re-emigrating, and how the surreptitious nature of acculturation alters perceptions and thoughts. The causes of such migratory translocations will be analyzed within the sociocultural and historicoeconomic conditions that appertained at the time the decisions were taken to deracinate oneself. The study will provide an analysis of diachronic Hellenic migration and Australian immigration policies (since its inception as a federated state). There will also be an analysis of Australia�s diachronic and dedicated immigration control mechanisms since federation, its various post-immigration integration policies of immigrants, the mass immigration program activated in the post-WWII period, and the adoption and incorporation of multiculturalism as the guiding force in migrant selection and integration. Australia�s history, its cultural inheritance, its socioeconomic development, and its attraction as a receiving country of immigrants are analyzed, as are Australia�s xenophobia and racism at its inception, and how these twin social factors influenced its immigration program. The study examines limitations placed upon social intercourse, employment opportunities, and other hindrances to Greek (and other non-British migrants) immigrants because of Australia�s adoption of restrictive, racially-based immigration policies. The study focuses upon the under-development of Hellas in the first half of the twentieth century, its high unemployment and under-employment rates, and the multiple other reasons, aside form unemployment, which forced thousands of Hellenes to seek an alternative (for a better life) through internal or external migration. Particular emphasis will be placed upon historic occasions in Greece�s history and the influence of foreign powers upon internal Greek politics. The motivations for each distinct stage of translocation, in the lives of the respondents, will be examined within the ambit of social, cultural, economic, and historical context, which will place emphasis on the socioeconomic development of Hellas, the development of Hellenic Diaspora, Australia�s development as a receiving immigrant country, and the effects of acculturation and nostalgia upon first-generation Greek-Australians. Given that the thesis is based upon personal recollections and detailed information that span decades of the respondents� lives, the thesis is divided into four parts for greater clarity and comprehension: the first examines respondents� lives in region of birth, their families� economic, educational, and social environment, scholastic achievements by respondents, employment status, future prospects, religiosity, hopes and aspirations, and reasons for seeking to migrate. The second part examines respondents� lives in Australia, within the contextuality of accommodation, employment, family creation, social adaptation, language acquisition, attitude towards unionism and religion, expectations about Australia, and reasons for repatriating. The third part analyzes repatriation and life in Greece through resettlement, accommodation, children�s schooling and adaptation, relatives� and friends� attitude, disappointments, and longing for things Australian, while it also examines re-emigratory causes and the disillusionment suffered through repatriation. The final part assesses resettlement in Australia, and all associated social, economic, and environmental aspects, as well as respondents� children�s readaptation to different lifestyle and educational system. The thesis concludes with recommendations for possible further studies associated with the thesis� nature.