Why do we care for future generations? This work argues that the reason we care for future generations lies in our psychogenetic nature. When we think of future generations, we feel that we have to do something for them. If we all have a common feeling profile, it is plausible to assume that this common feeling profile includes &ldquo / caring for future generations&rdquo / , because all of us do care for at least our own future generations. This psychogenetic disposition enables us to explain why sometimes we act as if we do not care for future generations as well. I believe that instead of telling people what their obligations are, it would be more realistic to reach their feelings deep inside: once people are aware of their true feelings, the situation can change.

This dissertation contains three essays. The first and second essays examine intergenerational mobility in earnings in Brazil using a data set spanning three generations. I use data from PNAD{a nationally representative household survey in Brazil. I build a three-generations data set consisting of 5,125 grandfather-father- son triplets by restricting the sample to households with adult sons. The first essay estimates some relationships between a child's earnings and family background implied by the Becker-Tomes model. I find that the estimates contradict some of its predictions, like the negative relationship between child's earnings and grandparent's earnings when controlling for parent's earnings. I propose a modified version of the Becker-Tomes model and find that the estimates are consistent with its predictions. I find that family background explains 34.9% of the variation in earnings among young males who live with their parents. If it were possible to eliminate the differences in investment in the children's human capital, the variation in earnings would fall by no more than 21.1%. Additionally, if there were no differences in endowments among children, the variation in earnings would fall by no less than 26%. The second essay examines the evolution of the intergenerational elasticity across generations and im- plications of marriage, education and fertility on mobility. I find that the estimate of the intergenerational elasticity in earnings is 0.847. The elasticity of earnings between son-in-law and father-in-law, 0.89, is approximately the same as the elasticity between son and father, 0.9. Additionally, controlling for fathers' percentile in the earnings distribution, each additional sibling decreases the sons' percentile by 1.77 percentiles. The third essay estimates an indicator of the optimal investment in electricity generation in Texas, and the associated efficiency gains. The essay presents a method to estimate the optimal investment in each technology available to generate electricity. The estimation considers the expected entry and exit of generation plants, future fuel prices, different demand elasticities and a potential carbon allowance mar- kets. Considering a carbon allowance price equal to two times the level in Europe, the optimal investment in electricity generation in Texas is zero.

Univ., Diss (Nicht für den Austausch)--Bielefeld, 2006.

Thesis (D. Miss.)--Western Seminary, Portland, OR, 2001. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 250-255).

Millennial-aged young adults, often referred to as “digital natives,” comprise the typical college-age population, and there has been a growing number college students at risk for mental health problems (Mowbray, Mandiberg, Stein, Kopels, Curlin, Megivern, Strauss, Collins & Lett, 2006; Eisenberg, Gollust, Golberstein & Hefner, 2007). Suicide is the second leading cause of death among college students (Suicide Statistics, 2014); however, their rate of utilizing mental heath counseling is decreasing. Providing the types of mental health services college students are likely to use can mitigate factors thought to impede their use (e.g., stigma, anonymity, confidentiality), as well as help improve students’ learning and success and reduce college attrition rates. Minimal research has been conducted on undergraduate college students’ attitudes about Internet-based mental health interventions, and the findings from those studies are conflicting. This study attempts to fill in the missing data to address undergraduate students’ attitudes about several types Internet-based of mental health counseling, and to determine the extent of their familiarity with its terminology. Forty-two undergraduate college students participated in a survey where they were asked about their familiarity with Internet-based mental health interventions, experience with and preferences for mental health counseling, and the availability of campus-based Internet mental health interventions. Quantitative data was collected, and descriptive statistics and chi square test of independence were calculated. The students’ familiarity with Internet-based mental health interventions did not influence their use of counseling services, but they were interested in knowing more about mental health-related cell phone apps. Other findings are discussed, conclusions are drawn, and recommendations for future study and implications for the field are included.

Temos problema ir aktualumas. Šios temos aktualumą ir naujumą atskleidžia faktai, kad pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais išsivysčiusiose šalyse tradicinės šeimos funkcionavimas bei jos raida patyrė gana didelių pokyčių. Įvairių sričių mokslininkus šeima kaip visuomenės institutas domina nuo seniausių laikų. Nūdienos požiūris į šeimą yra veikiamas ėjimo į liberalią ir rinkos ekonomikos visuomenę. Šeimos institucijos suvokimas kinta, įsigalint globalizacijai bei postmodernistiniam pasaulio suvokimui. Kintant šeimos suvokimui, keičiasi ir socialinės normos, santykiai, vertybės. Tyrimo problema. Šeimos vertybių kaitos problematika žvelgiant trijų kartų akimis. Darbo objektas. Tradicinės šeimos vertybės ir jų kaita. Darbo tikslas. Išstudijuoti ir ištirti trijų kartų atstovų požiūrį į šeimą, jos vertybes bei tų vertybių pokyčius. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Išnagrinėti šeimos instituto funkcijas. 2. Išstudijuoti teorinius požiūrius į šeimą. 3. Išanalizuoti XXI a. pasaulio iššūkius šeimos institutui bei vertybių suvokimą. 4. Ištirti šeimos vertybes ir pateikti trijų kartų įžvalgas. Darbo metodai. Mokslinės, psichologinės, pedagoginės literatūros ir šeimos institutą reglamentuojančių dokumentų bei kitų šaltinių analizė ir pusiau struktūruotas interviu. Tyrimas atliekamas tam tikrais etapais: 1. Interviu su pirmosios kartos atstovais (vaikais) ir interviu rezultatų analizė; 2. Interviu su antrosios kartos atstovais (tėvais) ir interviu rezultatų analizė; 3. Interviu su trečiosios kartos atstovais... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Problem and relevance of the work. Relevance of this topic and the novelty of the facts reveals that, there are the traditional family functioning and its development has suffered rather major changes in recent decades in developed countries. Since the ancient times scientists from different fields are interested in family as a public institute. Today's approach to the family is affected by walking into a liberal and a market economy society. Perception of the family institution changes, because globalization and postmodern world view taking hold. social norms, relationships, values is changing when changes the perception of the family. Problem. The problematic of changes of the family values: a three-generations insights. Object. Family values and their changes. Objective. To study and explore attitudes towards the family, its values and the changes of the values. Tasks: 1. To review functions of the family institution. 2. To study the theoretical views to the family. 3. To analyze the challenges of the twenty-first century to the family institute and the perception of its values. 4. To explore the values of the family and to provide a three-generations insights. Methods. First, analysis of scientific, psychological and educational literature and the documents which governing family institute and other sources; second - semi-structured interview. The study was done in stages: 1. Interviews with representatives of the first generation (children) and interview results; 2... [to full text]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and motivations for participation in Shinto rituals in Kyoto, Japan. The study involved both qualitative and quantitative data gathered in July and August of 2009. The principal data consists of 85 surveys conducted in person on the grounds of Yasaka Shrine in Kyoto. Supplemental data from informal interviews with 10 individuals who live in the surrounding area serve to highlight themes and conclusions extrapolated from the data. The primary goal of this study was to discern what, if any, differences in behavior are apparent across age groups. It was found that there are in fact a number of differences including frequency of participation, types of rituals participated in, level of involvement in rituals, and even distance traveled to participate in rituals. This study offers a number of explanations as to why these differences may exist, but these explanations remain highly speculative. As such this study represents an initial investigation in age differences and religiosity in Japan, a topic that has had very little attention in the academic literature thus far. / Historical origins, Shinto and politics -- Theoretical evaluations -- Fieldwork in Kyoto, Japan -- Visitation : motives and frequency -- Ritual behavior -- Identity. / Department of Anthropology

This paper develops a model in which it is possible to evaluate alternatives of higher education financing. The alternative systems under discussion are: total fecing, graduates' taxes and uniform taxes (this can be associated to the scheme presently used in the Argentina to finance the universities). Assessment of the alternatives is performed over welfare, based on the indicators of poverty, equality, and the average levels of utility and wealth. Likewise, the functions of welfare presented by Bentham, Rawls, Atkinson, Sen and Kakwani are also considered. The most remarkable results are obtained through the simulation of an economy under two scenarios. In that way, the system of graduates' taxation is found to be better for welfare; whereas the system of uniform taxation only can be justified as it maximizes the number of students.

This thesis focuses on changes in the value of educational capital over time. Taking as a point of departure Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of a multidimensional social space, the thesis examines how this value is affected when educational assets—through the democratization of education—are becoming more widespread across this space (i.e. the population). The studies are based on datasets from Statistics Sweden, comprising the complete censuses of 1960 to 1990, LISA-registers, and registers of wealth and income. Different approaches are employed: the use of the Gini-coefficient to catch changes in the distribution of education; comparative models to investigate cohorts at different points in time; and specific multiple correspondence analysis to study the distribution of several assets simultaneously.  Three aspects are explored: the distributions, returns, and uses of education. Firstly, while there is a steady increase in the average number of years of schooling, there is a different pattern in the development of the distribution of education. Three phases were distinguished: one of increasing levels of inequality, one of decreasing inequality, and one in which the inequality levelled out. Secondly, the returns of education have diminished as far as economic gains are concerned, causing a fracture between different social generations, at the same time as the returns in a wider social sense have remained relatively stable. However, the relative stability hides crucial discrepancies. Groups with the lowest level of education are further marginalized and distances between ‘economic’ and ‘cultural’ groups are growing. Thirdly, in their modes of using the educational system, there are glaring differences between the economic elite and the cultural elite, although both utilize prestigious educational institutions as sites of social reproduction. The fundamental difference consists in that exclusive educational strategies are not as necessary to the dominant fraction of the economic elite. Their children are able to choose more freely among the offers of higher education.  The paradoxical development of the value of education is that while the absolute value of educational capital has decreased in general, the differences in relative value persist.

In recent years, succession has become a major theme in family business research. Much of the research effort has concentrated on the managerial dimension of succession, often subordinating the importance of other major variables such as family relationship dynamics and the form of business ownership on the succession outcome. Family enterprises are generally conceptualised as a dynamic, evolving systems in which the actions and interactions taking place amongst constituent groups determine the system's outputs. This study aimed to overcome the limitations of examining only one dimension of a system's activities by carrying out a longitudinal holistic analysis of the evolution of the family enterprise system as it went through the process of generational transition. The research for this thesis employed the multiple case study method to investigate the influence of emotional and developmental factors on the ability of business-owning families to make progress with the tasks required to complete a generational transition. Three specific issues were examined: the nature of the task environment facing the family enterprise system over the duration of the transition period; the approaches used by families to address the tasks required for them to move through the stages making up the transition process; and the extent to which emotional and developmental factors prevented or promoted progress being made with the generational transition. The results reveal that families face the same sequence of stages in the generational transition process. However, they differ in their ability to move through these stages, towards closure of the transition period and the achievement of a succession outcome, Importantly, the degree to which individuals and families are able to make progress is related to their ability to manage the anxiety generated during the transition process. Anxiety is created when the structures or network of interrelationships that hold their family enterprise system intact are evaluated and may be dismantled and reconstructed differently for the next stage in the system's development. The study supports the view that anxiety is generated during transition times when developmental pressures for change build up from changes taking place in the life-cycles underway within the family enterprise system. It also supports the view that developmental pressure (such as a crisis) from the business subsystem alone does not lead to transition task activity and progress. Progress in response to business sub-system pressure comes about when the opportunity exists to solve an ongoing adult development problem by implementing a solution to a transition task problem. The ability to manage anxiety was found to be related to both the quality of emotional functioning in the family and the extent to which the adult development agendas of both generations are in alignment. Favourable alignment brought a developmental opportunity for the individuals concerned. It allowed them to do the exploratory work required in order to assess the extent to which the family business could provide part of their life structure for the next phase of their development. However, in addition to adult development generational alignment, the study confirmed that the quality of emotional functioning in the family (their ability to overcome multigenerational patterns of functioning and behaviour) influenced the family's ability to make progress with ownership transfer and other tasks. The study concludes that emotional and developmental influences are mediating factors between the forces for change originating in the family enterprise system and its environment and the ability of those in the system to respond to the need for change and manage the transition process. It also found that families significantly underestimate the nature and complexity of the work involved in the transition process, as well as the timescale and emotional commitment required to complete the transition.