Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study area, represented by the river Basin Ibicuí of the Armada (BHRIA), located in the southwest portion of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Stretch your area on portions of three major cities in the state, they are: Dom Pedrito, Santana do Livramento and South Rosary. Overall objective of this work is a geo environmental zoning, using as input information relating to the physical environment and the use and occupation. The rationale for choosing BHRIA, was the fact that present significant cases of superficial and economic dynamics, besides being an area rich in terms of geology, hydrology and geomorphological features. The number of work with this theme are still rarefied in this region. The term "zoning" in the proposal developed in LAGEOLAM / UFSM, refers to the installment of a given geographical area and has its direction in determining the weaknesses and environmental potential of landscapes. The definition of a homogeneous environmental unit may use a single parameter or a group of them to form one unit, which is the basis for analysis of an area. Parameter is defined as the basic element that is inserted and handled on a cartographic document, such as information that is part of the environment components. The theoretical assumptions that guide the research related to geoenvironmental studies focus on systemic character information, dealing with the integration of elements of nature and society spatialized form. The diagnosis provides information relating to natural and man-made features that comprise the study area, indicating potential and susceptibilities of systems and units. This paper presents information that can be used as territorial planning tools, as well as serving as a subsidy as the basic education of people in cities that occupy the watershed. / A área de estudo, representada pela Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Ibicuí da Armada (BHRIA), localiza-se na porção sudoeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Estende sua área, sobre porções de três grandes municípios gaúchos, são eles: Dom Pedrito, Santana do Livramento e Rosário do Sul. Objetivo geral deste trabalho é realizar um zoneamento geoambiental, usando como subsídio informações referentes ao meio físico e ao uso e ocupação. A justificativa pela escolha da BHRIA, ocorreu pelo fato dessa apresentar processos significativos de dinâmica superficial e econômica, além de ser uma área rica em termos de geologia, hidrografia e feições geomorfológicas. Também o número de trabalhos com esse tema ainda são rarefeitos nessa região. O termo zoneamento , na proposta desenvolvida no LAGEOLAM/UFSM, refere-se ao parcelamento de um determinado espaço geográfico e tem seu direcionamento na determinação das fragilidades e potencialidades ambientais das paisagens. Na definição de uma unidade ambiental homogênea pode-se utilizar um único parâmetro ou um grupo deles para formar uma unidade, que é a base para a análise de uma área. Define-se como parâmetro o elemento base que será inserido e manuseado sobre um documento cartográfico, como informação que representa parte dos componentes do ambiente. As pressuposições teóricas que norteiam as pesquisas relacionadas a estudos geoambientais concentram-se em informações de caráter sistêmico, que tratam da integração dos elementos da natureza e sociedade de forma espacializada. O diagnóstico apresenta informações referentes aos aspectos naturais e antrópicos que compõem a área de estudo, indicando potencialidades e suscetibilidades dos sistemas e unidades. Esse trabalho apresenta informações que podem ser utilizadas como ferramentas de planejamento territorial, além de servirem como como subsidio a educação básica dos habitantes dos municípios que ocupam a bacia hidrográfica.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Human activities, in their diversity, it impact on the environment, causing profound changes in the natural landscape, which may reflect a framework of environmental degradation and loss of quality of life, especially in urban environments. Therefore, the environmental analysis beyond the limits of understanding of the natural or human framework, but the integration between society and nature, from the understanding of the processes that are triggered in space as a whole, with a view to identifying strengths and weaknesses. To contemplate this prospect, this research aims to environmental characterization of the landscape, through the development of geoenvironmental zoning of the urban area of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. The urban area, whose boundaries were defined by the municipality, has an area of 13,092 ha and includes the urban areas and the possible development. The research was undertaken with a theoretical framework for systemic analysis, using the landscape as a category of analysis, and methodological tools such as the use of geo, especially of GIS. The treatment methodology is based on the methodological approach developed by LAGEOLAM / UFSM, with some adjustments. The attributes used to geoenvironmental analysis are the climatic characteristics, the geological substrate, hydrology, geomorphology, surface features and the use and occupation soil. The spatial distribution of landscape components, except the weather information, the creation of thematic maps, and further integration, through a representation of synthesis was conducted in Spring 4.3.3 software, which allowed the manipulation of data from different sources. As a final product was established with a hierarchy composed of nine geoenvironmental units; six units and four features, identifying and limiting potential characteristics for each area. In general, the major limitations are associated flood plains Unit Vacacaí Vacacaí Mirim and the steep slopes in the Unit Campestre Menino Deus where the native vegetation has been preserved. The areas of greatest weakness defined by the occurrence of erosion in gullies, are associated with the Units Nova Santa Marta and Passo das Tropas. It is concluded that the development of Geo-environmental zoning, through the integrated study of the landscape, is an important tool in managing the resources of the area. / As atividades humanas, em sua diversidade, repercutem no ambiente, provocando profundas alterações na paisagem natural, que podem refletir num quadro de degradação ambiental, com perda da qualidade de vida, especialmente nos ambientes urbanos. Sendo assim, a análise ambiental ultrapassa os limites do entendimento do quadro natural ou do quadro humano, mas sim a integração entre sociedade e natureza, a partir do entendimento dos processos que se desencadeiam no espaço como um todo, com vistas a identificação de potencialidades e fragilidades. Buscando contemplar essa perspectiva, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo a caracterização geoambiental da paisagem, através da elaboração de zoneamento geoambiental do Perímetro Urbano de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. O perímetro urbano, cujos limites foram definidos pela municipalidade, possui uma área de 13.092 ha e engloba as áreas urbanas e as de possível urbanização. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida tendo como referencial teórico a análise sistêmica, utilizando-se da paisagem como categoria de análise, e como instrumental metodológico a utilização de geotecnologias, especialmente de SIG. O tratamento metodológico tem como base a proposta metodológica desenvolvida pelo LAGEOLAM/UFSM, com algumas adaptações. Os atributos utilizados na análise geoambiental compreendem as características climáticas, o substrato geológico, a hidrologia, a geomorfologia, as feições superficiais e o uso e ocupação do solo. A espacialização destes componentes da paisagem, exceto as informações climáticas, através da elaboração de mapas temáticos, e a posterior integração, por meio de uma representação de síntese, foi realizada no software Spring 4.3.3, que permitiu a manipulação de dados de diferentes fontes. Como produto final estabeleceu-se uma hierarquia composta por nove unidades geoambientais, seis subunidades e quatro feições, identificando características potenciais e limitantes para cada área. De modo geral, as maiores limitações estão associadas às planícies aluviais, Unidade Vacacaí Vacacaí Mirim, e as altas declividades na Unidade Campestre Menino Deus onde a vegetação nativa mantém-se preservada. As áreas de maior fragilidade definidas pela ocorrência de processos erosivos em ravinas e voçorocas, estão associadas as Unidades Nova Santa Marta e Passo das Tropas. Conclui-se que, a elaboração do zoneamento geoambiental, através do estudo integrado da paisagem, constitui numa importante ferramenta no gerenciamento dos recursos da área.

Thermal power station in most countries is saddled with the problem of fly ash disposal and unless suitable avenues are found for its proper use, this would pose a gigantic problem to the power sector. Disposal of huge quantities of fly ashes without proper care causes considerable impact on the environment particularly the one leading to soil and groundwater contamination. On the other hand, fly ashes have many desirable properties which can find applications in civil engineering, especially in geotechnical engineering. The pozzolanic reactivity is one of the important properties of fly ashes that enhance its application. Thought the fly ashes with self – pozzolanic property are well utilized, fly ashes with insufficient free lime, such as class F fly ashes are being grossly underutilized and they form a considerable portion of fly ashes that are disposed. Yet another factor restricting the use of fly ash is the concern about the leachability of lime under field conditions particularly under saturated or partially saturated conditions. Hence an attempt is made in this thesis, to reduce the lime leachability of class F fly ashes with different additives. Thus, selection of right amounts of additives to reduce the lime leacability is an important aspect studied in this thesis. Effect of such as strength, compressibility, and CBR value is also investigated. Another simple way to reduce the problem of disposal of fly ash is to utilize it for the construction of waste disposal sites particularly for lining solid waste disposal facilities in place of the natural clay materials which are very often procured by excavating and transporting from far off places. Also, the capacities of fly ashes to sorb heavy metal that are likely to be present in the leachates generated from the industrial wastes have been studied. Of the other factors limiting the generous use of fly ashes is the leachability of several trace elements present in them. Hence the leachability of trace metals from fly ashes under different practical situations, before and after incorporating the selected additives for improving the engineering properties of fly ashes, has been studied. The thesis is presented in 10 chapters. The relevant background for the studies and scope of the work is given Chapter 1. Sources of the fly ashes collected for the investigating along with their physical and chemical properties are presented in chapter 2. Two low line fly ashes are collected directly from the electronic precipitators of the thermal power plants located at Neyvelli town of the Tamil nadu and Maddanur town of Andhra Pradesh, India, named NFA and MFA respectively. MFA has greater finer particle content than NFA. The particles of MFA Have rougher surface compared to those of NFA. Both of fly ashes have predominantly quartz and mullite phase in them. The silica, total lime and carbon contents which have major influence on the pozzolanic reactivity of fly ashes vary considerably in the both the fly ashes. Lime leachability is taken as the amount of lime that is converted into soluble form (by dissociation into calcium and hydroxyl ions) under a standardized condition. It can be used to asses the long term sustainability of the strength achieved in fly ashes with lime. Lime leachability studies have been conducted on the fly ashes stabilized with different additives in specially designed moulds. Results presented in Chapter 3 showed that leachability of lime in fly ashes increases with the increase in lime content though it is not in proportion to the increase in lime content. This is because the solubility of lime is less and is independent of the total lime present. The marginal reduction in leachability is mainly due to cemented matrix of fly ash inhibiting the leaching of time. The higher the strength of the matrix the lower is the leachability. Further it is made clear that at any lime content presence of gypsum reduces the time leachability which has been attributed to the transformation of pozzolanic compounds into less soluble form than the compounds formed with lime alone. With the increase in curing period, the amount of lime that leaches from the lime-stabilized fly ashes as well as those treated with gypsum to a considerable extent. The nature of alteration does not seem to change with time as revealed by a good correlation between lime leachability ratios obtained after 7 days and 14 days of curing periods. Chapter 4 presents the results of unconfined compressive strength tests carried out on fly ashes with varying lime and gypsum contents, before soaking and also soaking in several heavy metal solutions, along with the durability to the cycle of wetting and drying. The results revealed that the strength of low lime fly ashes increases with lime content significantly up to the optimum lime content of about 2.5 – 5% and gradually thereafter. Addition of gypsum of 1 – 2.5% increases the strength of fly ashes further at any lime content. Increase in strength with gypsum, which is quite significant at lower lime contents initially, is observed for a considerable period (up to 180 days) at higher lime contents. The increase in strength is as high as 40-fold in some instances. This increase in strength which is also more durable has been attributed to the formation of calcium – sodium – aluminium - silicate hydrate along with calcium silicate hydrate. Further, it is observed that fly ash which responds better to lime stabilization shows accelerated gain in strength due to the addition of gypsum at early curing periods than the fly ash that responds solely to lime. Decrease in lime leachability ratio is a good indication of the increased strength along with the increased durability. California Bearing Radio (CBR) values are of great significance in the utilization of fly ashes in bulk quantities for the construction of road and railway embankments and pavements. Studies conducted to determine the CBR values of fly ashes with different lime and gypsum contents after curing for different time periods are described in chapter 5. The CBR values are observed to increase with lime alone significantly up to 2.5% and only marginally beyond. But the increase in CRB values is considerable with gypsum at any lime content. The increase in CBR value is particularly more with 2.5% gypsum for fly ashes with 2.5% lime. The CBR values of stabilized fly ashes are generally higher for 5 mm depth of penetration than those for 2.5 mm one due to the high stiffness of the matrix formed even at low strain levels. The loss in CBR values with soaking is relatively more at lower curing the periods due to the improper cementation of particles. Even after this significant loss in CBR values, fly ashes with 2.5% lime and 2.5% gypsum register the maximum values after curing under soaked condition. Unlike in the case of unconfined compressive strength, lime leachability values could not be well correlated with the CBR values of fly ashes with different lime and gypsum contents since many more factors influence the CBR values than those of unconfined compressive strength alone. Chapter 6.brings out the effects of addition of lime alone and lime along with gypsum on the compressibility behaviour of the fly ashes. Since the fly ashes when treated with additives develop strength and exhibit lower compression with the passage of time, consolidation testing with conventional duration of load increment may not be appropriate. Hence an attempt has been made to assess the minimum duration of load increment necessary to study the compressibility characteristics of such materials. Thus the compressibility behaviour of fly ashes with additives has been studied using conventional consolidation test with different durations of load increments varying from 30 minutes to 48 hours. The results indicated that 30 minutes of duration of load increment can be used to assess the compressibility behaviour of such materials. The effect of lime which reduces the compression is seen to be maximum from the results obtained with the load duration increment of 30 minutes but gradually reduce with higher duration of load increment. It has also been observed that the rate of decrease in the compressibility is maximum up to 2.5% lime and thereafter gradual. The compressibility of lime –treated fly ashes further reduces when gypsum is incorporated, the optimum gypsum percentage being 2.5. This reduction in the compressibility of fly ashes enhanced by incorporating lime and gypsum makes them versatile in the construction of embankments and for structural fills, particularly reducing the time required in between laying of each lift. It has been brought out that decrease in the lime leachability decreases the compressibility of fly ashes. Fly ash has potential application in the construction of base liners of waste containment facilities. While most of the fly ashes improve in the strength with curing, the ranges of hydraulic conductivities they attain may often not meet the basic requirement of a liner material. Attempts to reduce the hydraulic conductivity by adding lime as gypsum along with lime to both the fly ashes are presented in chapter 7. Hydraulic conductivities of the compacted specimens have been determined in the laboratory using the falling head methods. It has been observed that the addition of gypsum reduces the hydraulic conductivity of the lime treated fly ashes. The reduction in the hydraulic conductivity of the fly ashes containing gypsum is significantly more of sample with high amounts of lime contents (as high as 1000 times) than those with lower amounts of lime. However, there is relatively more increases in the strengths of the samples with the inclusion of gypsum to the fly ashes even at lower lime contents. This is due to the fact that excess lime added to fly ash is not effectively converted in to pozzolanic compounds. Even the presence of gypsum is observed not to activate these reactions with excess lime. On the other hand the higher amount of lime in the presence of gypsum is observed to produce more cementitious compounds which block the pores in the fly ash. Amount of lime leached in the found to be directly related to the hydraulic conductivity inspite of many –fold variations in the hydraulic conductivity achieved by curing fly ash with lime and gypsum. The consequent reduction on the hydraulic conductivity of fly ash would be beneficial in reducing the leachability of trace elements in the fly ash when used as base liner. Fly ash contains trace metals and other substances in the sufficient quantities which may leach out over a period of time. The study has been extended to examine the leachability of a few selected trace metals viz., Cd, Cu, Cr, Mn, Pb and Zn from fly ash before and after incorporating additives has been reported in chapter 9. The standard laboratory leaching test for the combustion residues developed by Van der Sloot et al. has been employed to study the leachabilities of trace elements as a function of liquid to solid (L/S) ratio and pH. The leachability test were conducted on the powdered fly ash samples obtained from unconfined compressive strength tests, conducted after a curing period of 28 and 180 days. It observed that, there is a marked reduction in the relative leachabilities of trace elements present, at the end of 28 days which reduced only marginally at the end of 180 days. Chapter 9 reports the retention capacities of fly ashes for copper, lead and zinc metals ions. Various parameters like contact time, initial concentration and pH have been varied and their effect on retention mechanism studied. The retention order of metals ions, Cu+ 2 > Pb+2>Zn+2, is observed to be the same for both the fly ashes at all pH values. The dominant mechanisms responsible for the retention are precipitation at higher pH’s as hydroxides and adsorption at lower pH’s Due to presence of silica and alumina oxide surface in fly ash. First order kinetic plots have revealed that the rate constant value increases with increase in initial concentration and pH. Langmuir adsorption isotherms have been plotted to study the maximum adsorption isotherms have been plotted to study the maximum adsorption capacities for metal ions under different conditions. The older indicates that the adsorption is predominantly by silica surface than that by alumina or iron oxide surfaces. This thesis demonstrates that incorporation of gypsum along with lime in the optimal proportions not only reduces the lime leachability but also greatly enhances the strength and CBR values, reduces the compressibility and minimizes the leaching of trace elements present in them enhancing the potential of fly ashes for many applications. Detailed conclusions are presented in chapter 10. The study greatly helps in promoting the use of fly ashes for many geotechnical and geo-environmental applications.

An investigation was conducted related to the dimensional stability of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) in landfill applications. Multiple occurrences of panel separation of overlap seams in GCLs have been documented; however, explanation for the relative contribution of various mechanisms causing shrinkage has been limited. A systematic test program was conducted to determine the effects of a variety of conditions on GCL dimensional stability. Effects of initial moisture content, permeant type, and overburden pressure were tested by subjecting various GCL products to wet-dry cycles and measuring the dimensional change with each cycle. Different GCL types were each tested under various combinations of initial moisture content (as-received, 50, 75, 100, and 125%), permeant types (tap water, distilled water, and 0.1 M CaCl2), and overburden pressures (0, 6, and 20 kPa). Thermal expansion tests were conducted by heating or cooling GCL test specimens to temperatures of 0, 10, 40, 60, and 80°C at constant moisture content. Subgrade tests were conducted by placing GCL test specimens on compacted clay and sand subgrades in different orientations and hydration conditions in sealed containers and measuring dimensional change over time. Mechanical necking tests were conducted by subjecting GCL specimens to varying levels of tension and measuring the longitudinal and transverse strains at each load increment. Field simulation tests were conducted by placing specimens on a compacted sand subgrade beneath an exposed geomembrane liner outdoors in late summer. Initial moisture content tests resulted in shrinkage strains as high as 20% after 20 wet-dry cycles. GCLs ranged from slightly anisotropic [approximately 1.1:1 ratio of machine (MD) to cross-machine (XMD) shrinkage] to highly anisotropic (approximately 3:1 ratio of MD to XMD shrinkage). Most combinations of GCL type and initial moisture content resulted in GCL MD shrinkage strains greater than a value that would cause panel separation (termed panel separation threshold, PST) at roll ends during the first wet-dry cycle. All test specimens contracted beyond the PST in the MD within 3 wet-dry cycles. GCL specimens without attached geomembranes contracted beyond the PST in the XMD within 5 cycles. Permeant type tests demonstrated that hydration with 0.1 M CaCl2 reduced shrinkage by 50-80% compared to permeation with tap water. Overburden tests demonstrated that applying 6 kPa and 20 kPa reduced specimen shrinkage by at least 60% and 80%, respectively. Thermal expansion tests indicated that temperature changes at constant moisture content had little effect on GCL dimensional stability. Subgrade tests demonstrated that subgrade type and moisture as well as GCL type and orientation had effects on dimensional stability. Tensile necking tests demonstrated that transverse shrinkage occurred due to tensile forces in GCLs, but shrinkage was nearly always less than PST. Field simulation tests demonstrated that wet-dry cycles in the field were less intense and/or less frequent than in the laboratory. Results of this testing provide a basis for GCL overlap specifications necessary to maintain full coverage and future research to confirm a suggested method of preconditioning bentonite to prevent shrinkage.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 乙第12827号 / 論地環博第7号 / 新制||地環||24(附属図書館) / 31314 / (主査)教授 勝見 武, 教授 三村 衛, 准教授 乾 徹 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Estudos geoambientais se propõem a avaliar e planejar o uso do solo tomando como base os principais atributos do meio físico. O objetivo principal desse trabalho é apresentar e aplicar uma proposta metodológica, considerando os procedimentos e os produtos da cartografia geotécnica desenvolvida para as condições brasileiras, que vise o planejamento territorial. A proposta foi aplicada na região de influência do reservatório da Usina Hidroelétrica de Caconde (SP). Foram avaliadas características geomorfológicas, geológicas, de solos (comportamento geotécnico) e aptidão agrícola. A carta de zoneamento geoambiental foi produzida por meio de trabalhos de geoprocessamento e análise de agrupamentos dos diversos planos de informações produzidos. Os resultados mostraram que a proposta funcionou adequadamente considerando os atributos do meio físico selecionados. Todos os produtos cartográficos gerados na pesquisa, encontram-se inseridos nos sistemas de informações geográficas Idrisi 32 e ArcView GIS 3.1, no qual este último associa aos mapas e cartas confeccionados um banco de dados geoambiental de modo a possibilitar que as informações possam ser acrescidas, inseridas, recuperadas, atualizadas ou simplesmente removidas desde que se queira ou se faça necessário. / Geonvironmental studies are important to promote environment management. The main objective of this work is to present and to apply a methodological proposal based in both procedures and products of the Engineering Geological Mapping that should aid the territorial planning. The proposal has been applied in the region of influence of the Caconde\'s Hydroelectric Reservoir (SP). Geological and geomorpholocial information were evaluated and the characteristics of unconsolidated materials and agricultural potential have been determined. Geoenvironmental zoning map was produced by using geoprocessing and cluster analysis techniques of several produced information plans. The proposal operate adequately environment attributes selected and realize appropriately the results. All cartographic products generated in this work were handled in the geographical information system Idrisi 32 and ArcView 3,1. Geoenvironmental database has been associated with produced maps in ArcView Gis.

Nos últimos anos, a preocupação com a poluição e a contaminação do subsolo provocadas pela disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos ou industriais tem crescido no Brasil, principalmente no que diz respeito aos lixões e aterros controlados em operação ou desativados na maioria das cidades brasileiras de pequeno e médio porte. A tese apresenta os resultados de diversas campanhas de investigação realizadas no aterro de resíduos sólidos urbanos de Bauru, situado no centro do Estado de São Paulo e sobre o aqüífero Bauru, que aflora em cerca da metade de todo o território paulista. O objetivo foi avaliar a poluição e a contaminação do entorno e do subsolo do aterro, através da utilização de diferentes técnicas de investigação. Entre as técnicas utilizadas, incluem-se: geofísica de superfície, poços de monitoramento, piezocone (CPTU), piezocone de resistividade (RCPTU) e amostragem de solo e água. Ensaios de laboratório de caracterização, resistividade elétrica e com percolação de chorume em amostras indeformadas de solo foram realizados para confirmar e entender melhor o caminhamento e a interação das plumas de contaminação com o meio. Uma revisão de todas as informações prévias sobre as características físicas, hidrogeológicas e de operação do aterro, desde sua implantação, em 1992, foi fundamental para a escolha dos locais para realização dos novos ensaios de campo e re-interpretação dos mesmos. As principais contribuições são: a) Aplicação de novas técnicas de investigação em solos tropicais contaminados; b) Desenvolvimento de um sistema em laboratório para estimativa de parâmetros de transporte de poluentes e para medida de resistividade elétrica em solos tropicais; c) Avaliação da resistividade elétrica como uma ferramenta promissora para investigação geoambiental; d) Avaliação da contaminação e da poluição no aterro a partir de diferentes técnicas de investigação; e) Orientação e sugestões para realização de futuras investigações, sejam na área de estudo ou em outros solos tropicais. Os ensaios geofísicos facilitaram a visualização da dimensão espacial e a detecção dos sentidos das plumas de contaminação existentes na área. Os ensaios de piezocone confirmaram essa contaminação em alguns pontos, utilizando-se amostradores especiais de solo e água. As campanhas de coleta de água dos poços de monitoramento permitiram avaliar a evolução da pluma de contaminação com o tempo. As medidas de resistividade em laboratório possibilitaram definir valores de referência para os solos do aterro, confirmando a grande influência exercida pela mineralogia, intemperismo e grau de evolução dos solos tropicais nos valores de resistividade. Os elevados valores de permeabilidade e dispersividade explicam o aparecimento de mais de uma pluma de contaminação na área: uma principal e permanente a oeste; uma ao sul do aterro, na região de disposição dos resíduos hospitalares; uma a leste do sentido do fluxo subterrâneo, que sofria influencia dos elevados níveis piezométricos de chorume dentro da massa de lixo; e pontos de contaminação centrais, que ocorrem abaixo e a grandes profundidades da base do aterro. Os resultados confirmaram a importância de se integrar diferentes técnicas de investigação geoambiental, diretas e indiretas, para melhor avaliar casos de contaminação e poluição em solos tropicais, de gênese e comportamento complexos, e presentes em grande parte do território brasileiro. Propostas para melhoramento e realização de futuros ensaios na área, assim como de ordem prática para recuperação, monitoramento e operação do aterro são apresentadas, a fim de melhorar a qualidade das condições in situ locais. / For the last years, the concern about pollution and contamination of the soil and groundwater caused by the industrial and municipal solid waste disposal sites has increased in Brazil. Due to the non-application of the environmental guidelines for landfill construction and operation, dumps and controlled dumps in operation or deactivated, located in small and medium-size brazilian cities, have called the attention about this problem. This Thesis presents the results of several tests carried out at the Bauru\'s municipal solid waste disposal site, located in the center of São Paulo State and above the Bauru\'s aquifer, which appears at approximately half São Paulo State superficial area. The main objective was to assess the pollution and contamination caused by this landfill, using different techniques for geoenvironmental site investigation. These techniques included: superficial geophysics, monitoring wells, piezocone (CPTU), resistivity piezocone (RCPTU) and soil and water sampling. Laboratory tests including characterization, electrical resistivity measurements and pollutant transport in undisturbed soil samples were conducted to verify and to better understand the contamination plumes pathways and their interaction with the environmental site. A review of all existing data about the site, hydrogeological characteristics and operation of the landfill, since it was idealized in 1992, were also important for a better selection of new in situ tests and (re) interpretation of them. The main contributions are: a) Application of new site investigation techniques in contaminated tropical soils; b) Development of a system in laboratory for pollutants transport parameters estimation and electrical resistivity measurements in tropical soils; c) Evaluation of the electrical resistivity measures as a promising tool for geoenvironmental researches; d) Pollution and contamination assessment of the site based on the different techniques; e) Directions and suggestions for future site investigations at the study site or in other tropical areas. The geophysical tests facilitated the visualization of the spatial distribution and directions of the local contamination plumes. The piezocone tests confirmed this contamination in some local spots, supported by special soil and water samplers. Numerous groundwater samples collected from the permanent monitoring wells allowed the assessment of the contamination plumes evolution as time passed by. The resistivity measurements in laboratory detected background resistivity values for the local soils, confirming the great influence of the mineralogy, weathering and degree of evolution of the tropical soils. The high permeability and dispersivity values explain the occurrence of more than one contamination plume at the site: a principal and permanent plume located to the west side; on the south of the landfill, where medical wastes were disposed; to the east side of the groundwater flow, caused by the high piezometric leachate levels inside the landfill; and some central spots of contamination occurring below and deep inside the landfill. The results confirmed the importance of the integration of different techniques for geoenvironmental site investigation, using direct and indirect methods to better understand the contamination and pollution in tropical soils, which have complex genesis and behavior, and take place in a great part of the brazilian territory. Practical proposals to improve and carry out new tests at the site, as well as for recovering plans, monitoring and operation of the landfill are presented in order to improve the local in situ conditions.

High density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes are normally used as part of a composite liner for waste containment facilities such as municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and heap leach pads. Field conditions, which include physical stresses on the geomembrane, elevated operating temperatures, and contact with leachate constituents, have the potential to affect the service life of the HDPE geomembranes. This thesis examined the long-term performance of different HDPE geomembranes based on both conventional laboratory accelerated immersion tests and simulated landfill liner tests. A 1.5mm HDPE geomembrane was immersed in different synthetic leachates at different temperatures in order to evaluate the effects of leachate chemical constituents on the depletion of antioxidants. The results showed that a basic leachate with trace metals, surfactant, and a reducing agent was the most appropriate for evaluating the potential degradation of HDPE geomembranes. A similar immersion test was performed to evaluate the effects of thickness on the ageing of HDPE geomembranes. Three commercially available HDPE geomembranes having nominal thicknesses of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5mm were immersed in a synthetic leachate at four different temperatures in this experiment. The results showed that a thicker geomembrane may have a longer service life if other things are similar. The depletion of antioxidants from a 1.5mm thick HDPE geomembrane was examined by conducting accelerated ageing tests at 55, 70, and 85oC under simulated landfill liner conditions. The results showed that the antioxidant depletion rate was consistently lower for the simulated landfill liner tests compared to the leachate immersion tests. The effectiveness of the aged HDPE geomembrane on the migration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was examined by conducting diffusion and partitioning tests using both unaged and aged HDPE geomembranes. The results showed that the ageing of HDPE geomembranes did not increase diffusive migration of organic contaminants, provided that the geomembrane remained intact. A new method was developed to estimate the service life of the HDPE geomembrane based on the landfill liner temperature history. The service lives of the HDPE geomembranes were calculated to be between 20 and 4700 years, depending on the geomembrane type, exposure conditions, and the time-temperature history examined. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-01-30 09:30:49.135

PAULA, Francinize de Sousa. Subsídios à implantação de aterro sanitário: um estudo de caso em Baturité - CE, 2009. 77 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em desenvolvimento e meio ambiente - Prodema, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-04-01T17:20:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_fspaula.pdf: 2092781 bytes, checksum: a44f1333d5dbd87d165cde4e33c4999c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo(guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-04-01T17:23:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_fspaula.pdf: 2092781 bytes, checksum: a44f1333d5dbd87d165cde4e33c4999c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-01T17:23:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_fspaula.pdf: 2092781 bytes, checksum: a44f1333d5dbd87d165cde4e33c4999c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The present research it approached as to generate subsidies for implantation of landfills in the Baturité city. For this, the methodology of Ranieri (2000) was used to make thematic maps through of software Idrisi, regarding environmentals factors (use of the natural resources, pedology, hydric resources, geomorphology, vegetation, geology). Later, was made a new classification of characteristics of the maps for identify areas more adjusted for implantation of landfills generating the final map of aptitude. In this manner, the results showed in the research presented a total area of 1.475km2 , regarding the selected area respecting the minimum limits of 2,0 km from the center of the city and maximum limits of 15km, being however only 5,9km2 of it, that is considered adjusted for implantation of landfills through the overlapping of the specified maps. Concluded, therefore, that the study area is not prepared enough for receive the activity of landfills because the its size is minimum still that presenting favorable geoenvironmentals characteristics. In addiction, the results of gravimetrical composition it got high contents of organic substance justifying the necessity of landfills. However, on the basis of the simulation of the final map of aptitude has little area. Concluded, also, that there is the necessity of 1,5 ha of the area for to implant the landfills but the simulation did not point this area all. / A presente pesquisa teve como tema subsídios para a implantação de aterro sanitário. O seu objetivo consistiu em realizar um estudo de caso sobre a implantação de aterro sanitário no município de Baturité. Para tanto, a metodologia de Mc Harg(1969) utilizada na confecção de mapas temáticos por meio do software Idrisi, referentes aos fatores ambientais (Geologia, Geomorfologia, Pedologia, Recursos Hídricos, Vegetação), seguida de uma reclassificação de características dos mapas a fim de identificar a área mais adequada para a implantação de aterro sanitário, gerando assim, o mapa de aptidão final. Desse modo, os resultados encontrados na pesquisa apresentaram uma área total de 1.475 km², referente à área selecionada respeitando os limites minimo de 2km da sede Baturité e máximo 15 km; sendo, porém, somente 5,9 km² dela, é considerada apta para implantação de aterro sanitário por meio da superposição dos mapas especificados. Conclui-se que a área de estudo de caso não se encontra preparada de forma suficiente para receber a atividade de aterro pois a sua extensão é minima mesmo apresentando caracteristicas geoambientais favoraveis. Também o resultado da composição gravimétrica apresentou maior porcentagem para matéria orgânica de 44%. Conclui-se também que há necessidade de 1,5 hectare de área para implantar o aterro sanitário mas, em contrapartida a simulação nao aponta essa área toda.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-12-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:13:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 menquini_a_me_rcla.pdf: 6995160 bytes, checksum: be2e7b0c13c3c93bb2cdf685d7c9f0a7 (MD5) / A ocupação de espaço nas regiões costeiras constitui problemática de difícil solução, devido à complexidade de sua natureza. A rápida ocupação desordenada desses espaços, motivada pelo desenvolvimento econômico e potencializada por diferentes atividades turísticas, nessas últimas cinco décadas, resulta no desperdício de solo e recursos, que afetam os ecossistemas da área, provocando risco às populações fixa e flutuante. A análise geoambiental compreende a área entre a Ponta de Itaipu ao Maciço de Itatins, situada na linha de costa do Estado de São Paulo, na Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista. Voltada às unidades geomorfológicas praias, manguezais, morros e encosta, a análise fornece dados para conhecimento dos processos críticos de erosão, deslizamento e inundação existentes na área desse estudo. O levantamento desses dados auxilia a equação dos principais fatores geológicos e geomorfológicos que influenciam o controle das áreas onde ocorre a interação entre os complexos ecossistemas urbanos e os ecossistemas costeiros em equilíbrio dinâmico. O estudo compreende diferentes fases: reconstrução histórica da colonização, emancipação dos municípios que integram a área de estudo, análise das características de ocupação, bem como a comparação de fotografias aéreas (1962 com 2002) e trabalho de campo. Assim, foram identificados dezesseis pontos de áreas críticas, constatando-se que processos críticos têm origem no uso indevido do solo, principalmente no desmatamento. Para a racionalização do uso do solo e recursos, que preservam os ecossistemas, minimizam e até evitam risco à população, propõe-se que seja trabalhada a cultura de segurança, indicada no Planejamento Ambiental dos programas direcionados ao Desenvolvimento Sustentável, contida na Agenda 21, que trata da Promoção do Desenvolvimento Sustentável... / The space occupation in coastal regions is always a difficult problem to be solved due to the environmental complexity of these areas. The rapid and disorganized occupation in the studied area is due to the economic development and by tourist activities in these last fifty decades. These combined actions had a direct impact into soil waste and other resources that affect the whole area ecosystems leading to risks to the fixed and seasoning population. A geoenvironment analysis was carried on in the coastal line of the São Paulo State between the Ponta de Itaipu and Maciço de Itatins located in the Região Metropolitana of the Baixada Santista. This analysis had been concentrated in the geomorphological units of beaches, mangroves and topographic elevated terrains within, this area, and its results leads to better understanding of the critical processes of erosion, floods and landslides presently in action. The resulting data also allows to the better knowledge of main geologic and geomorphologic factors equation that affects these areas where we have the interaction of complex urban ecosystems and coastal ecosystems of dynamic equilibrium. The historical reconstruction from the beginning of the colonial time to the present days with the analysis of the specific characteristics of the different types of occupation, the comparison of air photos dated from 1962 to those of 2002 and field work, allowed to the identification of sixteen critical points in this area. The critical processes is mainly a result of the undue soil management specially its deforestation. It is here proposed to these areas the use of the principle of safety culture as indicated by the Environmental Planning as mentioned in the Sustentation Development Program inside of the Agenda 21 that deals with the promotion of the sustainable development of the humans enrolments... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned electronic address)