Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-09-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dias_rr_dr_rcla.pdf: 9964110 bytes, checksum: f65d067cdcd2e35253f28bf3bd83424b (MD5) / Apresenta-se a problemática do assunto Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico (ZEE), a polêmica em torno dele e suas atribuições como instrumentos político e técnico para ordenamento territorial. A hipótese do trabalho foi definida com base na situaçãoproblema ZEE Tocantins, discutindo-se os procedimentos metodológicos e métodos usados. Assumiu-se que o mapeamento e o zoneamento geotécnico tenham uma importante aplicação no ZEE, sobretudo pela forma com que as unidades são caracterizadas, quer seja diretamente ou indiretamente. Demonstrou-se que o mapeamento geotécnico, embasado em unidades de compartimentação do meio físico classificadas por atributos inerentes ao ZEE, permite melhorar a percepção acerca dos usos potenciais da terra, pretendidos em um projeto de ZEE, principalmente pela possibilidade de elaboração de cartas específicas ou de síntese. Trabalhou-se criteriosamente na descrição dos processos de: (i) montagem e organização de uma base de dados geográficos para facilitar e permitir o desenvolvimento das atividades que se apóiam tecnologicamente em SIG e sistema de processamento digital de imagens de sensores remotos; (ii) aplicação do método Seplan-TO usado no ZEE Norte do Estado do Tocantins para a geração do plano de zoneamento ambiental, com ênfase na compartimentação ambiental (unidade territorial básica - UTB); (iii) aplicação do mapeamento geotécnico com base no Método Vedovello para a geração de um plano de zoneamento geoambiental, com ênfase na compartimentação ambiental (unidade básica de compartimentação - UBC) e inclusão de fatores bióticos; e (iv) comparação e avaliação dos resultados obtidos pela aplicação dos diferentes métodos com o intuito de indicar aquele que deve ser usado para estudos de ZEE no Tocantins. Os focos da avaliação foram a compartimentação do meio físico e a execução do ZEE em termos... / The problematics of the subject Ecological-Economic Zoning (EEZ) is presented, as well as the controversy about it and its role as a political and technical instrument for a territorial ordenation. The hypothesis was defined based on the EEZ Tocantins problem-situation, discussing the methodological procedures and methods used. It was assumed that geotechnical mapping and zoning have an important application in the EEZ, particularly by the way the units are characterized, whether directly or indirectly. It was demonstrated that a geotechnical mapping based on compartmentalization units of the physical medium and classified by attributes inherent to the EEZ permits to improve the perception about the potential uses of land as intended in a EEZ project, particularly due to the possibility of preparing specific or synthetic charts. A judicious work was performed in the description of the processes of: (i) assembly and organization of a geographic data bank in order to facilitate and permit the development of the activities technologically supported by SIG and a digital image-processing system with remote sensors; (ii) application of the Seplan-TO method used at EEZ Northern of the State of Tocantins for generating the environmental zoning plan, emphasizing the environmental compartmentalization (basic territorial unit - BTU); (iii) application of the geotechnical mapping based on Vedovello Method for generating a geoenvironmental zoning plan emphasizing the environmental compartmentalization (basic compartmentalization unit - BCU) and inclusion of biotic factors; and (iv) comparison and assessment of the results obtained by the application of the different methods, with the intent of indicating that one that should be used for EEZ studies at Tocantins. The assessment was focused on the compartmentalization of the physical medium and the execution of the EEZ in terms of repeatability ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ValdembergAAS.pdf: 4975019 bytes, checksum: f75f416655ac17172121b061a2d7e7f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-10 / This study was developed in the northern coast of the city of Macau, a total area of 88,52 km?, located in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. It presents relatively plain surface, with interlaced of streams and gamboas, characterized by contributions of oceanic water, flooding areas of swamps. Altogether, the climatic and topographical conditions provide an ideal environment for the development of saline activity. Inserted in the geologic context of the Potiguar Basin, the region presents favorable conditions for the production of hydro-carbons. It still presents natural conditions for shrimp breeding and artisanal fishing. This work analyzes the transformations occurred in the land use, using air photographs of 1978, Landsat 5 ETM Images of 1988, 1998 and 2008. A secular analyzes was carried through the dynamics of the use of the territory and the transformations occurred in the landscape due to the increment of the productive activities. In the survey of the data for study of the area, it was verified that little alteration occurred in the 30 years. The saline activity that was present since the year of 1978 having an increase of about 5% in thirty years; the shrimp breeding activity that had its presence in the decade of 1990, presented a high growth in the land use, therefore in 1998 it presented 0.45% and currently it presents 6.59%. In the field it was observed that great areas used previously for the saline activity, today it is prepared for shrimp breeding and that the areas of petroleum exploration occupy salt mines, beaches and trays. In 1988 it presented a percentage of 0, 07% and currently it occupies 0.46%, having grown 50% in the last 10 years. Although the variation of the occupation of the area has been little expressive, shrimp breeding showed a growth of 1,200% in only 10 years. In regards to petroleum activity, there wasn t any demonstration of an increasing impact in the land use in the area of study in 26 years of exploration / Este estudo foi desenvolvido no litoral setentrional do munic?pio de Macau, localizado no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, totalizando uma ?rea de 88,52 km?. Apresenta superf?cie relativamente plana, com entrela?ados de riachos e gamboas, caracterizada por contribui??es de ?guas oce?nicas, alagando ?reas de manguezais. Somadas ?s condi??es clim?ticas e topogr?ficas proporcionam um ambiente ideal para o desenvolvimento da atividade salineira. Inserida no contexto geol?gico da Bacia Potiguar, a regi?o apresenta condi??es favor?veis para a produ??o de hidrocarbonetos. Apresenta, ainda, condi??es naturais para a carcinicultura e pesca artesanal. Este trabalho analisa as transforma??es ocorridas no uso do solo, utilizando fotografias a?reas de 1978, Imagens Landsat 5 ETM de 1988, 1998 e 2008. Foi realizada uma an?lise temporal da din?mica do uso do territ?rio e as transforma??es ocorridas na paisagem, devido ao incremento das atividades produtivas. No levantamento dos dados para estudo da ?rea, foi verificado que pouca altera??o ocorreu nos 30 anos em tela. A atividade salineira que estava presente desde o ano de 1978, tendo um aumento aproximado de 5 % em trinta anos; a carcinicultura que teve sua presen?a na d?cada de 1990 apresentou um elevado crescimento no uso do solo, pois em 1998 apresentava 0,45% - atualmente 6,59%. No campo, observou-se que grandes ?reas utilizadas anteriormente para a atividade salineira, hoje se encontram preparadas para a carcinicultura e que as ?reas de explora??o petrol?fera ocupam salinas, praias e tabuleiros. Em 1988, ela apresentou uma porcentagem de 0,07% e atualmente ocupa 0,46%, tendo crescido 50% nos ?ltimos 10 anos. Embora a varia??o da ocupa??o da ?rea tenha sido pouco expressiva, a carcinicultura mostrou um crescimento de 1200% em apenas 10 anos. No tocante ? atividade petrol?fera, n?o houve demonstra??o de um aumento impactante no uso do solo na ?rea de estudo em 26 anos de explora??o

The city of Pirambu, located in the north shore of the Sergipe state highlights itself because of the relatively preserved natural characteristics. Inside the area of the county, the coastal zone concentrates the biggest interest of the realty agents due to its 23km of shoreline, including some parts that are protected by the environmental law. In the interphase zone the presence of dunes, mangroves, rivers and lagoons stand out, for example, the Sangradouro Lagoon and the Redonda Lagoon. This study has evaluated the environmental risk and vulnerability, with urban focus, of this county. In order to do that a theoretical review approach was made with the fundaments of the Geosystemical method, starting with the theoretical contributions of Bertrand (1971) and the Ecodynamical analysis of Tricart (1977), addressing the mapping and diagnosis techniques proposed by the INPE (National Institute of Space Research), which were adequately adapted to the local reality, complemented by mapping campaigns. As results, a thematic map was made with the interpretations of the geofacies of the studied area, introducing the natural and anthropic risks and the legal restrictions existents in the area, with the finality of subsidize the planning of the soil use and occupation, with suggestions of aptitude for urban purposes in future studies. / O município de Pirambu localizado no litoral norte do estado de Sergipe se destaca dentre os demais devido às suas potencialidades naturais, relativamente preservadas. Dentro da área do município, a zona costeira é a que desperta maior interesse imobiliário, devido aos 23 km de praias, sendo algumas dessas protegidas por Lei. Na zona interfásica o destaque fica por conta da presença de dunas, manguezais, rios e lagoas, como por exemplo, Lagoa do Sangradouro e a Lagoa Redonda. Este estudo avaliou a vulnerabilidade e o risco ambiental, com enfoque urbano, nesse município. Para tanto foi realizado uma abordagem teórica “estado-da-arte” fundamentada no método Geossistêmico, partindo inicialmente nas contribuições teóricas de Bertrand (1971) e na análise Ecodinâmica de Tricart (1977), passando pelas técnicas de mapeamento e diagnósticos propostos pelo INPE - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico – ZEE), as quais foram devidamente adaptadas à realidade local, complementadas por incursões de campo. Como resultados, obtive-se um mapa temático com as interpretações das geofácies da área de estudo, introduzindo os riscos naturais e antrópicos, as restrições legais em algumas dessas áreas, tendo como finalidade subsidiar o planejamento do uso e da ocupação do solo, com sugestões de aptidão para fins urbanos em trabalhos futuros.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T12:05:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Potira Hermuche.pdf: 2991051 bytes, checksum: c339e425379e980c3d0328785a889e09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-10 / Current dry forests in the Vão do Paranã region, northeastern Goiás State, Brazil, are strongly fragmented mainly because of intense cattle ranching activities. This affects the ecological dynamics of flora and fauna since the connectivity among remaining fragments is reduced. The objectives of this study was: a) to map dry forests occurrences in the study area; b) to determine the relevant geoenvironmental indicators that control dry forest occurrences in the landscape; c) to find areas with high pressure in terms of human occupation of remaining fragments; and d) to propose an operational strategy for dry forest conservation. The map of dry forest occurrences was obtained from the image interpretation of multitemporal LANDSAT satellite scenes. The environmental controllers analyzed were climate, topography, geology and soils. The human occupation pressure in the remaining fragments was analyzed based on the metrics obtained from land use and land cover map, environmental data and social and economical data. The proposal for conservation strategy of dry forests was based on the idea of using tree species such as the Aroeira (Myracroduon urundeuva) found in cultivated pastures as living fences before they are cut as invasors by the farmers. Results indicated the presence of approximately 190,000 hectares of dry forests in the study area. The largest fragments were mostly found in the central and northern parts of Vão do Paranã. It was found that there was a strong relationship between lithology (carbonatic rocks) and the presence of dry forests, both in plain areas and in rocky outcrops. A detailed qualitative analysis indicated the main controls for the establishment of the dry forests: strong water table variation in the soil-bedrock profile, the soil eutrofism and the climatic seasonality, allowing a hierarchy that can be described as: strong water table variation in the soil-bedrock profile > soil eutrofism > lithology > climatic seasonality > rainfall > soils > hipsometry > slope. As the most remaining fragments are located in hilly areas with limestone outcrops, only 1% presented high and very high tendencies for land occupation, though they are facing strong wood selective loggings. The substitution of dead fences for living fences and the increment of isolated trees indicated an increase of permeability of matriz and of conectivity among remaining vegetation fragments. The simulation of a scenery based on three test sites indicated that such substitution would result, for the entire Vao do Paranã region, in 338,520 trees saved (4.2 km2) and 5,077,800 new trees planted in form of living fences (63,5 km2). Regarding isolated trees, in the case of all pasture areas present an average of 310 trees per km2, this would represent 42 km2 of vegetation cover. / Atualmente, a Floresta Estacional Decidual (FED) na região do Vão do Paranã, nordeste do estado de Goiás, encontra-se bastante fragmentada principalmente em função da intensa atividade pecuária, fato que compromete a dinâmica ecológica da flora e da fauna por meio da alteração na conectividade entre os fragmentos remanescentes. O objetivo da presente tese foi: a) mapear as áreas de ocorrência atual de FED na área de estudo; b) determinar os principais controles geoambientais relacionados com o seu estabelecimento na paisagem; c) indicar as áreas com forte tendência de ocupação dos fragmentos remanescentes; e d) apresentar uma estratégia operacional para sua conservação na região. O mapeamento das áreas de ocorrência de FED foi obtido com base na análise de imagens multitemporais do satélite LANDSAT, enquanto os principais controles geoambientais analisados foram clima, topografia, geologia e solos. As tendências de ocupação dos fragmentos remanescentes foram analisadas com base nas métricas obtidas de mapas de uso e cobertura da terra, dados ambientais e dados socioeconômicos. A sugestão de estratégia de conservação da FED foi baseada na proposta de utilizar espécies arbóreas como a Aroeira (Myracroduon urundeuva) que rebrotam em áreas de pastagens cultivadas na produção de cercas vivas. Os resultados indicaram a presença na região de aproximadamente 190.000 hectares de FED. Os fragmentos maiores dessa fitofisionomia encontram-se distribuídos essencialmente na região centro-norte do Vão do Paranã. Verificou-se a existência de uma forte relação entre a litologia (rochas carbonáticas) e a presença de FED, tanto em áreas planas como em afloramentos rochosos. A análise qualitativa detalhada indicou como principais controles para o estabelecimento da FED a variação hídrica do perfil solo-rocha, o eutrofismo dos solos e a sazonalidade climática, permitindo uma hierarquização que pode ser descrita como : variação hídrica do perfil solo-rocha> eutrofismo dos solos> litologia > sazonalidade climática > total pluviométrico > classes de solos > hipsometria > declividade. Como a maioria dos fragmentos remanescentes está localizada nas áreas de relevo acidentado com presença de afloramentos de calcário, apenas 1% apresentou tendências alta e muito alta de uso e ocupação, apesar de sofrerem com intensa exploração seletiva de madeira. A substituição das cercas mortas por cercas vivas e o incremento de árvores isoladas indicou aumento na permeabilidade da matriz e na conectividade entre os fragmentos de vegetação remanescentes. A simulação de um cenário baseado em três áreas-teste indicou que essa substituição resultaria, para todo o Vão do Paranã, em 338.520 árvores poupadas (4,2 km2) e 5.077.800 novas árvores plantadas em forma de cercas vivas (63,5 km2). No que diz respeito às árvores isoladas, caso todas as áreas de pastagem apresentassem uma média de 310 árvores isoladas por km2, essas representariam 42 km2 de cobertura vegetal.

O presente trabalho consistiu no estudo de uma série de atributos do meio físico, como geologia, pedologia, materiais inconsolidados, declividade e menor extensão do percurso da água superficial, entre outros, representados na escala 1:50.000 referentes às bacias hidrográficas dos rios Passa Cinco e Cabeça. Tais atributos foram avaliados, considerando as restrições e potencialidades do meio, buscando uma melhor elaboração das propostas e procedimentos adotados na manutenção da qualidade do meio físico. Para a realização deste estudo, foram utilizados trabalhos já desenvolvidos na área, assim como novos mapas e cartas elaborados durante este, seguindo-se os conceitos da cartografia geoambiental, voltados ao planejamento, proteção e recuperação territorial. Para agilizar os trabalhos de manipulação (armazenamento, recuperação, tratamento, cruzamento e apresentação), foi utilizado um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG-IDRISI), principalmente para obtenção das cartas de Susceptibilidade à Erosão, Potencial à Infiltração e Potencial Agrícola. O resultado final permitiu a obtenção da Carta de Comportamento do Meio Físico como Base para o Zoneamento Geoambiental, onde estão presentes as aptidões, restrições e conflitos de uso, considerando-se neste caso todos os atributos já comentados anteriormente. / Many attributes of the Passa Cinco and Cabeça river hydrographic basins, related to geology, pedology, unconsolidated materials, slope and least water runoff distance, at a 1:50,000 scale, were evaluated. Such attributes based on adequated proposal and procedures were assessed in terms of constraints to determine the basin potentialities. Geoenvironmental cartographic concepts related to planning, protection and management, have been applied in the develop of the charts and maps presented in this works, which, in turn, were base on the extensive research already done in this area. The GIS IDRISI was used to handle data (storing, retrieving, treatment, overlaying and presentation), mainly to elaborate the charts of Erosion Susceptibility, Water lnfiltration Potential and Agricultural Potential. As final result, this work presents an analysis of the environmental attributes to orientate the geoenvironmental zoning, considering all the aspects mentioned above.

Fly ash and blast furnace slag are the two major industrial solid by-products generated in most countries including India. Although their utilization rate has increased in the recent years, still huge quantities of these material remain unused and are stored or disposed of consuming large land area involving huge costs apart from causing environmental problems. Environmentally safe disposal of Fly ash is much more troublesome because of its ever increasing quantity and its nature compared to blast furnace slag. Bulk utilization of these materials which is essentially possible in civil engineering in general and more particular in geotechnical engineering can provide a relief to environmental problems apart from having economic benefit. One of the important aspects of these waste materials is that they improve physical and mechanical properties with time and can be enhanced to a significant level by activating with chemical additives like lime and cement. Class-C Fly ashes which have sufficient lime are well utilized but class-F Fly ashes account for a considerable portion that is disposed of due to their low chemical reactivity. Blast furnace slag in granulated form is used as a replacement for sand to conserve the fast declining natural source. The granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) is further ground to enhance its pozzolanic nature. If GBS is activated by chemical means rather than grinding, it can provide a good economical option and enhance its utilization potential as well. GGBS is latent hydraulic cement and is mostly utilized in cement and concrete industries. Most uses of these materials are due to their pozzolanic reactivity. Though Fly ash and GGBS are pozzolanic materials, there is a considerable difference in their chemical composition. For optimal pozzolanic reactivity, sufficient lime and silica should be available in desired proportions. Generally, Fly ash has higher silica (SiO2) content whereas GGBS is rich in lime (CaO) content. Combining these two industrial wastes in the right proportion may be more beneficial compared to using them individually. The main objective of the thesis has been to evaluate the suitability of the class-F Fly ash/GGBS mixtures with as high Fly ash contents for Geotechnical and Geo-environmental applications. For this purpose, sufficient amount of class-F Fly ash and GGBS were collected and their mixtures were tested in the laboratory for analyzing their mechanical behavior. The experimental program included the evaluation of mechanical properties such as compaction, strength, compressibility of the Fly ash/GGBS mixtures at different proportions with GGBS content varying from 10 to 40 percent. An external agent such as chemical additives like lime or cement is required to accelerate the hydration and pozzolanic reactions in both these materials. Hence, addition of varying percentages of lime is also considered. However, these studies are not extended to chemically activate GBS and only GGBS is used in the present study. Unconfined compressive strength tests have been carried out on various Fly ash/ GGBS mixtures at different proportions at different curing periods. The test results demonstrated rise in strength with increase in GGBS content and with 30 and 40 percent of GGBS addition, the mixture showed higher strength than either of the components i.e. Fly ash or GGBS after sufficient curing periods. Addition of small amount of lime increased the strength tremendously which indicated the occurrence of stronger cementitious reactions in the Fly ash/GGBS mixtures than in samples containing only Fly ash. Improvement of the strength of the Fly ash/GGBS mixtures was explained through micro-structural and mineralogical studies. The microstructure and mineralogical studies of the original and the stabilized samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction techniques respectively. These studies together showed the formation of cementitious compounds such as C-S-H, responsible for imparting strength to the pozzolanic materials, is better in the mixture containing 30 and 40 percent of GGBS content than in individual components. Resilient and permanent deformation behavior on an optimized mix sample of Fly ash and GGBS cured for 7 day curing period has been studied. The Resilient Modulus (Mr) is a measure of subgrade material stiffness and is actually an estimate of its modulus of elasticity (E). The permanent deformation behavior is also important in predicting the performance of the pavements particularly in thin pavements encountered mainly in rural and low volume roads. The higher resilient modulus values indicated its suitability for use as subgrade or sub-base materials in pavement construction. Permanent axial strain was found to increase with the number of load cycles and accumulation of plastic strain in the sample reduced with the increase in confining pressure. Consolidation tests were carried on Fly ash/GGBS mixtures using conventional oedometer to assess their volume stability. However, such materials develop increased strength with time and conventional rate of 24 hour as duration of load increment which requires considerable time to complete the test is not suitable to assess their volume change behavior in initial stages. An attempt was thus made to reduce the duration of load increment so as to reflect the true compressibility characteristics of the material as close as possible. By comparing the compressibility behavior of Fly ash and GGBS between conventional 24 hour and 30 minutes duration of load increment, it was found that 30 minutes was sufficient to assess the compressibility characteristics due to the higher rate of consolidation. The results indicated the compressibility of the Fly ash/GGBS mixtures slightly decreases initially but increase with increase in GGBS content. Addition of lime did not have any significant effect on the compressibility characteristics since the pozzolanic reaction, which is a time dependent process and as such could not influence due to very low duration of loading. Results were also represented in terms of constrained modulus which is a most commonly used parameter for the determination of settlement under one dimensional compression tests. It was found that tangent constrained modulus showed higher values only at higher amounts of GGBS. It was also concluded that settlement analysis can also be done by taking into account the constrained modulus. The low values of compression and recompression indices suggested that settlements on the embankments and fills (and the structures built upon these) will be immediate and minimal when these mixtures are used. In addition to geotechnical applications of Fly ash/GGBS mixture, their use for the removal of heavy metals for contaminated soils was also explored. Batch equilibrium tests at different pH and time intervals were conducted with Fly ash and Fly ash/GGBS mixture at a proportion of 70:30 by weight as adsorbents to adsorb lead ions. It was found that though uptake of lead by Fly ash itself was high, it increased further in the presence of GGBS. Also, the removal of lead ions increased with increase in pH of the solution but decreases at very high pH. The retention of lead ions by sorbents at higher pH was due to its precipitation as hydroxide. Results of the adsorption kinetics showed that the reaction involving removal of lead by both the adsorbents follow second-order kinetics. One of the major problems which geotechnical engineers often face is construction of foundations on expansive soils. Though stabilization of expansive soils with lime or cement is well established, the use of by-product materials such as Fly ash and blast furnace slag to achieve economy and reduce the disposal problem needs to be explored. To stabilize the soil, binder comprising of Fly ash and GGBS in the ratio of 70:30 was used. Different percentages of binder with respect to the soil were incorporated to the expansive soil and changes in the physical and engineering properties of the soil were examined. Small addition of lime was also considered to enhance the pozzolanic reactions by increasing the pH. It was found that liquid limit, plasticity index, swell potential and swell pressure of the expansive soil decreased considerably while the strength increased with the addition of binder. The effect was more pronounced with the addition of lime. Swell potential and swell pressure reduced significantly in the presence of lime. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the expansive soils can be successfully stabilized with the Fly ash-GGBS based binder with small addition of lime. This is also more advantageous in terms of lime requirement which is typically high when Fly ash, class-F in particular, is used alone to stabilize expansive soils. Based on the studies carried out in the present work, it is established that combination of Fly ash and GGBS can be advantageous as compared to using them separately for various geotechnical applications such as for construction of embankments/fills, stabilization of expansive soils etc. with very small amount of lime. Further, these mixtures have better potential for geo-environmental applications such as decontamination of soil. However, it is still a challenge to activate GBS without grinding.

A study was conducted to evaluate the properties and processes influencing the rate and magnitude of volume decrease and strength gain for oil sand fine tailings resulting from a change in bitumen extraction process (caustic versus non-caustic) and the effect of adding a coagulant to caustic fine tailings. Laboratory flume deposition tests were carried out with the objective to hydraulically deposit oil sand tailings and compare the effects of extraction processes on the nature of beach deposits in terms of geometry, particle size distribution, and density. A good correlation exists between flume deposition tests results using oil sand tailings and the various other tailings materials. These comparisons show the reliability and effectiveness of flume deposition tests in terms of establishing general relationships and can serve as a guide to predict beach slopes. Fine tailings were collected from the various flume tests and a comprehensive description of physical and chemical characteristics of the different fine tailings was carried out. The characteristics of the fine tailings is presented in terms of index properties, mineralogy, specific surface area, water chemistry, liquid limits, particle size distribution and structure. The influence of these fundamental properties on the compressibility, hydraulic conductivity and shear strength properties of the fine tailings was assessed. Fourteen two meter and one meter high standpipe tests were instrumented to monitor the rate and magnitude of self-weight consolidation of the different fine tailings materials. Consolidation tests using slurry consolidometers were carried out to determine consolidation properties, namely compressibility and hydraulic conductivity, as well as the effect of adding a coagulant (calcium sulphate [CaSO4]) to caustic fine tailings. The thixotropic strength of the fine tailings was examined by measuring shear strength over time using a vane shear apparatus. A difference in water chemistry during bitumen extraction was concluded to be the cause of substantial differences in particle size distributions and degree of dispersion of the comparable caustic and non-caustic fine tailings. The degree of dispersion was consistent with predictions for dispersed clays established by the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values for these materials. The biggest advantage of non-caustic fine tailings and treating caustic fine tailings with coagulant is an increased initial settlement rate and slightly increased hydraulic conductivity at higher void ratios. Thereafter, compressibility and hydraulic conductivity are governed by effective stress. The chemical characteristics of fine tailings (water chemistry, degree of dispersion) do not have a significant impact on their compressibility behaviour and have only a small influence at high void ratio (low effective stress). Fine tailings from a caustic based extraction process had relatively higher shear strengths than comparable non-caustic fine tailings at equivalent void ratios. However, shear strength differences were small and the overall impact on consolidation behaviour, which also depends on compressibility and hydraulic conductivity, is not expected to be significant.

No description available.

Historically, the northeastern forest activity has been characterized by a predatory exploitation model of natural ecorecursos, notably from the caatinga (ecosystem rich in biodiversity), by the disorganization of production and by the low valorization and diversification of the forest products of the semiarid, limited mainly to firewood And coal. Nonetheless, this activity contributes significantly to regional development. In order to protect biodiversity in the semi-arid region of Sergipe, it is necessary to create planning and management mechanisms, with the involvement of the entire society. Among these mechanisms exists as a public policy in situ conservation, in Brazil, one of the main strategies is the creation of Conservation Units (CUs). In this context, the present thesis results in the evaluations of the dynamics of the forest fragments in Conservation Integrated Units in the Semi-Arid Sergipano, promoting concrete recommendations for management purposes and consequently subsidies for effective and / or elaboration of the management plan of the same, Basic assumption of the environmental sustainability of these remnants, verified through environmental indicators (biotic and abiotic). In this sense, the objective of this research was to analyze the effects of the implantations of the Conservation Units of Integral Protection of the State of Sergipe, the conservation of the forest fragments in the Semi - arid, evaluating the socio - environmental aspects of the same through sustainability indicators. Thus, this research made possible the necessary elements to characterize the biotic and abiotic situation of the remaining Caatinga forest remnants in the State, due to the creation of the CUs, looking at the environmental problems resulting from degradation processes and inadequate management that contributed to the current Framework, pointing out possibilities of actions for their better conservation and sustainability. The results of the analysis of the indicators (biotic and abiotic) indicate different levels of anthropization of the caatinga, which result in geoenvironments that have different regeneration capacities, even being within the macro vegetative complex. Thus, monitoring has become important to create subsidies for the management of the caatinga to be carried out according to the fragilities of each micro-environment. In addition, the sustainable forest management of the forest stands out from the use of the phytotherapeutic potential of the vegetal species of the sergipana caatinga. / Históricamente, la actividad forestal nordestina se ha caracterizado por un modelo de explotación predatoria de los ecorecursos naturales, principalmente provenientes de la caatinga (ecosistema rico en biodiversidad), por la desorganización de la producción y por la baja valorización y diversificación de los productos forestales del semiárido, limitados principalmente a leña Y el carbón. A pesar de ello, esta actividad contribuye significativamente al desarrollo regional. Para que haya protección de la biodiversidad en el semiárido sergipano, es necesaria la creación de mecanismos de planificación y gestión, con la participación de toda la sociedad. Entre estos mecanismos existe como política pública la conservación in situ, en Brasil, una de las principales estrategias consiste en la creación de Unidades de Conservación (UC's). En este contexto, la presente tesis resulta en las evaluaciones de las dinámicas de los fragmentos forestales en UC's de Protección Integral en el Semiárido Sergipano, promoviendo recomendaciones concretas para fines de gestión y consecuentemente subsidios para efectivización y / o elaboración del plan de manejo de las mismas, teniendo por Premisa básica la sostenibilidad ambiental de estos remanentes, verificados a través de indicadores ambientales (bióticos y abióticos). En ese sentido, esa investigación objetivó analizar los efectos de las implantaciones referentes a las Unidades de Conservación de Protección Integral del Estado de Sergipe, la conservación de los fragmentos forestales en el Semiárido, evaluando los aspectos socioambientales de los mismos a través de indicadores de sustentabilidad. . Así, esta investigación viabilizó elementos necesarios para caracterizar la situación biótica y abiótica de los remanentes forestales de la Caatinga aún existentes en el Estado, por cuenta de la creación de las UC's, vislumbrando los problemas ambientales resultantes de procesos de degradación y manejo inadecuado que contribuyeron al actual , Que apunta a posibilidades de acciones para su mejor conservación y sostenibilidad. Los resultados de los análisis de los indicadores (bióticos y abióticos) indican diferentes niveles de antropización de la caatinga, que resultan en geoambientes que poseen distintas capacidades de regeneración, aun estando dentro del macro complejo vegetacional. Así, el monitoreo se hizo importante para crear subsidios para que el manejo de la caatinga sea realizado de acuerdo con las fragilidades de cada micro ambiente. Además, se destaca el manejo forestal sustentable del bosque a partir de la utilización del potencial fitoterápico de las especies vegetales de la caatinga sergipana. / Historicamente, a atividade florestal nordestina tem se caracterizado por um modelo de exploração predatório dos ecorecursos naturais, notadamente oriundos da caatinga (ecossistema rico em biodiversidade), pela desorganização da produção e pela baixa valorização e diversificação dos produtos florestais do semiárido, limitados principalmente a lenha e ao carvão. Apesar disso, essa atividade contribui significativamente para o desenvolvimento regional. Para que haja a proteção da biodiversidade no semiárido sergipano, é necessária a criação de mecanismos de planejamento e gestão, com o envolvimento de toda a sociedade. Dentre esses mecanismos existe como política pública a conservação in situ, no Brasil, uma das principais estratégias consiste na criação de Unidades de Conservação (UC´s). Neste contexto, a presente tese resulta nas avaliações das dinâmicas dos fragmentos florestais em UC´s de Proteção Integral no Semiárido Sergipano, promovendo recomendações concretas para fins de gestão e consequentemente subsídios para efetivação e/ou elaboração do plano de manejo das mesmas, tendo por premissa básica a sustentabilidade ambiental desses remanescentes, verificados através de indicadores ambientais (bióticos e abióticos). Nesse sentido, essa pesquisa objetivou analisar os efeitos das implantações referentes às Unidades de Conservação de Proteção Integral do Estado de Sergipe, a conservação dos fragmentos florestais no Semiárido, avaliando os aspectos socioambientais dos mesmos através de indicadores de sustentabilidade. . Assim, esta pesquisa viabilizou elementos necessários para caracterizar a situação biótica e abiótica dos remanescentes florestais da Caatinga ainda existentes no Estado, por conta da criação das UC´s, vislumbrando os problemas ambientais decorrentes de processos de degradação e manejo inadequado que contribuíram para o atual quadro, apontando possibilidades de ações para a sua melhor conservação e sustentabilidade. Os resultados das análises dos indicadores (bióticos e abióticos) indicam diferentes níveis de antropização da caatinga, que resultam em geoambientes que possuem distintas capacidades de regeneração, mesmo estando dentro do macro complexo vegetacional. Assim, o monitoramento fez-se importante para criar subsídios para que o manejo da caatinga seja realizado de acordo com as fragilidades de cada micro ambiente. Ademais, destaca-se o manejo florestal sustentável da floresta a partir da utilização do potencial fitoterápico das espécies vegetais da caatinga sergipana.

An extensive laboratory test program was conducted to analyze and compare the cation exchange processes in three different varieties of sodium bentonite (Na-B) geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) over increased conditioning durations up to 32 days and investigate the effects of temperature, solution strength, and applied stress. The goal of this test program was to establish whether the variables of temperature, solution strength, and applied stress improved or degraded the engineering properties of GCLs in laboratory testing and municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill applications. The GCLs were conditioned in liquids of increasing ionic strength, using deionized water and 2, 50, and 200 mM CaCl2 solutions to represent control, pore water, mild MSW leachate, and harsh MSW leachate. Conditioning periods were 1 to 32 days. Tests were conducted at 5°C, 20°C, 40°C, and 60°C and at 0 kPa, 30 kPa, and 500 kPa to represent stresses experienced by the cover and bottom liner. These variables were selected to represent geoenvironmental conditions observed in MSW landfill systems. Cation exchange processes in the bentonite component of the GCL were quantified by measuring the bound cation (BC) concentrations and cation exchange capacities (CEC) of the specimens and by conducting index testing to determine the dimensional measurements, final moisture content, and swell index of the conditioned bentonite. The temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, sodium and calcium concentrations of the conditioning fluids were measured periodically for all specimens and the sodium concentration was measured for all specimens tested at applied stress. Temperature, solution strength, and applied vertical stress all affected the cation exchange processes in the bentonite component of GCLs. Increasing temperature, increased solution strength and decreased applied vertical stress were observed to increase cation exchange processes. The results of this study can be applied to quality assurance evaluations of in-service GCLs. In addition, the observation of the study indicates that GCLs used in cover liner systems for MSW landfills may be susceptible to high rates of cation exchange due to low overburden stresses and high surface temperatures. GCLs used in bottom liner may experience inhibited cation exchange rates as a result of high vertical stresses and relative lower temperatures.