Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 suzana.pdf: 5151914 bytes, checksum: c63559c69cd7a0d86cdf0775b7973895 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-01 / the interest of many researchers who have studied the characteristics and environmental realities of agriculture in order to improve its sustainable development. Thus, this trial aimed at characterizing the use and occupation of soil and water quality according to the GIS techniques. Physical parameters as turbidity, temperature were analyzed as well as chemical ones: pH, electrical conductivity, bicarbonate, chloride, phosphate and nitrate and biological parameters as thermotolerant coliform in two annual distinct raining periods (1 and 2). Based on field surveys, by georeferencing of sampling points, farms perimeters and survey data concerning soil use and occupation, some information was recorded on water quality for irrigation and the area management, especially the permanent preservation areas. Google Earth program provided the images used to map soil use and occupation. The determination of influence areas was obtained according to Thiessen polygons technique. The data obtained from the mapping of soil use as well as water quality for irrigation in periods 1 and 2 were statistically analyzed by techniques of Principal Component Analysis, Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis to record the relation of soil use and occupation on water quality. The interpretation of satellite imagery from Google Earth with ArcGIS 9.3 software allowed a map drawing regarding soil use and occupation in four categories: areas with temporary crops, permanent crops, urban areas and forests. Thiessen polygons technique allowed the recognition of influence areas on each point of irrigation water catchment and identification of soil use categories in representing polygons of the points where there were restrictions to use irrigation water according to phosphate and thermotolerant coliform parameters. The Principal Component Analysis of chemical, physical and biological parameters data of water explained 53.27% variation of water quality among the sampled properties. Among the analyzed parameters, it was observed that nitrate, thermotolerant coliform, temperature, electrical conductivity and bicarbonate were the ones that best explained the spatial variation of water quality, with the highest correlations with the major axis. The relation among soil use and occupation and water quality parameters by canonical correspondence analysis identified two significant axes of variation in order to explain variation in water quality. In the first axis, the highest values of electrical conductivity, nitrate, bicarbonate and phosphate were identified in period 2 and period 1 as well as variables as temperature and thermotolerant coliform. The second axis was positively related to the permanent preservation areas and reforestation, with some positive influence on turbidity and electrical conductivity. The restriction on irrigation water use based on parameters as phosphate and thermotolerant coliform was associated to the development of agricultural activities. / A necessidade de conservação dos recursos hídricos, aliada à demanda crescente por alimentos, tem despertado o interesse de muitos pesquisadores que contribuem com a agricultura, devido ao conhecimento das características e realidades ambientais, em busca do desenvolvimento sustentável. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho consiste na caracterização do uso e ocupação do solo e da qualidade da água com a utilização de técnicas ligadas ao Geoprocessamento. Foram analisados parâmetros físicos como turbidez e temperatura; os químicos: pH, condutividade elétrica, bicarbonato, cloro, fosfato e nitrato e o parâmetro biológico referiu-se aos coliformes termotolerantes, em dois períodos anuais distintos de precipitação (1 e 2). Com base nos levantamentos de campo, por meio do georreferenciamento dos pontos de amostragem e dos perímetros das propriedades rurais e levantamentos dos dados de uso e ocupação do solo, obtiveram-se informações sobre a qualidade da água utilizada para irrigação e o atual uso do solo, com destaque para as áreas de preservação permanente. Foram utilizadas imagens disponibilizadas no site Google Earth para o mapeamento do uso e ocupação do solo. A determinação das áreas de influência foi obtida a partir da aplicação da técnica de polígonos de Thiessen. Os dados resultantes do mapeamento do uso e ocupação do solo e a qualidade da água de irrigação nos dois períodos de precipitação foram submetidos às análises estatísticas pelas técnicas de Análise de Componentes Principais, Análise de Correspondência Destendenciada e Análise de Correspondência Canônica para verificar a relação do uso e ocupação do solo sobre a qualidade da água. A interpretação da imagem do Google Earth com o software ArcGIS 9.3 possibilitou a elaboração do mapa de uso e ocupação do solo em quatro classes: áreas com culturas temporárias; culturas permanentes; área urbana e mata. A técnica dos polígonos de Thiessen permitiu o reconhecimento das áreas de influência sobre cada ponto de captação da água de irrigação e a identificação das classes de uso do solo nos polígonos representativos dos pontos em que houve restrição ao uso da água de irrigação nos parâmetros fosfato e coliformes termotolerantes. A técnica de Análise dos Componentes Principais dos dados químicos, físicos e biológicos da água explicou 53,27% da variação na qualidade da água entre as propriedades amostradas. Dentre os parâmetros analisados, verificou-se que o Nitrato, os Coliformes Termotolerantes, a temperatura, a condutividade elétrica e o bicarbonato foram os parâmetros que melhor explicaram a variação espacial da qualidade da água e apresentaram as maiores correlações com o eixo principal. A relação do uso e ocupação do solo e dos parâmetros de qualidade da água pela Análise de Correspondência Canônica permitiu identificar dois eixos de variação significativos para explicar a variação na qualidade da água. No primeiro eixo, foram identificados os maiores valores de condutividade elétrica, nitrato, bicarbonato e fosfato no período 2 e no período 1, bem como as variáveis temperatura e coliformes termotolerantes. O segundo eixo esteve positivamente relacionado com as áreas de preservação permanente e de reflorestamento, com influência positiva sobre a turbidez e a condutividade elétrica. A restrição ao uso da água de irrigação nos parâmetros fosfato e coliformes termotolerantes esteve relacionada ao desenvolvimento das atividades agropecuárias.

[Abstract]: The disposal of animal waste has become a problem in many parts of the world due to the rapid growth in the number and the size of intensive animal industries. Safe waste disposal sites are rarely available and the relocation and/or treatment of animal waste is seldom economically viable. The reuse of animal waste for energy recovery and re-feeding is also not popular. Animal waste is a valuable source of plant nutrients and a very good soil conditioner, and has been commonly applied as fertiliser to agricultural fields. However, due to the increasing oversupply of animal waste in recent years, it has often been applied in excess to the agricultural fields. Excessive application of animal waste, without due consideration of its implications, is a serious concern. The run-off and leaching losses of nutrients from the fields fertilised with animal waste have contributed significantly to the eutrophication and toxic blue-green algae blooms in surface water systems and nitrification of ground water systems. It has also led to nutrient imbalances in the soils and odour pollution to the surrounding communities. The animal waste, which is a valuable source of plant nutrients, has thus become both an economic and environmental burden, and there is a need to develop a strategy for its sensible use as a fertiliser in agricultural fields. Sensible use of animal waste involves the consideration of all the agricultural, environmental, social, and economical limitations. A rational method of achieving this is to restrict the use of animal waste to sites suitable for such uses, identify areas where it can be relocated and applied economically, limit the application rates to a safe level, and observe appropriate manure management practices. This study addressed each of these components by developing a comprehensive manure application plan (MAP) for the site-specific use of animal waste as fertiliser in agricultural fields. Various geographic information systems (GIS) based techniques, including a weighted linear combination model and map algebra based cartographic modelling, were employed to achieve the goal. The appropriateness of the existing techniques and procedures were evaluated and modified to meet the current input requirements. New methods of analysis were devised as necessary. The Westbrook sub-catchment of the Condamine River catchment in south-east Queensland was selected as the study area. The sub-catchment covers 24,903 hectares and contains 39 intensive animal industries. The catchment is also a part of the Murray-Darling Basin, which has been suffering from toxic blue green algae blooms recurrently since 1991. This study identified that only about one-fifth of the sub-catchment area is suitable for animal waste application. Depending on the method of site suitability analysis and the number of input factors used the suitable area ranged between 16 and 22 percent. This comparatively small area is mainly due to the presence of a large proportion of non-agricultural areas in the sub-catchment. The suitable areas were also found to have various degrees of suitability for waste application. However, the degree of site suitability was affected by the number of input factors used in the analysis, the weighting of the factors, and the method of factor attribute standardisation. Conventional methods of weighting input factors were found to be cumbersome and not particularly suitable. Hence, this study developed a new ‘objective oriented comparison’ method of factor weighting. Standardisation of input factors using a continuous, rather than discrete, classification (ie fuzzy set) method was found to be more consistent in degree of suitability determination. The discrete classification of factor attributes into classes of different numbers and sizes, and the weighting of classes to a sum of one, were identified as a limitation in using this standardisation method. A new ‘weight adjustment’ method was devised and demonstrated to reduce factor-weighting biases. The suitable sites, degree of site suitability, and other relevant spatial and non-spatial information were processed within a GIS framework to develop a comprehensive manure application plan. The inherently high presence of available phosphorus in the soils of the study area was recognised and the P2O5 content in the manure was used as the basis for determining manure application rates. A complimentary nitrogen supply map was also generated. Manure management practices applicable to the areas with a lower degree of suitability were also suggested.

The west coast of Taiwan is densely populated with frequently activities for industrial and economic developments. The area is also the site with the existence of Chinese White Dolphin (CWD). Because the arising of ecosystem conservation, the government has attempted to promote the west coast as the marine protected areas (MPAs) for the CWD. Nevertheless, it is required to assess changes of environmental condition and marine environmental quality around the area before the establishment of marine protected areas to the site. If ineffective monitoring is implemented, then the establishment of marine protected areas will be no use. This study was initiated to assess the marine environmental condition by collecting and surveying the long term monitoring data that were published under the government reports and documents to assess the temporal and spatial trends of environmental factors. The data consists of rivers, trench, and marine water or sediments. The study areas covered Taichung County to Yunlin County. The methods for assessing the environmental quality included the use of geographic information system (GIS) for the biological distribution, regression analysis for the trend monitoring of chemical contaminants and physical environmental factors between 2001 ¡V 2010 year surveys. The overall environmental quality within the studied sites were further evaluated for the river pollution index (RPI) and the habitat suitability index (HSI). The survey results of 10 years river monitoring from Taichung to Yunlin showed that Hsin-Huu-Wei River belong to serious pollution with RPI 6.67 value. Yuanlin drainage, one of the six drainages of Chang Hua Coast Industrial Park, belongs to serious pollution with RPI 6.08 value. The RPI results of Six trenches around the Chang-Hua Coast Industrial Park showed that Tien-Wei trench 2, Lun-Wei trench 1, and Ji-An trench belong to mid level of pollution (RPI 3.7~3.975). In the marine water survey, the results showed that the pH values were found lower at southern-ward monitoring station nearby the Formosa Petrochemical Corporation No. 6 Naphtha Cracking Industry site. The nitrogen-NH3 concentrations were found high in Jhuo-Shuei River and No. 6 Naphtha Cracking industry. The concentration of Chlorophyll-a was high in Chang-Hua Coast Industrial Park. In the survey of sediment, Hsin-Huu-Wei River arsenic concentration (As) was over the EPA guidelines, but the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn were within the level of required limits. In the biological survey, the results showed that abundance and species were not evenly distributed with non-comprehensive trends related to the environmental condition or changes. These indicated that biological monitoring survey displayed less important than physical and chemical monitoring for the assessment of man-made pollution or environmental impact from the industrial activities. Overall the monitor sites of river, drainage and trench were differed without a consistent sampling scheme. The offshore sites were sampled greatly in distance, i.e. the farthermost point at four sea miles that had caused difficulties for the comparison of data results collected in different time. It is very uneasy to evaluate the pollution monitoring results. Thus, it is required to develop a long-term environmental quality monitoring plan for the assessment of water quality and sediment of river and marine water with appropriate / consistency sampling method, monitor time and site scheme. Finally, the relevant authorities should implement river remediation to improve the pollution and thereby to maintain the sustainability of marine environment. It is required to establish an integral monitoring program consisting of water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine to better predict the marine environmental quality. Also the integral and long-term monitoring program should ensure to predict the changes of west coastal and to achieve the effectiveness of marine environment.

The west coast of Taiwan is enriched with biological resources. The areas are the economic development sites with highly industrialized activities and densely population. The government attempts to promote the sites for the establishment of marine protected areas (MPA) because of the existence of Chinese White Dolphin (Sousa Chinensis) which is the most important issues against the sustainable development of economy. Thus, the present study was initiated to assess the marine environmental quality (MEQ) in the west coast of Taiwan. The research consists of the integral monitoring assessments of rivers, estuaries and the marine areas. This work collected, reviewed and analyzed the environmental monitoring data from industrial environmental impact assessment reports and governmental documents for the evaluation of spatial and temporal trends of the west coast areas over the last ten year. The assessment is required to understand the possible interactive problems between the marine protected areas and the marine environmental quality prior to the establishment of MPA acts. The present work consists of the subsection of coastal areas ranging from Hsinchu Country to Taichung Harbour. Ten annual monitoring data including the water quality or sediments of rivers, estuaries, and marine were assessed for the spatial and temporal trends of physical, chemical and biological changes over the years. The approaches for assessing the sites included the geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis method and linear regression of monitoring data. The levels of pollution were also evaluated by using the river pollution index (RPI). The effect of habitat suitability index (HSI) was also calculated. The results of river water quality assessment showed that the Ke-ya-si, Jhong-gang river, and Nan-gan river were seriously polluted with RPI¡Ö6. The river seiment contaminants (Cu¡BNi) were significantly increased in the Ke-ya-si and Jhong-gang river. The water quality of Taichung Port drainage showed serious pollution with low dissolved oxygen (DO), high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, and high counts of coli-forms. The Taichung Port drainage sediment contaminants (As¡BCu¡BHg¡BZn) had higher than the average of EPA guidelines. This could be resulting from the significant point source of industries pollutants discharged into the river. The significant amounts of waste water discharged into ocean could cause the impacts to the marine environment. The present study demonstrated the impacts to the river monitoring site although the ocean water quality monitoring contaminants were found without signicant changes in all time. This suggests that the ocean water quality monitoring sites were inconsistently sampled at 4 nm away from the coast which caused the dilution of contaminant concentrations and affecting the monitoring effectiveness. The sediment contaminants in Taichung Port monitoring site showed with the exception of appearing unusual change. The results also showed that there is lack of bio-monitoring program carried out in rivers, estuary, and marine that are imperatively needed to resolve the ineffective sampling protocol implemented in the current coastal environmental monitoring. This is owing to the non unified for authorization between the municipality and environmental bureau. The Canada Ocean Acts on assessing the water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine as a whole concept were compared with the present study. Finally, the relevant authorities should implement river remediation to improve the pollution and thereby to maintain the sustainability of marine environment. It is needed to establish an integral monitoring program consisting of water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine to better predict the marine environmental quality. Also the integral and long-term monitoring program should ensure to predict the changes of west coastal and to achieve the effectiveness of marine management.

This dissertation addresses the impact of urbanization and land use change on the availability and accessibility of two urban amenities that are often inequitably distributed: green space and water features. Diverse methodologies were utilized in order to gain a better understanding of the role of these amenities in improving urban quality of life and integrated water management. Using an interdisciplinary approach, this research provides a unique perspective within both a developed and developing world context by evaluating aspects of urbanization to emphasize more sustainable and integrated approaches to development. A preliminary analysis highlights potential drivers of green space revitalization in Santa Cruz, Bolivia by identifying perceived benefits of brownfields redevelopment projects between developed and developing countries. These include environmental benefits (creation of green space, reduced health risks), economic benefits (job creation, retention of residents and businesses), and social benefits (community enhancement, improved city services). Building on this analysis, an in-depth anthropological study then examines the preferences, perceptions, and barriers to accessing green spaces in Santa Cruz. Utilizing qualitative and quantifiable research methods, it was determined that although green spaces can help ensure greater equality in urban areas by providing access to public spaces, significant gender discrepancies were noted in Santa Cruz. Disparities in the distribution and accessibility of green space and water features were further assessed in Tampa, Florida. Using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and census data, access to these urban amenities was examined. The inner-city community of East Tampa was found to have greater inequalities, relative to other areas in Tampa, in terms of the quality, diversity, and size of green spaces within their community. The revitalization of urban water infrastructures, such as stormwater ponds, was evaluated as a way to address these environmental justice issues. Lastly, impacts of urbanization, land use change, and population growth on water resources were analyzed using a regional water balance model for the city of Santa Cruz. Development scenarios were examined based on historical and future spatial and temporal changes. Between 1970 and 2010, a decreasing trend was observed for the aridity index (potential evapotranspiration over precipitation) while future climate projections (2011-2050) indicate a trend reversal, with the IPCC's emission scenario A1B having the strongest increasing trend. The increasing trend in the aridity index suggests a long-term shift in the regional hydroclimatology towards less humid conditions. Each chapter of this research builds on the idea of green space as an indicator of urban quality of life (particularly for urban poor who rely more heavily on public spaces for leisure and recreation activities) as well as an important facilitator of urban hydrology due to their predominately permeable surfaces (including water features). Yet rapid change occurring in cities around the world has resulted in the under-valuation of both green space and water resources and thus these amenities have been degraded or destroyed through the urbanization process.

Soil erosion is a major global environmental problem that is increasing year by year in Turkey. Preventing soil erosion requires political, economic and technical actions / before these actions we must learn properties and behaviors of our soil resources. The aims of this study are to estimate annual soil loss rates of a watershed with integrated models within GIS framework and to map the soil erosion risk for a complex terrain. In this study, annual soil loss rates are estimated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) that has been used for five decades all over the world. The main problem in estimating the soil loss rate is determining suitable slope length parameters of USLE for complex terrains in grid based approaches. Different algorithms are evaluated for calculating slope length parameters of the study area namely Kocadere Creek Watershed, which can be considered as a complex terrain. Hickey&amp / #8217 / s algorithm gives more reliable topographic factor values than Mitasova&amp / #8217 / s and Moore&amp / #8217 / s. Satellite image driven cover and management parameter (C) determination is performed by scaling NDVI values to approximate C values by using European Soil Bureau&amp / #8217 / s formula. After the estimation of annual soil loss rates, watershed is mapped into three different erosion risk classes (low, moderate, high) by using two different classification approaches: boolean and fuzzy classifications. Fuzzy classifications are based on (I) only topographic factor and, (II) both topographic and C factors of USLE. By comparing three different classified risk maps, it is found that! in the study area topography dominates erosion process on bare soils and areas having sparse vegetation.

Submitted by GABRIEL RONDINA PUPO DA SILVEIRA null (grpdsilveira@fca.unesp.br) on 2016-04-12T19:02:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 11-04-16 Dissertação_Mestrado_Gabriel correção pós defesa.pdf: 2935467 bytes, checksum: 8878469923acc8405c1027536873dc18 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-13T17:51:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_grp_me_bot.pdf: 2935467 bytes, checksum: 8878469923acc8405c1027536873dc18 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T17:51:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_grp_me_bot.pdf: 2935467 bytes, checksum: 8878469923acc8405c1027536873dc18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Nas últimas décadas, tem aumentado a preocupação a respeito dos recursos naturais, buscando-se a aplicação de práticas conservacionistas e recuperação de áreas degradadas no passado. Assim, o presente estudo tem o objetivo de aplicar técnicas de geomática e geoprocessamento na caracterização conservacionista da bacia hidrográfica do rio Araquazinho – São Manuel (SP) através do Sistema de Informação Geográfica – IDRISI Selva, visando à preservação, racionalização do seu uso e recuperação ambiental, de acordo com o Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei nº 12.727/2012). A bacia hidrográfica do rio Araquazinho apresenta uma área de 6.2803,07 hectares e está localizada geograficamente entre os paralelos 22º 33’ a 22º 42’ de latitude Sul e os meridianos 48º 27’ a 48º 34’ de longitude W Gr. As cartas planialtimétricas de São Manuel (SP) (IBGE, 1973) e Barra Bonita (SP) (IBGE, 1974), ambas em escala 1:50000, foram utilizadas para extrair as curvas de nível, a hidrografia e os divisores de água. O software SIG - IDRISI Selva foi utilizado na caracterização ambiental da área, com o mapeamento do uso do solo, e na determinação dos parâmetros morfométricos, que resultaram na caracterização física da bacia. Como resultados, segundo o Código Florestal, a área da bacia apresenta apenas 10,77% com vegetação natural, sendo que o mínimo que deve ser destinado para Reserva Legal é 20% da área total. A área de preservação permanente (303,22ha) vem sendo ocupada inadequadamente com cana-de-açúcar em aproximadamente um terço dessa área. O estudo da morfometria da bacia permitiu concluir que a área é suscetível à erosão devido à sua forma circular, porém que a velocidade do escoamento da água acaba sendo reduzida graças ao relevo plano e aos bons solos que compõem a área, aumentando assim a drenagem desta. Segundo o coeficiente de rugosidade, a bacia é adequada para o uso da Agricultura (Classe A), podendo sofrer efeitos da erosão, necessitando de medidas para prevenção e proteção com cobertura vegetal. / In the last few years, the concern about natural resources has increased, seeking the application of conservation practices and the recovery of previously degraded areas. This study aims to apply techniques of geomatics and GIS in conservationist characterization in the watershed of rio Araquazinho - São Manuel (SP), using the Geographic Information System - IDRISI Selva, looking for preservation, a correct use and environmental restoration, according to the Brazilian Forest Code (Law nº 12,727/2012). The watershed of rio Araquazinho has an area of 6.2803,07 hectares and is located geographically between parallels 22º 33 'to 22º 42' South latitude and meridians 48º 27 'to 48º 34' W longitude Gr. The planialtimetrics charts of São Manuel (SP) (IBGE, 1973) and Barra Bonita (SP) (IBGE, 1974), both in scale 1: 50000, were used to extract the contour lines, hydrography and limits of the area. The software GIS - IDRISI Selva was used in the environmental characterization of the area, to map the land use, and to determinate the morphometric parameters, which resulted in the physical characterization of the watershed. The watershed has only 10.77% of natural vegetation, and according to the Forest Code the minimum that should be destined to the legal reserve is 20% of the total area. The permanent preservation area (303,22ha) has been inappropriately occupied by sugarcane in about a third of the area. The morphometry study of the watershed concluded that the area is susceptible to erosion due to its circular shape, however, as the flow speed of the water is reduced, due to relief plan and the good soils that form the area, the drainage of water is increased. According to the roughness coefficient, the watershed is proper to agricultural use (Class A) and may suffer the effects of erosion, requiring prevention and protection with vegetation.

Estudos hidrológicos são extremamente importantes em projetos de obras lineares, nas quais o traçado deve minimizar o risco de instabilidade tanto na fase de construção como na fase de operação. O escoamento superficial, além de ser um parâmetro fundamental para a definição do traçado e dos projetos subsequentes, influencia diretamente a dinâmica dos processos geológico-geotécnicos na área do empreendimento. A presente pesquisa propõe um método para realizar uma estimativa das vazões máximas nas travessias de obras civis lineares, integrando modelos hidrológicos obtidos com Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) e métodos usuais de cálculo de vazões de cheia. O método foi aplicado em um setor do oleoduto São Paulo – Brasília (OSBRA), entre os municípios de São Simão e Cravinhos (SP). O modelo hidrológico foi obtido no software ArcGIS 9.3, a partir da definição de uma área mínima de contribuição de 5 hectares, adequada para a escala da base cartográfica digital (1:10.000) e para as características da área de estudo. As 29 bacias de contribuição delimitadas foram posteriormente validadas na vistoria de campo. A compatibilidade entre as bacias geradas pelo modelo hidrológico e as bacias identificadas visualmente na área de estudo foi satisfatória. As vazões máximas foram calculadas pelo Método Racional (bacias com área inferior a 2 km²) e pelo Método Racional Modificado (bacias com área superior a 2 km²), que abrangeu o Método de McMath, o Método Racional com expoente redutor de área e o Método Racional com coeficiente de retardo, sendo o último o que apresentou os resultados mais razoáveis. O cálculo das vazões de cheia foi realizado para períodos de retorno de 10 e 50 anos, a partir dos quais foram gerados Mapas de Vazões Máximas, que foram utilizados para inferência de riscos de eventos perigosos de natureza geológico-geotécnica causados pela ação das águas pluviais na região do oleoduto. Como o traçado do oleoduto foi posicionado ao longo dos divisores principais, não foram identificados locais críticos. Posteriormente, o traçado do oleoduto foi utilizado como referência para uma aplicação do método proposto em um projeto de drenagem. As bacias com valores de vazões máximas classificados com muito baixos não foram incluídas devido aos fluxos pouco significativos. Para as bacias com valores de vazões de cheia classificados como baixos e médios, sugeriu-se a utilização de dispositivos de drenagem superficial. Para as bacias com vazões máximas classificadas como altas e muito altas, foi proposta a utilização de dispositivos de drenagem de transposição de talvegues. Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa permitiram a consolidação do método proposto para aplicação em outros tipos de obras lineares e em locais com diferentes características ambientais. / Hydrological studies are extremely important in linear constructions projects, in which the routing must minimize the risk of instability both during construction and in operation phase. The surface runoff, in addition of being a fundamental parameter to routing definition and subsequent projects, directly influences the dynamics of geological-geotechnical processes in the enterprise area. The present research proposes a method to estimate maximum flows in crossing locations in linear civil constructions, integrating hydrological models obtained with Geographic Information System (GIS) and usual methods of peak flows calculation. The method was applied in a sector of São Paulo – Brasília (OSBRA) oil pipeline, between the municipalities of São Simão and Cravinhos (SP). The hydrological model was obtained in ArcGIS 9.3 software, from the definition of a minimal area of contribution of 5 hectares, adequate for the scale of the digital cartographic base (1:10.000) and for the study area characteristics. The 29 delimited watersheds were subsequently validated in the field visit. The compatibility between watersheds generated in the hydrological model and watersheds visually identified in the study area was satisfactory. The maximum flows were calculated by Rational Method (watersheds with area less than 2 km²) e by Modified Rational Method (watersheds with area higher than 2 km²), which included McMath Method, Rational Method with reducing exponent area and Rational Method with retard coefficient, and the latter presented the most reasonable results. Peak flows calculation was performed for return periods of 10 and 50 years, from which were generated Maximum Flows Maps, which were used for inference of risks of hazardous events of geological-geotechnical nature caused by rainwater action in the pipeline region. The pipeline routing was positioned along the main dividers, therefore critical locations were not identified. Subsequently, the pipeline routing was used as a reference for application of the proposed method in a drainage project. Basins with maximum flows classified as very low were not included due to its low significance flows. For basins with peak flows values classified as low and medium, it was suggested the use of surface drainage devices. For basin with maximum flows classified as high and very high, it was proposed the use of thalwegs transposition drainage devices. The results obtained in the research allowed the consolidation of the proposed method to application in other types of linear constructions and in locals with different environmental characteristics.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Zuffo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T19:47:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Palini_RitaCristinaCantoni_M.pdf: 11804088 bytes, checksum: dc5f9467b8338cf5b9ace68f5d00d76a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O aumento das intensidades de precipitação verificado nas últimas décadas tem solicitado mais os itens que compõem os sistemas de drenagem, mostrando a deficiência de alguns projetos de décadas passadas. Aliado a isto, a sociedade tem a necessidade premente de conservação dos recursos hídricos, por causa da escassez de água. Numa refinaria de petróleo este assunto é particularmente importante por causa dos grandes volumes de água utilizados e consumidos no processo industrial, assim como também por causa das grandes dimensões das áreas de processo e de estoque de matéria-prima e produtos acabados, que têm potenciais riscos ambientais associados (óleo cru, naftas, benzeno, "slop", enxofre). Quando a água precipita sobre estas áreas gera diferentes tipos de escoamentos, que podem ser simplesmente escoamento superficial livre (água pluvial), se livres de contaminação proveniente da área industrial, ou efluentes que devem ser tratados, caso venham a contaminar-se em sítios específicos dessas grandes áreas industriais. Neste trabalho pretende-se reunir os conceitos de hidrologia e de precipitações intensas, assim como os conceitos relacionados à produção do escoamento limpo ou efluente contaminado e aplicá-los aos elementos reais da Refinaria Presidente Bernardes (RPBC) em um Sistema de Informação Geográfica - SIG. Desta forma, constrói-se a análise-diagnóstico do problema considerando toda a dinâmica complexidade ambiental, econômica e legal que envolve a planta industrial na drenagem das suas águas. / Abstract: The increase on the rains intensity veryfied on last decades has requested the conveyances over than their capacity, showing deficiencies on old designed systems. At the same time, society has the crying need of water resources conservation, justified by the water's scarcity. In an oil refinery this subject is particularly important because of the great amounts of water that are used and consumed into the industrial process, and also because of the great dimensions of the process and stock of raw material and products areas, which has substances with great environmental risks associated (crude oil, naftas, benzene, slop, sulphur). When the water falls over these areas creates differentflows, that may become storm water flow, when free from the refinery contamination, or may become polluted effluents that must be treated, when contamined in specific industrial area sites. This work intends to join the concepts of hydrology and rain intensity, and also the concepts related to the clean and contamined discharge rate that are produced into the industrial plant and aply them to the Refinery Presidente Bernardes - Cubatão, into a Geographic Information System Database (GIS). By this way, it builds analysis-diagnosis of the problem considering the whole environmental, economics and legal complexity dynamics that involves the water drainage into the industrial plant. / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

[pt] O processo de conteinerização e o desenvolvimento de redes de transporte intermodal têm provocado crescente competição no setor portuário e vêm interferindo nas zonas de influência dos portos (hinterland) do mundo inteiro, principalmente nos países desenvolvidos. Estas hinterlands estão deixando de ser cativas de um determinado porto para serem de múltipla influência de dois ou mais portos. Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo cujo objetivo é caracterizar a dinâmica portuária à luz da conteinerização, mapear a discussão acerca do conceito de hinterlands, identificando suas definições e sua validade, além de apresentar metodologias para sua delimitação, essenciais para permitir o correto planejamento do desenvolvimento portuário por parte de Autoridades Portuárias e Terminais Privativos num cenário de crescente competição. Essa contextualização conceitual e metodológica permitirá a aplicação de uma metodologia para o caso do porto de Rio Grande, localizado no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, especializado na movimentação de contêineres, utilizando-se para tanto de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG). / [en] The containerization process and the development of intermodal transport networks have lead to a competitive scenario in the port sector and have modified the ports hinterlands all over the world, specially on developed countries. These hinterlands are no more captive areas of one port but competitive areas of two or more ports. This dissertation presents a study whose objective is to characterize port development due to the containerization process, to map the discussion on port hinterlands concept, identifying its definitions and its validity, and to present methodologies for its delimitation, important to allow a correct port planning and development by Port Authorities or private terminals in a competitive scenario. This conceptual and methodological context will allow the application of a methodology using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in the case study that embraces the port of Rio Grande, located at State of Rio Grande do Sul, specialized on containers handling.