This thesis presents a method for detailed landscape presentation. The method incorporates both fieldwork-based comprehensive geomorphological description and digital data handling and thus contributes in filling the gap between traditional geomorphological mapping and modern geomorphological studies performed in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The main part of the thesis relates to development of a new detailed geomorphological mapping system, constructed to be easy to use and yet present a large amount of geomorphological information. The legend of the mapping system has successfully been applied to various types of landscapes, mapped at various scales between 1:5,000 and 1:50,000 without any modifications needed. The information presented in the map is based on simple descriptive criteria and thus the subjectivity is kept low, which enables a broad field of usage. In parallel with the mapping system a GIS-based geomorphological database has been developed. The structure and data presentation of the new mapping system allows for easy transformation of the data to form part of this database. The selected format of the GIS database is the ESRI ArcGIS®, Personal geodatabase. In the development of the geomorphological mapping system four field areas have been mapped in central (Bonäs, Risa and Liden) and northern Sweden (Tarfala). In addition the new legend has been adapted to a field area situated in Vorarlberg, Austria (Upper Gamperdona valley). In relation to the Tarfala field area an added issue of the project has been to give insights in the effects of physical and chemical weathering on various rock types to see if this can be detected in materials and landforms. The results from this study point at that resistance towards weathering vary among rocks even though they are of same rock type.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Santa Cruz, 1998. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-10-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:47:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 simon_alh_me_rcla.pdf: 2365211 bytes, checksum: f8c88ef2215faff7d7f7e2cc8a337d64 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A evolução das atividades antrópicas, a partir do aperfeiçoamento das técnicas utilizadas na exploração dos recursos naturais, ocasionou a gradual alteração dos elementos do sistema ambiental mediante a imposição de mecanismos de controle que determinaram transformações na estrutura e nos fluxos de matéria e energia. Por meio desta perspectiva o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar e analisar as alterações e as condições de controle que a dinâmica do uso da terra impôs ao sistema ambiental da bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Santa Bárbara ao longo de 53 anos (1953-2006), procurando enfatizar as transformações nas formas do relevo, na rede hidrográfica e na cobertura vegetal original. A área situa-se na porção sudoeste do município de Pelotas, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, inserindo-se no conjunto de bacias do sistema lacustre Patos-Mirim. Com base na Teoria Geral dos Sistemas aplicada à Geografia, que possibilitou a compreensão das relações existentes entre os sistemas ambiental e socioeconômico na estruturação das organizações espaciais, foram realizados mapeamentos da área em estudo, destacando o uso da terra e as feições geomorfológicas de forma multitemporal. A análise dos resultados obtidos constatou que a dinâmica do sistema socioeconômico impôs mecanismos de controle diretos e indiretos sobre o sistema ambiental, desencadeando alterações na hidrografia, a partir de intervenções na dinâmica fluvial; no relevo, diante das transformações impostas às feições geomorfológicas pela ação antropogênica e do conseqüente desequilíbrio dos processos erosivos; e na cobertura vegetal original, por meio de mudanças nos padrões de uso da terra que desencadearam a redução de zonas de terras úmidas cobertas por vegetação rasteira. / The evolution of the human activities made possible the optimization of techniques used in the exploration of natural resources, causing the gradual alteration of the environmental system elements through the imposition of control mechanisms that had determined transformations in the structure and the flows of substance and energy. In this context, the present study had as objective to identify and to analyze the alterations and the control conditions that the land use dynamics imposed to the environmental system of the Santa Bárbara Stream watershed during 53 years (1953-2006), trying to emphasize the transformations in landforms, hydrographic net and in the original covering. The area lies in the southwestern part of Pelotas Municipal District, State of Rio Grande do Sul, composing the set basins of Patos-Mirim lacustrine system. According to the General Systems Theory applied to Geography, witch provided the understanding of relationships between the environmental and socioeconomics systems in the spatial organizations structuring, mappings of the study area had been accomplished, detaching the land's use and the geomorphological features of multitemporal form. The gotten results analysis evidenced that the dynamics of the socioeconomics system imposed direct and indirect control mechanisms on the environmental system, unchaining alterations on hydrography, through interventions on the fluvial dynamics; on landforms, with the transformations imposed to the geomorphological features by the anthropogenic action and the consequent erosive processes disequilibrium; and the original vegetal covering, through changes in the standards of land use that had unchained the reduction of humid land zones covered by creeping vegetation.

Orientador: Norberto Morales / Banca: Cenira Lupinaci / Banca: Mario Lincoln de Carlo Etchebehere / Resumo: A região de Cássia, no sudoeste do estado de Minas Gerais, assim como a maior parte do sudeste brasileiro encontra-se fortemente afetada por processos intensos de denudação associados ao soerguimento de arcos e altos, deposição de sedimentos em bacias marginais e formação de bacias continentais. Onde os atributos que a tornam interessante para este trabalho seriam relacionados à diversidade de sua constituição geológica e geomorfológica que abrange tanto aos terrenos cristalinos pré-cambrianos quanto as rochas e sedimentos da borda leste da Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná. Estas rochas estão configuradas em um quadro evolutivo de embasamento précambriano, com desenvolvimento de grande bacia de sedimentação, com diferentes ciclos desde o Permiano até o final do Cretáceo, que podem ser notados pela presença de relevo residual com testemunhos da superfície de aplainamento, a partir da qual se instalou o sistema de drenagem atual, com a influência de processos exógenos e endógenos. Portanto neste trabalho foi possível caracterizar três diferentes tipos de compartimentos geomorfológicos determinados através da compartimentação das unidades de relevo com as estruturas geológicas, de forma a realçar feições de relevo, padrões e anomalias de drenagens, que são típicas de diferentes estruturas do substrato rochoso, sendo eles: Compartimento "Planaltos Residuais Cuestiformes", "Patamares da Canastra" e "Planalto de Varginha". No compartimento "Planaltos Residuais Cuestiformes" as feições ostentam um padrão de acamamento que varia de sub-horizontal a horizontal e que por isso passam a refletir um relevo fortemente assimétrico, marcado pela homogeneidade de feições escarpadas e alinhadas. Para o compartimento "Patamares da Canastra", o relevo possui um acamamento associado a camadas inclinadas, e por isso gera um padrão de relevo que varia... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The region of Cassia, in the southwestern state of Minas Gerais, and most of southeastern Brazil is strongly affected by processes of denudation associated with intense soerguimento of arches and high, deposition of sediments in marginal basins and formation of continental basins . Where the attributes that make it interesting for this work would be related to the diversity of its geomorphological and geological formation that includes both the land pre-Cambrian crystalline rocks and sediments on the eastern edge of the Paraná Sedimentary Basin. These stones are set in an evolutionary framework of pre-Cambrian basement, with development of large sedimentation basin, with different cycles from the Permian to the end of the Cretaceous, which may be noticed by the presence of residual relief with examples of the planing surface, from which it installed the current drainage system, with the influence of exogenous and endogenous processes. So this work has been possible to characterize three different types of geomorphologic compartments determined by the subdivision of units relevant to the geological structures in order to highlight features of topography, drainage patterns and anomalies of which are typical of different structures of the rocky substrate, and them: Compartment "Waste Cuestiformes Plateau," "levels of Canastra" and "Plateau of Varginha. In compartment "Plateau Waste Cuestiformes" bearing the features of a standard lodging that ranges from sub-horizontal to horizontal and therefore will reflect an emphasis strongly asymmetric, marked by the homogeneity of craggy features and aligned. For the compartment "levels of Canastra, the relief has a lodging associated with inclined layers, and therefore generates a pattern of relief that varies from moderate to slightly asymmetric, given by crests aligned supported by quartzites. And the compartment "Plateau de Varginha"... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Esta pesquisa consistiu na análise geomorfológica e em um conjunto de levantamentos dos aspectos físicos da bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Balainho. O trabalho baseou-se no mapeamento morfométrico e morfográfico, além de observações de campo para o levantamento das características morfológicas da referida bacia. Os dados coletados visaram também estabelecer as características morfoestruturais e morfoesculturais, a fim de indicar áreas com maior potencialidade a processos denudativos. Para tal, optou-se pela utilização de cartografia geomorfológica de detalhe (1: 25.000) por meio da fotointerpretação de fotografias aéreas e de técnicas de mapeamento (morfografia) apresentadas por Tricart (1965) e Verstappen e Zuidam (1975). Quanto às técnicas na confecção das cartas morfométricas, estas se basearam nos apontamentos de Spiridonov (1981), Cunha, Mendes e Sanches (2003). As modificações morfológicas observadas, sobretudo os processos lineares de erosão foram associados a causas distintas em cada setor compartimentado da bacia (alta, média e baixa bacia), devido a características geológicas, morfológicas, pedológicas, de cobertura superficial e de usos distintos do solo. / This research is consisted of a set of data about the physical aspects of the Ribeirão Balainhos drainage basin. The study is based on morphometric and morphografic mapping and on field observations for the attainment of morphological characterization of the drainage basin. The data collected aimed to determine the morphostructural and morphosculpture characteristics, with the goal of point the areas with higher risks to suffer denudation process. For this, it was chosen the detailed geomorphological cartography (1:25.000), by the photointerpretation of aerial photographs and mapping technics (morphography), given by Tricart (1965) and Verstappen and Zuidam (1975). By the technics used in creation of the morphometrics charts, they were based on Spirodonov (1981), Cunha, Mendes and Sanches (2003) notes. The morphological changes viewed, especially the linear erosions processes, were associated to different reasons in each sector compartmented of the basin (upper, middle and lower), due the geological, morphological, pedological, surface coverage soil and land uses characteristics.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um inventário das feições erosivas lineares da alta bacia do ribeirão Araquá, municípios de São Pedro e Charqueada/SP, com base em técnicas cartográficas e aerofotogramétricas analógicas e digitais. O levantamento foi realizado em 2 escalas de abordagem diferentes: 1:50.000 (semi-detalhe) e 1:15.000 (detalhe). Na escala de semi-detalhe, produziu-se uma carta hipsométrica, uma carta clinográfica e um mapa morfológico, onde foram representadas as feições erosivas. Esses produtos, aliados com as informações sobre solos, litologia e o uso da terra, deram origem ao mapa morfopedológico da sub-bacia. Com base nesse mapa, foi definida a sub-bacia do Córrego do Querosene para o estudo em escala de detalhe. Na sub-bacia do Córrego do Querosene foram produzidas as cartas hipsométrica e clinográfica e os mapas de morfologia do relevo, solos, uso da terra e formas erosivas lineares. O levantamento do uso da terra e das formas erosivas lineares foi realizado com base em fotografias de 4 períodos diferentes, 1962 (1:25.000), 1978 (1:35.000), 1995 (1:25.000) e 2006 (1:30.000). Esse diagnóstico possibilitou realizar correlações das formas erosivas com as características do meio físico, o que deu origem a um mapa de suscetibilidade à erosão, além de ter permitido uma avaliação da evolução temporal das feições. Os resultados mostraram que a área atingida por sulcos diminuiu 38,18% no período de 1962 a 2009. Em contrapartida, as afetadas por linhas de pisoteio subiram 137%. No mesmo período, o número de ravinas aumentou em 87,5%, e as voçorocas cerca de 300%. Os dados mostraram também que as ravinas e voçorocas se instalaram preferencialmente em setores côncavos das vertentes, com declividades acima de 10%, principalmente, e em áreas como solos muito arenosos, profundos, homogêneos, permeáveis e cobertos por pastagens ou vegetação ciliar. As técnicas de interpretação e restituição aerofotogramétricas digitais se mostraram muito superiores às analógicas, embora o processo digital tenha se mostrado mais moroso que o analógico. As técnicas digitais permitiram a correção de grande parte das distorções geométricas das fotos, facilitando, dessa forma, as medidas das ravinas e voçorocas. / This study aimed to make an inventory of the forms of linear erosion in the high basin of the river Araquá, municipality of San Pedro and Charqueada / SP, based on cartographic and aerophotogrametric techniques in analog and digital environment. The survey was conducted in 2 different scales of approach: 1:50.000 (semi-detailed) and 1:15.000 (detailed). In the semi-detailed scale, it was produced a hypsometric chart, a slope chart and a morphological map, where the forms of linear erosion were represented. These products, with the informations about soils, lithology and land use, led to the morphopedologic map. Based on this map, was choose the sub-basin of the Querosene stream for the study on detailed scale. In the sub-basin of the Querosene stream were produced hypsometric and slope charts, morphologic, soils, land use and linear erosion maps. The survey of land use and linear erosion was based on photographs of 4 different periods, 1962 (1:25.000), 1978 (1:35.000), 1995 (1:25.000) and 2006 (1:30.000). This diagnosis made possible to create a susceptibility erosion chart and to correlate forms of linear erosion with the characteristics of the physical environment as well as assessments of the temporal evolution of the erosion. The results showed that the area affected by furrows decreased 38,18% from 1962 until 2009. In contrast, the areas with grazing tracks made by cows increased 137%. In the same period, the number of ravines increased 87,5% and gullies about 300%. The data also showed that the ravines and gullies are preferably in hollow forms, >10% slopes, mainly in areas of very sandy, deep, homogeneous and permeable soils, which are covered by grassland or ciliary vegetation. The techniques of digital aerophotogrametric interpretation and restitution showed far superior to analog, but the digital process is slowest than the analog. The digital techniques allowed the correction of most of the geometric distortions of the photos, facilitating, thus, the measures of ravines and gullies.

No description available.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-05-18T12:27:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinacamposeduardo.pdf: 16613210 bytes, checksum: 50681f7c53a14f21b1f4376c8eeca0d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T11:24:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinacamposeduardo.pdf: 16613210 bytes, checksum: 50681f7c53a14f21b1f4376c8eeca0d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T11:24:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinacamposeduardo.pdf: 16613210 bytes, checksum: 50681f7c53a14f21b1f4376c8eeca0d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-05 / A confecção dos mapas geomorfológicos, em consonância com os aspectos morfoestruturais e morfoesculturais conduz aos estudos efetivos sobre a integração da paisagem, direcionando o uso do mapa em trabalhos, como os de regionalização e questões sobre o planejamento ambiental nos assentamentos urbanos. Efetivamente, ao mapa geomorfológico atribui-se às expressões de cunho genético, morfométrico, morfográfico, cronológico e a dinâmica dos processos decorrentes da atuação climática ao longo tempo. Pela complexidade, de informações que cumpre o trato do levantamento geomorfológico, seu registro cartográfico ainda encontra entraves para uma normatização de procedimentos ou simbologias no roteiro de produção final da carta geomorfológica. Desse modo, ampliando o debate das metodologias e técnicas, o presente trabalho confere a abordagem da cartografia geomorfológica aplicada ao município de Juiz de Fora, cujo relevo se insere nos domínios dos “mares de morros” das Serranias da Zona da Mata. Apoiado nessa perspectiva, foi produzida uma carta geomorfológica e ainda a comparação desse documento com o mapa de morfologia existente para o município, bem como a pesquisa em trabalhos acadêmicos, que levantaram informações sobre o sistema geomorfológico local. A carta geomorfológica produzida, apoiada nos métodos e técnicas da cartografia de relevo, foi levada a efeito com adequações e resultou em um documento comunicativo iconográfica da simbologia, sendo assessorada pelos recursos gráficos com a utilização do Sistema de informação Geográfica (SIG). Com isso, os expedientes voltados para a elaboração das cartas desse gênero, contribuem para as discussões no tocante aos procedimentos metodológicos para a execução desse documento, e enfatiza a aplicação dos métodos aqui aplicados para o reconhecimento dos sistemas geomorfológicos de outras paisagens em domínios tropicais. / The production of geomorphological maps, in consonance with the morphostructural and morpho-sculptural aspects, leads to effective studies on the integration of the landscape, directing the use of these maps in related studies, such as in those about regionalization and on issues concerning environmental planning in urban settlements. Effectively, genetic, morphometric, morphographic and chronological expressions are attributed to the geomorphological map, as well as the dynamics of the processes resulting from the climatic performance over time. Due to the complexity of information the geomorphological survey covers, its cartographic registry still finds obstacles to a standardization of procedures or symbologies in the production script of the final geomorphological chart. Thus, the present work grants the approach of geomorphological cartography applied to the municipality of Juiz de Fora, broadening the debate on methodologies and techniques. The relief of the mentioned municipality belongs to the domains of the “sea of hills” (chain of hills), on Zona da Mata region. Based on this perspective, a geomorphological chart was produced, as well as the comparison of this document with an existing map of morphology for the municipality. Applied research has been also carried out, in order to collect information about the local geomorphologic system. The geomorphological chart that has been produced, based on the methods and techniques of relief cartography, was carried out with adaptations and resulted in an iconographic communicative document of the symbology. The formatting of the legend component has been assisted by graphic resources using the Geographic Information System (Sistema de informação Geográfica - SIG). Hence, the efforts related to the elaboration of this type of chart contribute to the discussions regarding the methodological procedures for the production of this document and emphasize the application of the methods developed in this work for the recognition of geomorphological systems of other landscapes in tropical domains.

The mountain-systems of Central Asia, act as barriers to atmospheric circulation patterns, which in turn impose striking climate gradients across the region. Glaciers are sensitive indicators of climate change and respond to changes in climate gradients over time by advancing during cold and wet periods and receding during warm and dry periods. The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether there are large-scale patterns in how past glaciers in the Tian Shan and the Altai Mountains of Central Asia responded to climate change. Multiple methods have been used, including: remote sensing, terrain analysis, field investigations, and cosmogenic nuclide (CN) dating. The glacial landform records indicate that the region experienced mainly alpine-style glaciations in the past. Large complexes of ice-marginal moraines in high elevation basins are evidence of outlet glaciers sourced from large valley glaciers, ice caps and ice-fields, and these moraine sequences, record the maximum extent of paleoglaciation. In the Ikh-Turgen Mountains, located in the continental, eastern Altai Mountains, deglaciation of these moraines occurred during marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 3 at ~45 ka. This is consistent with a colder and wetter climate during this time, inferred from ice core and lake level proxies. Another deglacial phase occurred during MIS 2 at ~23 ka, synchronous with the global Last Glacial Maximum. In the Russian Altai Mountains, lobate moraines in the Chuya Basin indicate deglaciation at ~19 ka, by a highly dynamic paleoglacier in the Chagan-Uzun catchment, which experienced surge-like behaviour. Furthermore, across the Tian Shan, an evaluation of new and existing CN glacial chronologies (25 dated moraines) indicates that only one regional glacial stage, between 15 and 28 ka (MIS 2), can be defined and spatially correlated across the region. These paleoglaciers were mainly restricted to valleys as a result of arid conditions during this time and variation in their extents is interpreted to reflect topographic modulation on regional climate. The ages of the oldest evidence for robust local glacial stages in the Tian Shan are not yet well constrained, however, moraines in the central Kyrgyz Tian Shan and the eastern Chinese Tian Shan have apparent minimum ages overlapping with MIS 5 and MIS 3 (with missing MIS 4 and 6 stages). However, different geological processes, such as inheritance and post-depositional shielding (e.g. deposition by surging glaciers or hummocky terrain deposition), have influenced the dating resolution, making several moraine ages inappropriate for regional comparison. Finally, to quantify regional patterns of paleoglaciation, the hypsometry (area-elevation distribution) of glacial landforms is used to estimate average paleo equilibrium line altitudes for the region. This analysis shows that while present-day ELAs mirror strong climate gradients, paleoglaciation patterns were characterised by more gentle ELA gradients. The paleo-ELA depressions across Central Asia were most prominent in the continental southern and eastern regions (500–700 m). Finally, the results from this thesis, show that Central Asia was repeatedly glaciated in the past, but underscore the importance of considering 1) catchment characteristics and styles of glaciation and 2) other non-climatic factors controlling glacier dynamics when interpreting CN chronologies to make paleoclimate inference. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 4: Accepted. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p> / Central Asia Paleoglaciology Project (CAPP)

Resumo: A evolução das atividades antrópicas, a partir do aperfeiçoamento das técnicas utilizadas na exploração dos recursos naturais, ocasionou a gradual alteração dos elementos do sistema ambiental mediante a imposição de mecanismos de controle que determinaram transformações na estrutura e nos fluxos de matéria e energia. Por meio desta perspectiva o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar e analisar as alterações e as condições de controle que a dinâmica do uso da terra impôs ao sistema ambiental da bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Santa Bárbara ao longo de 53 anos (1953-2006), procurando enfatizar as transformações nas formas do relevo, na rede hidrográfica e na cobertura vegetal original. A área situa-se na porção sudoeste do município de Pelotas, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, inserindo-se no conjunto de bacias do sistema lacustre Patos-Mirim. Com base na Teoria Geral dos Sistemas aplicada à Geografia, que possibilitou a compreensão das relações existentes entre os sistemas ambiental e socioeconômico na estruturação das organizações espaciais, foram realizados mapeamentos da área em estudo, destacando o uso da terra e as feições geomorfológicas de forma multitemporal. A análise dos resultados obtidos constatou que a dinâmica do sistema socioeconômico impôs mecanismos de controle diretos e indiretos sobre o sistema ambiental, desencadeando alterações na hidrografia, a partir de intervenções na dinâmica fluvial; no relevo, diante das transformações impostas às feições geomorfológicas pela ação antropogênica e do conseqüente desequilíbrio dos processos erosivos; e na cobertura vegetal original, por meio de mudanças nos padrões de uso da terra que desencadearam a redução de zonas de terras úmidas cobertas por vegetação rasteira. / Abstract: The evolution of the human activities made possible the optimization of techniques used in the exploration of natural resources, causing the gradual alteration of the environmental system elements through the imposition of control mechanisms that had determined transformations in the structure and the flows of substance and energy. In this context, the present study had as objective to identify and to analyze the alterations and the control conditions that the land use dynamics imposed to the environmental system of the Santa Bárbara Stream watershed during 53 years (1953-2006), trying to emphasize the transformations in landforms, hydrographic net and in the original covering. The area lies in the southwestern part of Pelotas Municipal District, State of Rio Grande do Sul, composing the set basins of Patos-Mirim lacustrine system. According to the General Systems Theory applied to Geography, witch provided the understanding of relationships between the environmental and socioeconomics systems in the spatial organizations structuring, mappings of the study area had been accomplished, detaching the land's use and the geomorphological features of multitemporal form. The gotten results analysis evidenced that the dynamics of the socioeconomics system imposed direct and indirect control mechanisms on the environmental system, unchaining alterations on hydrography, through interventions on the fluvial dynamics; on landforms, with the transformations imposed to the geomorphological features by the anthropogenic action and the consequent erosive processes disequilibrium; and the original vegetal covering, through changes in the standards of land use that had unchained the reduction of humid land zones covered by creeping vegetation. / Orientador: Cenira Maria Lupinacci da Cunha / Coorientador: Rosa Elena Noal / Banca: Archimedes Perez Filho / Banca: Regina Célia de Oliveira / Mestre