Resistant and susceptible field strains of the German cockroach were compared for possible chromosome aberrations. Resistant strain females produced significantly higher numbers of aberrant oothecae ( >5 unhatched eggs ) than the susceptible strains. Chromosome aberrations found in the susceptible strains were attachments (autosome-autosome, autosome-x) and fragments that did not reappear in outcrosses. Attachments (autosome-autosome, autosome-x), fragments, three translocation configurations that did not reappear in outcrosses and two reciprocal translocation heterozygotes occurred in the resistant strains. These two translocations have been tentatively identified as T(12:8)/12:8 from the Bowl strain and T(11:6)/11:6 from the K851 strain. T(12:8)/12:8 exhibits random disjunction at metaphase I. There were no differences related to susceptible vs. resistant strains in the frequency of chromosome aberrations from the aberrant oothecae. There was no evidence, except in the K851 strain, to support a relationship between egg arrest and chromosome aberrations, or the hypothesis that chromosome aberrations result from the selective pressure of insecticides. It is suggested by this study that translocations are the most common type of “floating” polymorphism in the German cockroach. The first occurrence of three known phenotypic mutants, bent bristle, yellow body, and pallid eye, and one new phenotypic mutant, colorless eye, in field strains are reported by this study. / Master of Science

The studies presented here are an effort toward learning about the behavior of small mixed populations of German cockroaches. Of particular interest was the effect of female cockroaches on the behavior of the group, particularly the group formation within a harborage and the dispersal from a harborage. The effect of females was looked at with respect to female density and reproductive state. Populations aggregated at low female densities. This response increased when densities of gravid females increased but decreased when densities of non-gravid females increased. The effects of female reproductive state on dispersal could not be determined as non-gravid females developed egg cases by the end of the study. Increased female density caused increased dispersal of females and mid-instars. The mid-instars were the primary dispersers in each experiment. Early instars, excluding escapees, dispersed least. The results of these studies indicate the females of a population can mediate the behavior of that population and its members. It is postulated that this may be achieved by the production and/or regulation of sex, aggregation, and dispersal-inducing pheromones by females. / Master of Science

The overall purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an insecticide vapor pulse on the dispersal response of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L). An apparatus was designed to expose test cockroaches to vapors from commercial pesticide formulations. Insecticide vapor-induced dispersal responses were recorded during a two hour period from different strains that had been allowed to acclimate to a harborage. The dispersal response of large nymphs from a pesticide susceptible laboratory strain (VPI) was compared to two propoxur resistant field strains (Carver, Kenly) after exposure to four propoxur formulations and their blanks. Vapors from the petroleum-based oil and aerosol formulations induced significantly more dispersal than vapors from water-based emulsifiable concentrate and wettable powder formulations. Vapors from formulations containing the toxicant generally induced a significantly faster dispersal response than did their blanks. Exposure of cockroaches to the vapors of diazinon, malathion, and cyfluthrin indicated that the class of pesticide can also influence the dispersal response. Strain differences were found in experiments with the propoxur formulations, their blanks, malathion, and cyfluthrin. Slow dispersal precluded demonstration of significant strain differences in experiments with diazinon. Exposure of mixed age groups of four strains to vapors from 1% propoxur-in-oil, an aerosol and their blanks indicated that dispersal patterns were similar to the single age class experiments. Inter- and intra-strain differences were found. Dispersal of the field strains was distinguished from that of the laboratory strain by more variable responses and differences among age classes. The strongest inter-and intra-strain differences were in response to the solvents rather than the complete formulation. The air concentration of propoxur from a 1% oil formulation was estimated at 146 pg/ml. Condensation of the toxicant onto the apparatus was also observed. Vapor pulse characteristics for the four propoxur formulations indicated that the equilibrium vaporization rate in the test apparatus was approximately 0.5 mg/min for the oil and aerosol formulations and 1.0 mg/min for the WP and EC formulations. Results suggest that effective control strategies must be tailored for each target population. / Ph. D.

Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero Agrónomo, mención Producción Agrícola

1. The inheritance mechanism or resistance to lindane in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) was studied by determining the toxicity of lindane to the following populations ot cockroaches: a) lindane.resistant and non-resistant strains, b) the F1 and F2 progeny of reciprocal crosses between the two parental strains, c) the F1 and F2 progeny of backcrosses between the reciprocal cross F1 males. and resistant and non-resistant strain females, d) the progeny of pair matings within resistant and non-resistant strains and e) eight successive generation of a resistant strain isolated from further insecticide selection. 2. The method. employed in rearing the cockroaches and obtaining toxicological data on the different populations, as well as the genetical and statistical procedures, are described. 3. The toxicological data tor the mass matings are presented 1n the form of regression lines fitted by appropriate statistical analyses. 4. The toxicological data. for the pair matings, transformed into "indices of resistance," are presented in tabular form. 5.. Appropriate conclusions are drawn from the data to explain the inheritance mechanism of lindane resistance in the German cockroach. / Ph. D.

Dosage mortality data by a topical application method for eight organophosphorus compounds are given for two laboratory-selected .strains of Blattella p:ermanica ( L.), one resistant to malathion and the other resistant to diazinon. Comparison of this data with similar data for a normal susceptible strain of the same species reveals that development of resistance to malathion in this species is highly specific imparting no effective cross resistance to any of the other seven compounds evaluated. Selection with diazinon induces a low level of tolerance to all the organophosphates studied, but there are indications that in most cases this is due to vigor tolerance rather than to true resistance. There is reason to believe that if carboxyesterase activity is responsible for the resistance phenomena to malathion exhibited by this insect, its action is blocked or its detoxifying ability rendered ineffective by the presence of a vinyl group in an organophosphorus compound, such as GC 3707. / Master of Science

The aim of this diploma thesis is determination of selected metals in unconventional fruit species, specifically in cornelian cherry (Cornus mas), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) and medlar (Mespilus germanica).There is informationabout 16 analysed metals – As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Sn, Pb, V, Zn. There are described analytical techniques for elemental analysis and methods for destruction biological material. Samples for analysis are prepared by using microwave mineralization and ICP-MS for detection. This is described in the experimental part of the diploma thesis. Analysis confirmed that unconventional fruits are rich sources of trace elements.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 parreira_rs_me_jabo.pdf: 339536 bytes, checksum: 9761fab34df675f3e45e2e4ae0a042ca (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a mortalidade de duas populações de Blattella germanica em função da área e do tempo de exposição a inseticidas. Os experimentos foram realizados no Depto. Fitossanidade, UNESP-Jaboticabal. Os inseticidas foram aplicados em torre de Potter, com volume de 1 mL sobre placas de Petri, em exposições de 2, 8 e 32 min, no primeiro experimento; e volume de 0,5 mL em áreas de exposição de 25, 50, 75 e 100%, no segundo experimento. No terceiro experimento foram tratadas superfícies revestidas por azulejos, com um pulverizador pressurizado (CO2). Foram utilizados os inseticidas gammacialotrina, bendiocarb, deltametrina, lambdacialotrina CS, lambdacialotrina CE, alfacipermetrina e cipermetrina nas dosagens recomendadas pelos fabricantes, comparados a uma testemunha sem aplicação. Foram confinadas cinco baratas adultas sobre a placa para os dois primeiros experimentos e dez baratas adultas nas superfícies de azulejo para o terceiro experimento. A mortalidade foi avaliada 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 e 72 h após confinamento na superfície tratada. Verificou-se que os inseticidas foram eficientes para os três períodos de exposição. Para a área de exposição o inseticida cipermetrina apresentou a maior mortalidade que ocorreu na maior área. Na avaliação antes da lavagem os produtos resultaram em alta mortalidade, sendo a maior eficiência para o bendiocarb. Após a lavagem da superfície a maior eficiência foi do alfacipermetrina. A população de campo demonstrou ser mais resistente aos inseticidas do que a sensível. / This work goes evaluate the mortality of two Blattella germanica populations due insecticide treatments, treated area and exposition times. The experiments were in Dept. Fitossanidade at UNESP-Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The application of insecticides was realized in Potter’s tower over Petri plates with times exposition of 2, 8 and 32 min, to insects, spraying volume of 1 mL per plate; in another test it was evaluate exposition sizes of 25, 50, 75 and 100% areas to B. germanica and spraying volume of 1 mL per plate. Another application was over surfaces coverage with tile using a knapsack sprayer to test effect for washing in the tiles. For this, cockroaches (sensitive and field populations) were exposed before and after tiles had been washed. The products were: gammacyalotrine, bendiocarb, deltametrina, lambdacialotrina CS, lambdacialotrina CE, alfacipermetrina and cipermetrina, plus one check without application. Five cockroaches were confined over treated plates (first and second experiments) and ten over tile (third experiment). The mortality evaluation was 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after cockroaches exposure. In the first experiment the insecticides was efficient to cipermetrina that promoted higher mortality. In relation of exposure periods, in all times it was observed high mortality of cockroaches. To areas, the higher was in the bigger area of exposure. In the third experiment, insects exposed before washing it was verify high mortality of cockroaches, mainly with bendiocarb, while after that the higher mortality was verified with alfacipermetrina. Field cockroaches survived more than sensitive population.

Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a mortalidade de duas populações de Blattella germanica em função da área e do tempo de exposição a inseticidas. Os experimentos foram realizados no Depto. Fitossanidade, UNESP-Jaboticabal. Os inseticidas foram aplicados em torre de Potter, com volume de 1 mL sobre placas de Petri, em exposições de 2, 8 e 32 min, no primeiro experimento; e volume de 0,5 mL em áreas de exposição de 25, 50, 75 e 100%, no segundo experimento. No terceiro experimento foram tratadas superfícies revestidas por azulejos, com um pulverizador pressurizado (CO2). Foram utilizados os inseticidas gammacialotrina, bendiocarb, deltametrina, lambdacialotrina CS, lambdacialotrina CE, alfacipermetrina e cipermetrina nas dosagens recomendadas pelos fabricantes, comparados a uma testemunha sem aplicação. Foram confinadas cinco baratas adultas sobre a placa para os dois primeiros experimentos e dez baratas adultas nas superfícies de azulejo para o terceiro experimento. A mortalidade foi avaliada 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 e 72 h após confinamento na superfície tratada. Verificou-se que os inseticidas foram eficientes para os três períodos de exposição. Para a área de exposição o inseticida cipermetrina apresentou a maior mortalidade que ocorreu na maior área. Na avaliação antes da lavagem os produtos resultaram em alta mortalidade, sendo a maior eficiência para o bendiocarb. Após a lavagem da superfície a maior eficiência foi do alfacipermetrina. A população de campo demonstrou ser mais resistente aos inseticidas do que a sensível. / Abstract: This work goes evaluate the mortality of two Blattella germanica populations due insecticide treatments, treated area and exposition times. The experiments were in Dept. Fitossanidade at UNESP-Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The application of insecticides was realized in Potter's tower over Petri plates with times exposition of 2, 8 and 32 min, to insects, spraying volume of 1 mL per plate; in another test it was evaluate exposition sizes of 25, 50, 75 and 100% areas to B. germanica and spraying volume of 1 mL per plate. Another application was over surfaces coverage with tile using a knapsack sprayer to test effect for washing in the tiles. For this, cockroaches (sensitive and field populations) were exposed before and after tiles had been washed. The products were: gammacyalotrine, bendiocarb, deltametrina, lambdacialotrina CS, lambdacialotrina CE, alfacipermetrina and cipermetrina, plus one check without application. Five cockroaches were confined over treated plates (first and second experiments) and ten over tile (third experiment). The mortality evaluation was 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after cockroaches exposure. In the first experiment the insecticides was efficient to cipermetrina that promoted higher mortality. In relation of exposure periods, in all times it was observed high mortality of cockroaches. To areas, the higher was in the bigger area of exposure. In the third experiment, insects exposed before washing it was verify high mortality of cockroaches, mainly with bendiocarb, while after that the higher mortality was verified with alfacipermetrina. Field cockroaches survived more than sensitive population. / Orientador: Marcelo da Costa Ferreira / Coorientadora: Nilza Maria Martinelli / Banca: Marcos Roberto Potenza / Banca: Sérgio Antonio de Bortoli / Mestre

Jorge Luis Borges's story "El Zahir" describes a moment where the protagonist finds rest from his monomania by reworking one of the central texts in Old Germanic myth, the story of Sigurd and Brynhild. The approach taken here by the protagonist is the paradigm used in this thesis for understanding Borges's own strong readings of Old Germanic literature, specifically Old Scandinavian texts. In chapter one, a brief outline of the myth of Sigurd and Brynhild, with a particular emphasis on Gram, the sword that lied between them, is provided and juxtaposed with Borges's own family history, focusing on the family's storied military past. This image of the sword as the symbol for the north and its relation to Borges's family and political interests is sustained throughout the thesis. Chapter two is a survey of the various facets of Borges's literary output that were influenced by Nordic myth and literary styles: first, literary criticism, second, poetry and prose, and third, translation. The survey shows that Borges's engagement with the north began early and was maintained throughout his life. Likewise, after working through seven works from disparate periods it becomes clear that Borges is not merely introducing the Spanish speaking world to Old Scandinavian texts, but, in the same fashion as the protagonist in "El Zahir," subsuming them in a way that is uniquely Borgesian. The third chapter follows the same approach as the survey but focuses on Borges's short stories, specifically two short stories from his collection entitled Libro de Arena: "Ulrica" and "Undr." Many of the conclusions that emerged in the survey are further validated in the analysis of these two stories, but with greater emphasis on how they relate to Borges's later years, and the themes that begin to surround his preparation for death. The concluding chapter summarizes the findings of the previous three chapters by way of a close reading of Borges's tombstone. Each aspect of the stone is connected to Old Germanic myth and how that symbolized the eventual consummation of his joy: the sword that kept him separated from love was eventually lifted, as it was for Ulrica and Javier in "Ulrica."