An investigation was conducted into possible differences in motor abilities between 98 mentally retarded and 100 mentally normal girls aged between 13 - 17 years. For the purpose of this study certain motor aspects as contained in previously selected tests were chosen. The motor aspects in question were those which appear in the Physical Education Syllabus for girls in the section handling of objects. The success with which the girls performed the prescribed movement tasks was measured quantitatively (to indicate attainment of the desired result) as well as qualitatively (to indicate the movement pattern) . A movement-directed analysis was conducted by studying the possible effect which the kind of skill, as well as the relative perceptual-motor abilities, could have on the achievement of the pupils. A preceding literature study was done in order to obtain relevant information pertaining to the study. The quantitative data were studied by means of a variance analysis investigation with a view to the significance of the differences (p ~ 0,05), while the qualitative data, being nominal, were analysed by means of chi-square techniques. The predominant findings indicate that, in spite of heterogeneity within the group, deficient motor ability is indeed prevalent among the mentally retarded pupils. This does not, however, hold good for all aspects of the movement abilities and is not always meaningful. The biggest differences are found in the movement pattern. Task complexity, the degree of cognitive involvement as well as perceptual-motor abilities included in the skills do play a role as regards the successful performance by the mentally retarded group. Carefully planned motor programmes conducted with retarded pupils could therefore be a means of abolishing under-actualization of their personality realisation - especially as they are directed towards motor rather than cognitive orientated occupations. / Thesis (MA)--PU vir CHO, 1987

I. Introduction - The task of the school under the Children's Act is more comprehensive than that of the normal school. Apart from giving academic instruction, the school under the Children's Act provides physical care and attends to the socialization of the child. In many cases it is necessary to resocialise because the socialization process at home takes place inadequately and unsatisfactorily. The school must prepare the child in his totality so that after his school career, he may fit into society in the broadest sense. In other words, the school under the Children's Act has, apart from providing academic instruction, an important socio-pedagogic task with regard to the deprived child placed in its care for further education. 2. Definition of Problem - The problem examined in this investigation can be, formulated by means of two questions, namely: * Does the school under the Children's Act make a positive contribution to the socio-pedagogic development of the committed child? * Is the child, who leaves the said school after a comparatively long stay, better equipped for society than the child who under the same circumstances, was not committed? 3. Aims - This research aims: * to investigate and explain on an international scale the task of the school under the Children's Act, on the basis of existing literature; * to determine scientifically by means of objective testing, and retesting after one year, whether the school under the Children's Ad in South Africa, is contributing positively to the socialization of the committed child in its care. 4. Method of Investigation - Firstly, use was made of the method of a study of literature pertaining to this subject. A study was made of international as well as South African sources dealing with schools under the Children's Act and other associated subjects, such as the growth and development of these schools in South Africa, problems with regard to the socialization of the child under the Children's Act; the needs of the pedagogically neglected adolescent in the schools under the Act, and the socio-pedagogical aspect of education in these schools. Relevant factual material has been collected, arranged and annotated. Secondly, an empirical investigation limited to white, deprived children in seventeen of the eighteen schools under the Department of National Education has been undertaken. As test subjects, all pupils who were admitted between 15 November 1981 and 15 February 1982 to these schools, have been used. A battery of tests consisting of the Picture Motivation Test, the Interpersonal Relations Questionnaire and the IPAT Anxiety Scale, which are all standardised tests of the Human Sciences Research Council, have been used. Furthermore, a questionnaire (see Appendage B) has been used to acquire first hand factual material from the schools involved. Using the above-mentioned tests, pupils were tested on IS February 1982 and again 15 November of the same year in order to obtain comparative details. After the conclusion of the empirical investigation, the data was analysed and reviewed on the basis of facts from existing literature and personal criteria. The empirical details were statistically revised by the Statistic Consultation Service of the Potchefstroom University with the aid of a standard computer. With regard to the Picture Motivation Test and the Interpersonal Relations Questionnaire, the raw marks of each factor of the tests were converted to stanines, and of the IPAT Anxiety Scale into stens as the norm tables of the said tests provides respectively for stanines and stens. The same procedure was followed with the retesting so as to obtain comparative details. A difference of one on the stanine and sten scales was, for the aim of this study, considered significant when drawing conclusions. Differences on the stanine scale with regard to testing and retesting was, with the aid of the computer, obtained for each subtest of the Picture Motivation Test and the Interpersonal Relations Questionnaire. Similarly, differences on the sten scale for the !PAT Anxiety Scale were obtained. 5. Program of Investigation - The details obtained from existing literature as well as the results of the empirical investigation have been presented in chapter form. An explanation of the method of investigation followed during the research, is given in chapter one. In chapter six the method of research into the empirical investigation is given in detail. Chapter two contains an historical survey of the growth and development of schools under the Children's Act in South Africa since 1909. An explanation of problems concerning the socio-pedagogical development of the child before and after committal receives attention in chapter three, while the unique needs of the adolescent are discussed in chapter four. Chapter five deals with the school under the Children's Act as a socio-pedagogical maintenance institution. The academic as well as the extra-curricular program receives attention, and aspects which can contribute positively to the socialization of the child in need of care are suggested. In chapter seven the results of the empirical investigation arc given in table form with concise explanations of each table. 6. Growth and development of schools under the Children's Act since 1909 - The first school under the Children's Act (formerly called the industrial school) was established seventy-five years ago in Standerton. Originally it was little more than a haven for neglected and delinquent youths. The school was started in 1909 in an old military barracks used during the Anglo-Boer War and had an enrolment of six boys and one girl. Until 1917, schools under the Children's Act were administered by the Prisons Department. Discipline was very strict and there was little or no education as such. The Child Protection Act of 1937 contributed immensely towards improving the educational aspect of these schools. By 1917, when the administration of the schools was transferred to the Union Education Department, altogether four schools had been established. With an education department in control, the emphasis on education increased and decreased on discipline. The Children's Act of 1937 which was an outcome of the Inter-departmental Committee ( 1934-1937) introduced an entirely new approach to the education of the child in need of care. In 1946 psychological services were introduced into schools under the Children's Act. This was the beginning of psychological therapeutic services. After 1917 another fourteen schools, distributed throughout the four provinces, were built so that altogether there are to date eighteen schools under the Children's Act. Development with regard to improved syllabi, differentiated education, psychological services, special courses and specialised directions which, during the last decade, followed quickly on each other, have to-day made the school under the Children's Act an adequate and modern educational institution which aims at educating in total the child in need of care. 7. Problems in connection with socialization before and after committal - Socialization is the process whereby individuals learn to become viable members of the social group in which they move. It commences at birth and continues throughout a lifetime. The significance of the christian family as the unit of society cannot be overemphasized. The functions of the family with regard to socializing the child is essential in all socialization activities and educational functions of the school, the church and society in general. If these functions of the family are neglected, long-term damage will emerge later in the child's life. Values and norms acquired within the family relationship, later serve as guidelines for the child's behaviour and as a foundation for forming his own attitude to life which, as a young adult, will affect his adaption to society. There are various shortcomings in the family life and behaviour tendencies of the parents of children in need of care, which manifest themselves before committal and which later adversely influence the child's socialization in the school under the Children's Act. These are factors like the disintegration of the Family bonds, church estrangement, misuse of alcohol by the parents, broken homes, child neglect and an increasingly permissive society. The latter is strongly influenced by communism and liberalism. After admission to the school under the Children's Act, factors such as absconding, the smoking habit, separate schools for boys and girls, homosexual tendencies and early marriages among girls hinder both the process of resocialization of the pupil as well as the therapeutic program of the school in general. 8. The adolescent and his needs - Most pupils in schools under the Children's Act are adolescent as pupils under the age of twelve and over the age of eighteen are seldom admitted to the school. Adolescence is a period of important psychological changes in the life of a young person. It is often referred to as the period of emotional upheaval, as a result of unusual emotional instability so characteristic of this phase. Basically, the adolescent experiences the same needs as the young child, but because of his advanced intellectual capabilities, his physical maturity and his erratic behaviour he experiences these needs problematically. Social needs such as affiliation, acceptance, recognition, independence, a sense of responsibility and identification are of special importance to the adolescent, because it is during this period that he must find his niche among his equals as well as in society in general. Emotionally, the adolescent experiences intense needs which go hand in hand with emotional tension and anxiety while at the same time frustration, conflict and aggression further affect his adjustment. At a moral level, the adolescent must learn to adjust to the values and norms of society; his conscience asserts itself and guilt feelings serve as punishment when he reacts contrarily to the accepted norms. During adolescence, the young person strives to establish a self-identity and to develop a self-image while at the same time experiencing mental conflict and confusion. In conclusion, it is during this phase of his life that the adolescent begins to view critically the religious principles and faith which he as a child accepted without question. Especially when he communicates with friends who hold other religious values does he experience serious doubts and starts to search assiduously for truth and spiritual security. 9. The school under the Children's Act as socio-pedagogic institution As all pupils who are being educated in schools under the Children's Act are institution-bound, and arc physically cared for by the school (State), the school can be regarded as a complete community in miniature. It is the task of the school as a fully responsible maintenance institution to build a socializing bridge for the child between the parental home with a poor educational background, and the general community after school. The headmaster with his comprehensive task, teaching staff, administrative and hostel staff, form a heterogeneous team with a common aim, namely taking care of and educating the deprived child, and administering the school adequately. The ultimate aim of the school is to restore a deprived child in need of care to the community as a well-cared for, socially-adapted and morally-equipped youth. What the school offers, both intra-murally and extra-murally, is focussed on the socio-pedagogically deprived child's social independence after school. Great emphasis is placed on organised after-hour programs in sport, cultural activity and invigorating recreation as part of socio-pedagogical education. It is of extreme significance that this child should not only become involved in the affairs of the community, but also render service to it - this forms an integrate part of the eventual goal the school wishes to achieve. 10. Results of the Empirical Research Calculated by the Picture Motivation Test, the school under the Children's Act shows a success figure of 49,2% in the case of boys, and 51,8% for girls (compare table 7.12). According to the synopsis (table 7.35) the success figure of the school calculated by means of the Interpersonal Relations Questionnaire, is 53,5% for boys and 55% for girls. The IPAT Anxiety Level Scale shows that the school was well able to lower the general level of anxiety within one year in 74,8% boys and 73,7% girls. The negative percentage with regard to the IPAT Anxiety Level Scale was noticeably low, namely 8,1% in boys and 4,2% in girls. The over-all result of the test exercise shows that schools under the Children's Act have a success figure of 59,7% for boys and 60,1% for girls (see table 7.44). The significant similarity in all the readings of boys and girls is quite noteworthy. There is a difference of 2,7% in the negative, 1.8% in the neutral and 0,9% in the positive score of boys and girls. If the average score for the test group can be calculated in its entirety, the negative count is 20,4%, the neutral count 20% and the positive count 59,7%. The last figure percentage can therefore be regarded as the success figure of the school under the Children's Act, as determined by this research. This is in agreement with the general expectation of the heads of schools under the Children's Act and officials of the Department of National Education, as was established in interviews with those persons mentioned. (Sec end of list of sources). / Proefskrif (DEd)--PU vir CHO, 1984

Background: Rehabilitation has emerged as a comprehensive approach with a combination of treatment modalities to address the multiple impediments associated with disabilities in intellectually disabled people. Rehabilitation is used to address intellectually disabled peoples’ skill deficits, to improve competencies and to facilitate optimal functioning within the goal of giving the greatest possible measure of social and economic participation, independence, self–reliance and self–determination to intellectually disabled people. The ongoing improvement of rehabilitation services in the public health system therefore remains a continuous challenge; hence the need for further research. Objective: The systematic literature review critically synthesizes and describes the available evidence of the effects of rehabilitation on intellectually disabled people. Method: Literature searches of different electronic databases as well as manual searches of references of primary studies were conducted using selected keywords. The total number of the studies identified from an electronic database search was 1 102. All titles and abstracts were screened for relevance and 40 studies were immediately excluded. From the remaining 1 062 studies, another 993 studies were excluded because they were not relevant to the rehabilitation of intellectually disabled people. The abstracts and titles of the remaining 69 studies were screened for a second time to exclude studies not relevant to actual rehabilitation of intellectually disabled people. Another two studies were excluded as duplicates. The remaining 67 studies were retrieved as full texts; of these, 40 studies were excluded due to them being written in a foreign language. After all abstracts and texts were thoroughly screened for true relevancy to the review question, a further 20 studies were excluded. The remaining seven full–text studies were selected for critical appraisal because they were relevant to the effects of rehabilitation on intellectually disabled people. Results: These identified studies have the potential to inform clinical practice on the basis of their evidenced interventions that resulted in the improvement of outcomes of rehabilitation of intellectually disabled people. Improvement of skills was noted for mildly and moderately intellectually disabled people. Improvement was noted in activities of daily living (ADL), self–care skills, communication skills and cognitive achievements. Conclusions: The study contributes to the comprehensive nursing care of intellectually disabled people by endorsement of the effectiveness of rehabilitation in terms of ADL, self–care skills, communication skills and cognitive achievements. The collected evidence of this study may contribute to the education of more effective nurse practitioners involved in the daily care and rehabilitation of intellectually disabled people. / Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Background: Rehabilitation has emerged as a comprehensive approach with a combination of treatment modalities to address the multiple impediments associated with disabilities in intellectually disabled people. Rehabilitation is used to address intellectually disabled peoples’ skill deficits, to improve competencies and to facilitate optimal functioning within the goal of giving the greatest possible measure of social and economic participation, independence, self–reliance and self–determination to intellectually disabled people. The ongoing improvement of rehabilitation services in the public health system therefore remains a continuous challenge; hence the need for further research. Objective: The systematic literature review critically synthesizes and describes the available evidence of the effects of rehabilitation on intellectually disabled people. Method: Literature searches of different electronic databases as well as manual searches of references of primary studies were conducted using selected keywords. The total number of the studies identified from an electronic database search was 1 102. All titles and abstracts were screened for relevance and 40 studies were immediately excluded. From the remaining 1 062 studies, another 993 studies were excluded because they were not relevant to the rehabilitation of intellectually disabled people. The abstracts and titles of the remaining 69 studies were screened for a second time to exclude studies not relevant to actual rehabilitation of intellectually disabled people. Another two studies were excluded as duplicates. The remaining 67 studies were retrieved as full texts; of these, 40 studies were excluded due to them being written in a foreign language. After all abstracts and texts were thoroughly screened for true relevancy to the review question, a further 20 studies were excluded. The remaining seven full–text studies were selected for critical appraisal because they were relevant to the effects of rehabilitation on intellectually disabled people. Results: These identified studies have the potential to inform clinical practice on the basis of their evidenced interventions that resulted in the improvement of outcomes of rehabilitation of intellectually disabled people. Improvement of skills was noted for mildly and moderately intellectually disabled people. Improvement was noted in activities of daily living (ADL), self–care skills, communication skills and cognitive achievements. Conclusions: The study contributes to the comprehensive nursing care of intellectually disabled people by endorsement of the effectiveness of rehabilitation in terms of ADL, self–care skills, communication skills and cognitive achievements. The collected evidence of this study may contribute to the education of more effective nurse practitioners involved in the daily care and rehabilitation of intellectually disabled people. / Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

1. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY - The aim of this study is a psychological and scholastic investigation of the effect of a supplementary reading programme on Coloured high school pupils. In order to do this, zero hypotheses and alternative hypotheses were drawn up which would enable one to compare an experimental group (which had done the supplementary reading course) with a control group (which had not done such a course). In short the zero hypotheses amount to saying that there are no differences in reading ability, school performance, study habits and study attitudes, aptitude and personality between Coloured high school pupils •who did a reading development course and those who did not do such a course. The alternative hypotheses endeavour to prove the opposite, namely that such differences do exist. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY - As a starting point for this investigation, a number of relevant concepts were defined. Some of these concepts are "read", "reading difficulties”, "Coloured”, “Urban and -rural areas”. The importance of reading was demonstrated by pointing out that a good reading ability is essential for the forming of a healthy personality, social development, recreation, extending knowledge, etcetera. The complexity of the reading process came to the fore when the explanation of what the reading process entails, was discussed as it is described by various researchers. The different theoretical models discussed, are the optical-mechanical model, psychometric models, psychological models, the communication model and linguistic models. The extent of reading difficulties was outlined by means of results obtained by researchers, local and foreign. In this respect reference was also made to reading differences pertaining to sex and reading differences between rural and urban areas. A detailed account was given of the main causes of reading difficulties related to scholastic and socioeconomic factors, and in particular how these factors manifest themselves among the Coloured community. As far as the scholastic determinants are concerned, attention was given to the poor pre-school environment of the Coloured child, insufficient number of nursery schools, compulsory education and school leaving at an early age, inadequate differentiation, lack of accommodation and a shortage of suitably qualified staff. Concerning the socio-economic determinants the following were dealt with: class differences, life style of the lower class, the family milieu, cultural values and norms, residential area and housing, recreational activities, linguistic abilities and physical factors. The diagnosis of reading difficulties was discussed in short. In this survey particular attention was paid to the different levels of diagnosis and methods of diagnosing. Some difficulties in diagnosing reading problems among Coloureds were also pointed out. The last aspect from the literature which was dealt with was the remediation of reading problems. Emphasis was given to the more traditional methods of supplementary reading teaching, for instance the basic reading book method, the alphabet method, the neurological and the perceptual kinaesthetic method. Lifting the causes of reading problems which emanate from this study would allow remediation to be used to the full among the Coloured people. 3. METHOD OF RESEARCH - 3.1 Sample: In order to determine the effect of the supplementary reading programme, a comparative study •was made between an experimental group (which did a reading course) and a control group (which did not do such a course). The sample consisted of a total experimental group of 31 people (Std. 8 and Std. 9 pupils) of whom 15 were Std. 8 and 16 Std. 9 pupils while on the other hand the total contra l group of 26 people (Std. 8 and Std. 9 pupils) consisted of 14 Std. 8 and 12 Std. 9 pupils. 3.2 Measuring Instruments: The measuring instruments used to investigate the different fields were the following: - Reading ability, The ophtalmograph - Scholastic achievement, Real school marks - Study habits, Questionnaire on study habits and attitudes - Aptitude, Senior aptidude test - Personality, The High School personality Questionnaire and IPAT Anxiety scale. The above mentioned measuring instruments were discussed in detail under the headings: objective, composition, validity, reliability and reason for using them in this research. 3.3 Research procedures: Global as well as reductionistic comparisons were used in this study. A global comparison is drawn between the total experimental group and the total control group. The reductionistic investigation entails a comparison between the Std. 8 experimental and control groups as well as a comparison between the Std. 9 experimental and control groups. Apart from the above mentioned comparisons the Std. 8 and Std. 9 control groups, as well as the Std. 9 and Std. 9 experimental groups were also compared. A description was given of the supplementary reading programme which consisted of ten one hour sessions, as, well as a full description of the apparatus used, namely the tachistoscope and the contro11ed reader. Statistical calculations were done by the Statistical Consultation Service of the Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education. Short descriptions only of the techniques used are given in the study. 4. RESEARCH RESULTS - The most important results of this research can be summarised as follows: * READING ABILITY - This study brings to light that the reading course brought a significant improvement in reading achievement in the total experimental group. Seen reductionistically the Std. 8 experimental group also showed significant improvement when compared with the Std. 8 control group. However, no significant differences were found between the Std. 9 experimental and control groups. In the case of the total and the Std. 8 experimental group the alternative hypothesis was accepted while the zero hypothesis was maintained in the case of the Std. 9 groups. * SCHOLASTIC ACHIEVEMENT - The scholastic achievement of the total experimental group showed a significant improvement when compared with the total control group. Seen reductionistically the Std. 8 experimental group also achieved significantly higher marks at school than the Std. 8 control group. This te1dency was not repeated in the Std. 9 experimental group, where no significant differences were found. In the case of the total and the Std. 8 investigations the alternative hypothesis was accepted, while the zero hypothesis had to be maintained for the Std. 9 group comparison. * STUDY HABITS AND ATTITUDES - Seen globally the total experimental group exhibited better study habits and attitudes than the total control group. When judged reductionistically neither the Std. 8 not the Std. 9 group comparisons brought to light any significant differences. Thus the zero hypothesis was applicable to the reductionistic investigations, while the alternative hypothesis was accepted in the case of the tota1 experimental group. * APTITUDE - The zero hypothesis had to be accepted right through, in the global as well as the reductionistical investigation, in other words, no significant differences were found between the different groups as far as aptitude is concerned. An interesting tendency was discovered, however, from the calculated IQ's of the SAT, namely that there is a connection between a supplementary reading course and a rise in intelligence. * PERSONALITY - The total evaluation of personality traits of the Coloured high school pupils by means of the HSPQ and IPAT Anxiety scale shows that the reading course, judged globally or reductionistically, did not bring about significant differences between the experimental and control groups. Thus the zero hypothesis was accepted throughout. 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION - In researching the effect of a supplementary reading programme on Coloured high school pupils it was found that there was a definite beneficial influence on reading ability and scholastic achievement. It does seem however, as if aptitude and personality development are established aspects which will not be changed by a reading development course. If the reading course should have a lasting effect on the aspects which it improves, it is possible that in the .long run personality changes and even improvement in aptitude may take place. As far as study habits and attitudes are concerned, positive results were obtained, but it had been expected to have been even better. The results of this study correlate well with those of other researchers on reading improvement by means of a supplementary reading course in which apparatus is used. It should not be considered however as the only method of reading aid, since many other researchers obtain positive results with other methods. On account of the distinctiveness of this study its results cannot be generalised by the norms formed by the results of other researchers. By reason of the population and the size of the sample of this study, the results of this investigation can only be made applicable to the Std. 8 and Std. 9 pupils of the Promosa High School in Potchefstroom. As a result of the new political dispensation it is to be expected that there will be an improvement in the factors which cause reading difficulties among the Coloured population, but it is .sure to be a long drawn out process. / Thesis (MA (Voorligtingpsigologie))--PU vir CHO, 1986

1. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY - The aim of this study is a psychological and scholastic investigation of the effect of a supplementary reading programme on Coloured high school pupils. In order to do this, zero hypotheses and alternative hypotheses were drawn up which would enable one to compare an experimental group (which had done the supplementary reading course) with a control group (which had not done such a course). In short the zero hypotheses amount to saying that there are no differences in reading ability, school performance, study habits and study attitudes, aptitude and personality between Coloured high school pupils •who did a reading development course and those who did not do such a course. The alternative hypotheses endeavour to prove the opposite, namely that such differences do exist. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY - As a starting point for this investigation, a number of relevant concepts were defined. Some of these concepts are "read", "reading difficulties”, "Coloured”, “Urban and -rural areas”. The importance of reading was demonstrated by pointing out that a good reading ability is essential for the forming of a healthy personality, social development, recreation, extending knowledge, etcetera. The complexity of the reading process came to the fore when the explanation of what the reading process entails, was discussed as it is described by various researchers. The different theoretical models discussed, are the optical-mechanical model, psychometric models, psychological models, the communication model and linguistic models. The extent of reading difficulties was outlined by means of results obtained by researchers, local and foreign. In this respect reference was also made to reading differences pertaining to sex and reading differences between rural and urban areas. A detailed account was given of the main causes of reading difficulties related to scholastic and socioeconomic factors, and in particular how these factors manifest themselves among the Coloured community. As far as the scholastic determinants are concerned, attention was given to the poor pre-school environment of the Coloured child, insufficient number of nursery schools, compulsory education and school leaving at an early age, inadequate differentiation, lack of accommodation and a shortage of suitably qualified staff. Concerning the socio-economic determinants the following were dealt with: class differences, life style of the lower class, the family milieu, cultural values and norms, residential area and housing, recreational activities, linguistic abilities and physical factors. The diagnosis of reading difficulties was discussed in short. In this survey particular attention was paid to the different levels of diagnosis and methods of diagnosing. Some difficulties in diagnosing reading problems among Coloureds were also pointed out. The last aspect from the literature which was dealt with was the remediation of reading problems. Emphasis was given to the more traditional methods of supplementary reading teaching, for instance the basic reading book method, the alphabet method, the neurological and the perceptual kinaesthetic method. Lifting the causes of reading problems which emanate from this study would allow remediation to be used to the full among the Coloured people. 3. METHOD OF RESEARCH - 3.1 Sample: In order to determine the effect of the supplementary reading programme, a comparative study •was made between an experimental group (which did a reading course) and a control group (which did not do such a course). The sample consisted of a total experimental group of 31 people (Std. 8 and Std. 9 pupils) of whom 15 were Std. 8 and 16 Std. 9 pupils while on the other hand the total contra l group of 26 people (Std. 8 and Std. 9 pupils) consisted of 14 Std. 8 and 12 Std. 9 pupils. 3.2 Measuring Instruments: The measuring instruments used to investigate the different fields were the following: - Reading ability, The ophtalmograph - Scholastic achievement, Real school marks - Study habits, Questionnaire on study habits and attitudes - Aptitude, Senior aptidude test - Personality, The High School personality Questionnaire and IPAT Anxiety scale. The above mentioned measuring instruments were discussed in detail under the headings: objective, composition, validity, reliability and reason for using them in this research. 3.3 Research procedures: Global as well as reductionistic comparisons were used in this study. A global comparison is drawn between the total experimental group and the total control group. The reductionistic investigation entails a comparison between the Std. 8 experimental and control groups as well as a comparison between the Std. 9 experimental and control groups. Apart from the above mentioned comparisons the Std. 8 and Std. 9 control groups, as well as the Std. 9 and Std. 9 experimental groups were also compared. A description was given of the supplementary reading programme which consisted of ten one hour sessions, as, well as a full description of the apparatus used, namely the tachistoscope and the contro11ed reader. Statistical calculations were done by the Statistical Consultation Service of the Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education. Short descriptions only of the techniques used are given in the study. 4. RESEARCH RESULTS - The most important results of this research can be summarised as follows: * READING ABILITY - This study brings to light that the reading course brought a significant improvement in reading achievement in the total experimental group. Seen reductionistically the Std. 8 experimental group also showed significant improvement when compared with the Std. 8 control group. However, no significant differences were found between the Std. 9 experimental and control groups. In the case of the total and the Std. 8 experimental group the alternative hypothesis was accepted while the zero hypothesis was maintained in the case of the Std. 9 groups. * SCHOLASTIC ACHIEVEMENT - The scholastic achievement of the total experimental group showed a significant improvement when compared with the total control group. Seen reductionistically the Std. 8 experimental group also achieved significantly higher marks at school than the Std. 8 control group. This te1dency was not repeated in the Std. 9 experimental group, where no significant differences were found. In the case of the total and the Std. 8 investigations the alternative hypothesis was accepted, while the zero hypothesis had to be maintained for the Std. 9 group comparison. * STUDY HABITS AND ATTITUDES - Seen globally the total experimental group exhibited better study habits and attitudes than the total control group. When judged reductionistically neither the Std. 8 not the Std. 9 group comparisons brought to light any significant differences. Thus the zero hypothesis was applicable to the reductionistic investigations, while the alternative hypothesis was accepted in the case of the tota1 experimental group. * APTITUDE - The zero hypothesis had to be accepted right through, in the global as well as the reductionistical investigation, in other words, no significant differences were found between the different groups as far as aptitude is concerned. An interesting tendency was discovered, however, from the calculated IQ's of the SAT, namely that there is a connection between a supplementary reading course and a rise in intelligence. * PERSONALITY - The total evaluation of personality traits of the Coloured high school pupils by means of the HSPQ and IPAT Anxiety scale shows that the reading course, judged globally or reductionistically, did not bring about significant differences between the experimental and control groups. Thus the zero hypothesis was accepted throughout. 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION - In researching the effect of a supplementary reading programme on Coloured high school pupils it was found that there was a definite beneficial influence on reading ability and scholastic achievement. It does seem however, as if aptitude and personality development are established aspects which will not be changed by a reading development course. If the reading course should have a lasting effect on the aspects which it improves, it is possible that in the .long run personality changes and even improvement in aptitude may take place. As far as study habits and attitudes are concerned, positive results were obtained, but it had been expected to have been even better. The results of this study correlate well with those of other researchers on reading improvement by means of a supplementary reading course in which apparatus is used. It should not be considered however as the only method of reading aid, since many other researchers obtain positive results with other methods. On account of the distinctiveness of this study its results cannot be generalised by the norms formed by the results of other researchers. By reason of the population and the size of the sample of this study, the results of this investigation can only be made applicable to the Std. 8 and Std. 9 pupils of the Promosa High School in Potchefstroom. As a result of the new political dispensation it is to be expected that there will be an improvement in the factors which cause reading difficulties among the Coloured population, but it is .sure to be a long drawn out process. / Thesis (MA (Voorligtingpsigologie))--PU vir CHO, 1986

A healthy and positive relationship between educators and learners is an important aspect in the establishment and sustainability of a nurturing and enabling school environment. However, research pertaining to South African schools shows that schools currently face many challenges that threaten relationships in schools and adversely affect the general well-being of the individuals concerned. The situation is problematic in every school context, but even more so in schools where risk factors are present in a concentrated form, as is the case in schools of skills. The researcher has been involved as a school counsellor at various schools of skills in the Western Cape for the past three years and has noticed that schools of skills are often exposed to various risk factors that influence the daily interaction between educators and learners and also impede the fostering of a healthy relationship between educators and learners. It is therefore logical that the relationship between educators and learners in schools of skills is influenced by the particular circumstances and that the relevant risk factors could be contributing to the current situation in schools of skills. Limited research about the relationship between educators and learners in the context of schools of skills impedes the situation even more. This research study aims to make a contribution to the solution of the identified problem by investigating ways in which the relationships between educators and learners can be improved within the context of schools of skills in the Western Cape. A literature study and empirical investigation were undertaken to achieve a better understanding of the relationship between educators and learners in schools of skills and the way the respective parties experience it (the relationship). Therefore, the nature of the structure of this research study is qualitative phenomenological because it incorporates an investigation into the social relationships that connect educators and learners. The research study was done in four schools of skills in the Western Cape that is representative of the different settlement contexts in South Africa, namely urban, semi-urban and rural. The participants in the four various schools include educators (n=42) and learners (n=122). The collection of data took place in four phases and the following qualitative data collection methods were used: qualitative open-ended questionnaires and semi-structured individual interviews for educators as well as collages and semi-structured focus group interviews for learners. Thematic analysis of the respective data sets showed that the relationships between educators and learners can be improved by considering the contextual challenges both educators and learners are confronted with. Besides considering the contextual challenges it is also important to create spaces where relationships can be improved and learners can feel safe. This seems to be mainly the responsibility of the educators and can be done by setting clear boundaries and upholding healthy discipline. It was further demonstrated that the relationship between educators and learners in schools of skills can be improved by acting towards each other in such a way that mutual respect, mutual trust, the provision of care and support and open communication can be established as relationship-improving interaction patterns. In the light of the study’s findings, specific guidelines are provided to the educator at the school of skills and clear recommendations are made to the Department of Education with the aim of improving classroom relationships in schools of skills. In conclusion, recommendations are also made about further research to improve relationships between educators and learners in schools of skills. / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

A healthy and positive relationship between educators and learners is an important aspect in the establishment and sustainability of a nurturing and enabling school environment. However, research pertaining to South African schools shows that schools currently face many challenges that threaten relationships in schools and adversely affect the general well-being of the individuals concerned. The situation is problematic in every school context, but even more so in schools where risk factors are present in a concentrated form, as is the case in schools of skills. The researcher has been involved as a school counsellor at various schools of skills in the Western Cape for the past three years and has noticed that schools of skills are often exposed to various risk factors that influence the daily interaction between educators and learners and also impede the fostering of a healthy relationship between educators and learners. It is therefore logical that the relationship between educators and learners in schools of skills is influenced by the particular circumstances and that the relevant risk factors could be contributing to the current situation in schools of skills. Limited research about the relationship between educators and learners in the context of schools of skills impedes the situation even more. This research study aims to make a contribution to the solution of the identified problem by investigating ways in which the relationships between educators and learners can be improved within the context of schools of skills in the Western Cape. A literature study and empirical investigation were undertaken to achieve a better understanding of the relationship between educators and learners in schools of skills and the way the respective parties experience it (the relationship). Therefore, the nature of the structure of this research study is qualitative phenomenological because it incorporates an investigation into the social relationships that connect educators and learners. The research study was done in four schools of skills in the Western Cape that is representative of the different settlement contexts in South Africa, namely urban, semi-urban and rural. The participants in the four various schools include educators (n=42) and learners (n=122). The collection of data took place in four phases and the following qualitative data collection methods were used: qualitative open-ended questionnaires and semi-structured individual interviews for educators as well as collages and semi-structured focus group interviews for learners. Thematic analysis of the respective data sets showed that the relationships between educators and learners can be improved by considering the contextual challenges both educators and learners are confronted with. Besides considering the contextual challenges it is also important to create spaces where relationships can be improved and learners can feel safe. This seems to be mainly the responsibility of the educators and can be done by setting clear boundaries and upholding healthy discipline. It was further demonstrated that the relationship between educators and learners in schools of skills can be improved by acting towards each other in such a way that mutual respect, mutual trust, the provision of care and support and open communication can be established as relationship-improving interaction patterns. In the light of the study’s findings, specific guidelines are provided to the educator at the school of skills and clear recommendations are made to the Department of Education with the aim of improving classroom relationships in schools of skills. In conclusion, recommendations are also made about further research to improve relationships between educators and learners in schools of skills. / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

In this dissertation the boundaries between normality and disability are investigated, as well as how these boundaries can be represented and changed through literary works. The purpose of this study is to examine the representation of disabled characters according to the theoretical insights of cognitive narratology. In order to analyse the boundary between normality and disability, this study focuses on focalisation and the narration as narrative techniques. The representation of disabled characters is a well-known phenomenon in literature in general but this dissertation analyses and discusses four novels which have been identified as texts in which the representation of disabled characters plays a significant role. These novels are: Is Sagie (1987) by Jan van Tonder, Raaiselkind (2001) by Annelie Botes, Siegfried (2007) by Willem Anker en Een vir Azazel (1964) by Etienne Leroux. Disablility, as a deviation from normality, is represented in different ways in literature, and has different functions. The theoretical argument is that the investigation and interpretation of the representation of disablilty in literature will provide insight in disability as a social phenomenon, as a literary act and as an act of understanding. Cognitive narratology uses the theoretical concepts of frames and scripts to describe the way in which human perceptions are structured and may even become fossilised in the human mind. Subsequent expreriences and information are therefore determined by existing codes and rules. The understanding or negotiation of new information is based on preferences that evolve from prior knowledge and programming. Cognitive choices are made on the basis of existing frames and scripts and determine whether a concept is new, standard, stereotypical, unusual, indefinite or ambiguous. This study shows how frames and scripts on disability are undermined within the novels and how disability is used as a functional novel element. / Thesis (MA (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

In this dissertation the boundaries between normality and disability are investigated, as well as how these boundaries can be represented and changed through literary works. The purpose of this study is to examine the representation of disabled characters according to the theoretical insights of cognitive narratology. In order to analyse the boundary between normality and disability, this study focuses on focalisation and the narration as narrative techniques. The representation of disabled characters is a well-known phenomenon in literature in general but this dissertation analyses and discusses four novels which have been identified as texts in which the representation of disabled characters plays a significant role. These novels are: Is Sagie (1987) by Jan van Tonder, Raaiselkind (2001) by Annelie Botes, Siegfried (2007) by Willem Anker en Een vir Azazel (1964) by Etienne Leroux. Disablility, as a deviation from normality, is represented in different ways in literature, and has different functions. The theoretical argument is that the investigation and interpretation of the representation of disablilty in literature will provide insight in disability as a social phenomenon, as a literary act and as an act of understanding. Cognitive narratology uses the theoretical concepts of frames and scripts to describe the way in which human perceptions are structured and may even become fossilised in the human mind. Subsequent expreriences and information are therefore determined by existing codes and rules. The understanding or negotiation of new information is based on preferences that evolve from prior knowledge and programming. Cognitive choices are made on the basis of existing frames and scripts and determine whether a concept is new, standard, stereotypical, unusual, indefinite or ambiguous. This study shows how frames and scripts on disability are undermined within the novels and how disability is used as a functional novel element. / Thesis (MA (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.