90f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-03-06T17:22:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Armando%20%20Castroseg.pdf: 759340 bytes, checksum: f270484f2da0147eb7b48e262befcb22 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vania Magalhaes(magal@ufba.br) on 2013-03-14T12:38:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Armando%20%20Castroseg.pdf: 759340 bytes, checksum: f270484f2da0147eb7b48e262befcb22 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-14T12:38:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Armando%20%20Castroseg.pdf: 759340 bytes, checksum: f270484f2da0147eb7b48e262befcb22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Este trabalho analisa como as transformações estruturais trazidas pelo crescimento econômico impactam a distribuição de renda no Brasil. Considerando uma economia dualista, com um setor urbano, mais dinâmico, com maior renda e desigualdade, e um setor rural, mais atrasado, com menor renda e mais equânime, segue-se o modelo de análise de Langoni (1973). Neste modelo, busca-se investigar como mudanças na População Economicamente Ativa dos dois setores, referentes à participação do trabalho; à renda relativa e à distribuição interna de renda, decorrentes do crescimento econômico, vêm a impactar na distribuição pessoal de renda. Este estudo é realizado para o período de 1970 a 2006. Os resultados desta análise apontam que o ritmo de ampliação da desigualdade decai com o esfriamento do processo de industrialização e que a recente queda na desigualdade é decorrente, em parte, do próprio processo de desenvolvimento econômico. O modelo econométrico adotado corrobora a importância da urbanização sobre a distribuição de renda, e aponta que variáveis passíveis de controle por política econômica também influenciam significativamente a distribuição pessoal de renda. / Salvador

ROCHA, Helder Pita. A contribuição das parcelas do rendimento domiciliar para a desigualdade de renda nos espaços rurais do Nordeste, Fortaleza-CE. 2009. 120f.: Dissertação (Mestrado em Economia Rural) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2009 / Submitted by Sergio Vitor (vitor_s.v@hotmail.com) on 2013-11-01T14:06:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_hprocha.pdf: 1628685 bytes, checksum: 175fdcf11efc41ffa21568a4b13ed506 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Margareth Mesquita(margaret@ufc.br) on 2013-11-04T19:10:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_hprocha.pdf: 1628685 bytes, checksum: 175fdcf11efc41ffa21568a4b13ed506 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-04T19:10:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_hprocha.pdf: 1628685 bytes, checksum: 175fdcf11efc41ffa21568a4b13ed506 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Income inequality in Brazil declined in recent years. Doubts, however, weaken the universalization of this fall in regions or specific areas, especially where there are high rates of illiteracy, a significant portion of the population is poor and / or job opportunities are scarce especially for labor unskilled and the consequent weak economic development, enabling environment for the maldistribution of income. This research aims to show the evolution of inequality in the distribution of household income per capita, measured by the Gini index and to detect what were the shares of household income contributed to inequality, and to determine the percentage contribution of the components of household income. Was used as a methodology to decompose the Gini index of income sources. The database used as a source the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), the period from 1997 to 2007. The rural areas of the Northeast not metropolitan, the State of Ceará and the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza were the areas of this research, since they fit in this context. The results showed that income inequality has fallen, not permanently, in the Northeast. In the other two areas studied, it varied throughout the period without many changes. The plots and Other Works, Retirement and Pensions officials reinforced the inequality in three geographical areas and social programs to transfer income to the poorest countries have had significant participation in the continual reduction of the Gini index, especially in the rural Northeast. / A desigualdade de renda no Brasil diminuiu nos últimos anos. Dúvidas, entretanto, pairam sobre a universalização dessa queda em regiões ou áreas específicas, especialmente naquelas onde se verificam elevados índices de analfabetismo, parcela significativa da população é pobre e/ou as oportunidades de empregos são escassas sobretudo para mão de obra não qualificada e o consequente fraco desenvolvimento econômico, ambiente propício para a má distribuição de renda. Esta pesquisa se propôs mostrar a evolução da desigualdade na distribuição da renda domiciliar per capita, medida pelo índice de Gini e detectar quais foram as parcelas do rendimento mensal domiciliar que contribuíram para a desigualdade, além de determinar a contribuição percentual dos componentes do rendimento domiciliar. Utilizou-se como metodologia a decomposição do índice de Gini em fontes de rendimentos. A base de dados utilizada teve como fonte a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), do período de 1997 a 2007. O meio rural da Região Nordeste não metropolitana, do Estado do Ceará e da Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza foram as áreas de estudo desta pesquisa por se enquadrarem nesse contexto. Os resultados mostraram que a desigualdade de renda caiu, não de forma permanente, na Região Nordeste. Nos outros dois espaços analisados, ela oscilou ao longo do período sem muitas mudanças. As parcelas como Outros Trabalhos, Aposentadorias e Pensões Oficiais reforçaram a desigualdade nas três áreas geográficas e os programas sociais de transferência de renda aos mais carentes tiveram significativa participação nas reduções contínuas do índice de Gini, especialmente no Nordeste rural.

Submitted by Jacileide Oliveira (jacileideo@gmail.com) on 2015-03-19T14:48:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 LUIS ANDRÉ DE AGUIAR ALVES 1.pdf: 23690324 bytes, checksum: 3dec9954ec2802e55e861df67a6f262a (MD5) LUIS ANDRÉ DE AGUIAR ALVES 2.pdf: 22248433 bytes, checksum: 70e8a41e8699af21275bc9b91607aff3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vania Magalhaes (magal@ufba.br) on 2015-03-20T14:26:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 LUIS ANDRÉ DE AGUIAR ALVES 1.pdf: 23690324 bytes, checksum: 3dec9954ec2802e55e861df67a6f262a (MD5) LUIS ANDRÉ DE AGUIAR ALVES 2.pdf: 22248433 bytes, checksum: 70e8a41e8699af21275bc9b91607aff3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-20T14:26:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 LUIS ANDRÉ DE AGUIAR ALVES 1.pdf: 23690324 bytes, checksum: 3dec9954ec2802e55e861df67a6f262a (MD5) LUIS ANDRÉ DE AGUIAR ALVES 2.pdf: 22248433 bytes, checksum: 70e8a41e8699af21275bc9b91607aff3 (MD5) / Este trabalho examina as mudanças ocorridas nos diferenciais e na distribuição dos rendimentos no mercado de trabalho não-metropolitano no estado da Bahia, durante a década de 1990.

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-08-29T02:16:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_gisel Fatorre.pdf: 356557 bytes, checksum: 363cdb6a3028d3b8f189255593f23d01 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-08-29T02:51:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_gisel Fatorre.pdf: 356557 bytes, checksum: 363cdb6a3028d3b8f189255593f23d01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-29T02:51:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_gisel Fatorre.pdf: 356557 bytes, checksum: 363cdb6a3028d3b8f189255593f23d01 (MD5) / Antecedentes: El asma ha emergido como importante problema de salud pública en poblaciones urbanas de América Latina en las últimas décadas. Estudios epidemiológicos muestran un patrón de determinación social de la enfermedad, vinculado a los efectos de la pobreza y desigualdad. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue estudiar la relación entre determinantes socioeconómicos y la prevalencia de asma en centros urbanos de América Latina. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio ecológico utilizando los datos de 48 centros urbanos de América Latina que participaron del estudio ISSAC III y que aplicaron el cuestionario a adolescentes de 13-14 años. Para determinar la interrelación entre potenciales predictores de asma e indicadores socioeconómicos y de salud, se diseñó un modelo conceptual apoyado en la determinación social del proceso salud-enfermedad (PSE). Las variables fueron clasificadas en determinantes distales (Gini, IDH), intermediarios (condiciones de vida) y proximales (condiciones de salud). Mediante análisis de regresión lineal se incluyeron variables de cada grupo para construir sucesivos modelos de regresión. Resultados: La prevalencia media de asma encontrada en el grupo de 13-14 años fue de 16.07% con valores que oscilan de 4.6 a 30.5%. Indicadores de desigualdad socioeconómica fueron asociados de forma estadísticamente significativa a la enfermedad en los centros estudiados, siendo el Índice de Gini el principal predictor de la prevalencia de asma en los centros urbanos evaluados. Conclusiones: La desigualdad de ingresos resultó relacionada a las altas prevalencias de asma en América Latina.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:20:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo5896_1.pdf: 1161874 bytes, checksum: 4fb9d76951146b9345cacf01ea83827d (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A educação é um fator essencial ao desenvolvimento pessoal e material, mas as diferenças quanto ao acesso a esse direito são evidentes. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo descrever como está distribuída a educação entre as Unidades Federativas do Brasil no período de 1981 a 2001. Para obter esses indicadores será utilizado Índice de Gini e desvio padrão para a variável anos de estudo. Os resultados encontrados indicam que apesar da evolução positiva das variáveis educacionais, as diferenças regionais se mantiveram no período

This thesis studies the effects of local environments on perceptions. The last chapter examines older workers' responses to unemployment benefits cuts. In the first essay, I study the effects of neighborhoods on perceived inequality and preferences for redistribution in the context of Barcelona. I first construct a novel measure of inequality based on the geospatial distribution of housing. I then elicit inequality perceptions and preferences for redistribution from an original large-scale survey. I link these measures to respondents' specific local environments using exact addresses. I identify the causal effects of neighborhoods using two different approaches. The first is an outside-the-survey quasi-experiment that exploits within-neighborhood variation in respondents' recent exposure to new apartment buildings. The second is a within-survey experiment inducing variation in respondents' information set about inequality across neighborhoods. Local environments significantly influence inequality perceptions but only mildly affect demand for redistribution. In the second essay, I study the effects of neighborhoods on perceived immigration and preferences for redistribution. I construct flexible definitions of local neighborhoods by aggregating census tracts and measure immigration at this fine geographic level. I elicit immigration perceptions and preferences for redistribution from my original survey. Most respondents significantly overestimate the number of immigrants in the country, but those residing in neighborhoods with more immigrants are more likely to do so. Misperceptions negatively correlate with demand for redistribution and are partly explained by the local immigrant composition. They are exacerbated when more African or Asian immigrants reside in the local area. In the third essay, I causally estimate the effects of pro-cyclical unemployment-assistance (UA) reductions on job search behavior and re-employment outcomes using reform-induced changes in UA durations for older workers in Spain. Benefit reductions are effective in bringing workers back to work and reduce non-employment duration, but also induce displacements out of the labor force and strong substitution patterns towards less generous UA programs, highlighting the social insurance role of long-term benefits during economic downturns. Despite the sharp drop in non-employment duration, I also document a significant decrease in re-employment wages, consistent with a reduction in workers' reservation wages and limited duration dependence.

Income inequality is in a majority of earlier studies more or less affirmatively agreed to be negatively related to economic growth. The underlying complexity of the connection lacks well-tried backing in the modern time. The main purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between income inequality and economic growth, but also the effects of other factors, such as human capital and investment. This is conducted with a panel data approach on 34 OECD countries with data over the period 1990-2010. Aggregate income inequality, represented by the Gini coefficient is used in the empirical estimation, together with two other variables to control for the income inequality at the bottom and top end of the income distribution. The results indicate the aggregate inequality level to be significantly and positively related to growth, while bottom end and top end inequality is seen to have a significant and negative relationship with growth. The level of GDP per capita, education and population growth is also seen to have an impact on economic growth.

This paper empirically examines the effect of income inequality on economic growth in a sample of 69 high income economies. It uses an improved inequality dataset developed by the World Institute for Development Economics Research and panel estimation techniques in an ordinary least squares regression. The results provide robust empirical evidence that rising levels of income inequality have adverse effects on growth in high income countries and indicate that, on average, a one standard deviation increase in income inequality will decrease growth by 67.91%. Results from the regression also suggest increases in human capital and international openness, decreases in the government consumption ratio, and more favorable terms of trade promote growth while higher initial per capita GDP and higher levels of investment retard growth.

Background: Access to quality public transportation is critical for employment, especially for low-income and minority populations. This research contributes to previous work on equity analysis of the U.S. public transportation system by covering the 45 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and their counties. Objective: This study analyzes job accessibility of transit commuters in the 45 largest MSAs to assess the existing differences in accessibility between Census-defined socioeconomic status (SES) categories. Method: 2014 Census demographic data were matched to a previously published 2014 dataset of transit job accessibility at the Census Block Group level. Transit equality and justice analyses were performed based on population-weighted mean job accessibility and SES variables. Results: The findings suggest that within individual MSAs, the low-income populations and people of color have the highest transit job accessibility. However, in certain MSAs with high job accessibility, such as New York, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and Houston, there is a significantly disproportionate access to public transportation based on income. Variables such as income, and the use of personal vehicle, are found to have a statistically significant negative impact on job accessibility in almost all MSAs. The percentage of White workers has a significant impact on job accessibility in upper-mid-density MSAs and high-density MSAs. The percentage of the population with limited English speaking ability is not a significant determinant of job accessibility except in lower-mid-density MSAs. Disparities by income are greater than disparities by race. Racial disparities increase by MSA size and density controlling for income. The findings suggest that planning for public transportation should take into account risks, benefits, and other equally important aspects of public transportation such as frequency, connectivity, and quality of service. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning / In recent years, there has been a shift in focus from encouraging mobility to encouraging accessibility, along with the provision of more sustainable travel options (e.g., walking, cycling, public transport). Access to quality public transportation is critical for employment, especially for low-income and minority populations. This research contributes to previous work on equity analysis of the U.S. public transportation system by covering the 45 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and their counties. This study analyzes job accessibility of transit commuters to assess the existing differences in accessibility in terms of income, race, ability to speak English, etc. Transit equality and justice analyses were performed based on population-weighted mean job accessibility and SES variables. The findings suggest that within individual MSAs, the low-income populations and people of color have the highest transit job accessibility. However, in certain MSAs with high job accessibility, such as New York, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and Houston, there is a significantly disproportionate access to public transportation based on income. Variables such as income, and the use of personal vehicle, are found to have a statistically significant negative impact on job accessibility in almost all MSAs. The percentage of White workers has a significant impact on job accessibility in upper-mid-density MSAs and high-density MSAs. The percentage of the population with limited English speaking ability is not a significant determinant of job accessibility except in lower-mid-density MSAs. The findings suggest that planning for public transportation should take into account risks, benefits, and other equally important aspects of public transportation such as frequency, connectivity, and quality of service.

Dans de ce travail de recherche nous essayons d'étudier la relation de causalité et de cointégration entre la consommation d'énergie et la croissance économique et Sénégal et puis dans l’espace de la CEDEAO, d’une part, et de déterminer la direction de la causalité , d’autre part. En utilisant certains développements récents de l’économétrie des séries temporelles non stationnaires, notamment la théorie de la causalité et celle de la cointégration de Granger, de Sims et de Johansen. Ainsi pour corroborer les résultats classiques, nous utilisons une deuxième méthode, celle de la régression Gini à l'aide des modèles VAR. En effet, dans le but de suggérer des solutions et des recommandations sur la façon dont la question croissance /énergie pourrait être abordée à l'avenir au Sénégal et dans l'espace CEDEAO. / In this research we try to check the existence of a short and long-term relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in the space of ECOWAS, on one hand, and to determine the direction of causality, on the other. Using some recent developments in the econometrics of non-stationary time series, including the theory of causality and that of cointegration Granger, Sims and Gini. Indeed, in order to suggest solutions on how the energy issue could be addressed in the future in the region.