Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-16T11:46:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrohenriqueporteladeandrade.pdf: 2209093 bytes, checksum: 7cd7cd139ee9a2c165241e3f9c1a5e84 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-27T21:27:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrohenriqueporteladeandrade.pdf: 2209093 bytes, checksum: 7cd7cd139ee9a2c165241e3f9c1a5e84 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T21:27:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrohenriqueporteladeandrade.pdf: 2209093 bytes, checksum: 7cd7cd139ee9a2c165241e3f9c1a5e84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo da dissertação é analisar os determinantes da concentração geográfica ocupacional no Brasil, com destaque para o papel do conteúdo tecnológico neste contexto. A característica marcante da geografia econômica atual é a concentração dos agentes econômicos em regiões específicas dentro dos espaços nacionais. Desta forma, tendo em vista a disparidade na concentração dos agentes econômicos, o avanço das mudanças territoriais, a complexidade de novos processos de produção e reestruturação do espaço econômico-geográfico, estudar estes padrões de concentração ocupacional torna-se relevante do ponto de vista do crescimento, planejamento, gestão pública e desenvolvimento das regiões. A concentração geográfica das atividades econômicas pela ótica das ocupações fornece uma maneira diferente dentro da literatura de se olhar para o fenômeno. Sendo assim, a identificação e análise dos determinantes da concentração geográfica das ocupações em regiões metropolitanas são feitas tendo como base o amplo painel de dados provenientes da Relatório Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS). Estes dados são disponibilizados pelo Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE) e permitem identificar entre os indivíduos, sua ocupação, sua região metropolitana, o setor industrial em que está empregado e tamanho da empresa que o emprega. Adicionalmente, incorpora-se ao painel os dados relativos à intensidade de conhecimento tecnológico de cada ocupação, oriundos do trabalho de Rodrigues (2006). A metodologia envolve estimações considerando efeitos não observados para o painel de 2003 a 2008. Os resultados das estimações confirmaram a importância da distribuição das indústrias nas regiões metropolitanas assim como do nível tecnológico ocupacional para a concentração geográfica das ocupações. / The goal of this dissertation is to analyze the determinants of Brazil's geographic occupational concentration, with emphasis on the role of technological content in this context. The most remarkable characteristic in the current economic geography is the concentration of economic agents in specific regions within national spaces. In view of the disparity in terms of concentration between economic agents, advance of territorial changes, complexity of new processes of production and restructuration of geographic-economic space, studying these patterns of occupational concentration becomes relevant from the point of view of these regions’ growth, planning, public management and development. The geographic concentration of economic activities from an occupational perspective gives us a different way inside the literature to understand this phenomenon. Thus, the identification and analysis of the determinants of geographic concentration in metropolitan regions’ occupations are made while taking a large panel data from the Annual Social Information’s Report (RAIS) as basis. This data is made available by the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE) and allows the identification between individuals, their occupations, metropolitan region, industrial sector in which they’re employed and the size of firms which hired them. Furthermore, it embodies in the panel the data relative to the intensity of technological knowledge of each occupation using data from Rodrigues (2006). The methodology employed considers in its estimations the presence of non-observable effects for a panel from 2003 to 2008. The results of these estimations confirm the importance of indust ries’ distribution in metropolitan regions as well as the technological occupational level for the occupation’s geographic concentration.

Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons des modèles de régression ”Gini-PLS”. Les algorithmes proposés combinent les propriétés des estimateurs relatifs aux régressions Gini et PLS. Les quatre modèles construits dans cette thèse permettent de résoudre simultanément les problèmes : de valeurs extrêmes (”outliers”), de multi-colinéarité, de faible taille de l’échantillon, de données manquantes, d’erreurs de mesure et d’endogénéité. En présence des problèmes cités, les modèles uni-variés (Gini-PLS1) sont robustes pour estimer une variable dépendante en fonction d’une ou plusieurs variables explicatives ; tandis que les modèles multi-variés (Gini-PLS2) servent à estimer une matrice de variables dépendantes en fonction d’une matrice de variables explicatives.Notre application dans le cadre de la thèse concerne l’estimation de contributions des variables technico-économiques aux inégalités des rémunérations pour les pays européens adhérents à la Politique Agricole Commune.Nous proposons deux approches de régressions basées sur les modèles Gini-PLS (RISD-Gini-PLS) pour estimer les contributions des variables technico-économiques (sources de revenus, superficies, main d’œuvre, etc.) aux inégalités des revenus agricoles pour les pays de l’union européenne avant et après les réformes de Mac Sharry et de l’accord de Luxembourg. / In this thesis we propose ”Gini-PLS” regressions. The proposed algorithms combine the properties of the estimators related to the Gini and PLS regressions. The four models built in this thesis solve simultaneously the problems of : extreme values (outliers), multicollinearity, small sample, missing data, measurement errors,and endogeneity. In presence of these problems, the univariate models (Gini-PLS1) are robust to estimate a dependent variable with one or more explanatory variables. While, the multivariate models (Gini-PLS2) are used to estimate a matrix of dependent variables with a matrix of explanatory variables.Our application in this thesis is the estimation of the contributions of technico-economic variables to the whole inequality of farm’s income for European countries acceding to the Common Agricultural Policy. We also propose Gini-PLS regressions approaches based on income source decomposition (RISD-Gini-PLS) to estimate the contributions of techno-economic variables (income sources, areas, labor, etc.) to the incomei nequalies of productions (total output crops and output livestock) for european countries.

Since its introduction by Max Otto Lorenz, the Lorenz curve has been utilizedin several financial contexts. By using regression analysis to approximate theclaim cost of policyholders, a vector consisting of policyholder characteristics canbe obtained. The ordered Lorenz curve can subsequently be used to understandwhat commonalities are shared between profitable policyholders. This allows forbetter management of the insurance portfolio and thus better customer relationstowards both the policyholders and the insurer, which is important for an insuranceconsultancy agency. The aim of this thesis was to investigate which attributesapproximate the policyholder claim costs and consequently obtain insight into whatattributes are shared among profitable portfolio clients. The results presented inthis thesis show that a multi-linear regression model, transformed using the Box-Cox method is insufficient to approximate the claim costs in a convincing manner.The model obtained in the thesis was capable of identifying significant regressorsbut the overall result displayed uncertainties in regards to overall goodness of fit.This means that the variability explained by the regression model only represents4.95% of the variability in the claim cost data. Thus, the relativity measureintroduced in section 2.1.1 was deemed uninterruptible in a meaningful way.Consequently, the empirical distribution functions presented in section 1.1 wouldbe based on a faulty order statistic, and in turn the visualization of an orderedLorenz curve with such a relativity measure is unnecessary. / Sedan Lorenzkurvan introducerades av Max Otto Lorenz 1904 har den använtsinom flera finansiella sammanhang. Genom att använda regressionsanalys föratt approximera försäkringstagares skadekostnader kan en vektor som består avförsäkringstagarnas attribut erhållas. Den sorterade Lorenzkurvan kan i sin turanvändas för att förstå vilka gemensamma attribut som delas mellan lönsammaförsäkringstagare. Detta möjliggör bättre hantering av försäkringsportföljen ochdärmed bättre kundrelationer mot både försäkringstagarna och försäkringsbolaget,något som är viktigt för försäkringsförmedlare. Syftet med denna avhandling var attundersöka vilka egenskaper som approximerar försäkringstagarnas skadekostnaderoch därmed få insikt i vilka attribut som delas bland lönsamma portföljkunder.Resultaten som presenteras i denna avhandling visar att en multilinjär regressionsmodell,som transformeras med Box-Cox-metoden, är otillräcklig för att approximeraskadekostnader på ett övertygande sätt. Modellen som erhölls i avhandlingenkunde identifiera signifikanta regressorer, men det övergripande resultatet visadeosäkerheter när det gäller den generella anpassning. Detta innebär att variabilitetensom förklaras av regressionsmodellen bara representerar 4,95% av variabilitetenbland skadekostnadsdatan. Därmed ansågs relativitetsmåttet som introduceras iavsnitt 2.1.1 vara oanvändbart på ett meningsfullt sätt. Följaktligen ger de empiriskafördelningsfunktionerna som presenteras i avsnitt 1.1 ett felaktig sorteringsmåttsom i sin tur medför att visualiseringen av en sorterad Lorenzkurva baserad påovannämnda mått är onödigt.

Hastigheten för globalt utdöende är betydligt högre nu jämfört med den förmänskliga tiden, och utan åtgärder kommer utdöendet att accelerera. Detta medför ett stort ansvar på beslutsfattare som måste agera i förhållande till detta. Därför är det viktigt att kunna följa upp den biologiska mångfalden för att ta strategiska beslut, något som endast sker i begränsad skala på kommunal nivå i Sverige. Vidare finns det mycket medborgardata kring artrikedom, där frivilliga medborgare rapporterar fynd de gjort i databasen Artportalen. Möjligheten att utnyttja denna typ av data undersöks i denna fallstudie av Tierps kommun, där trenden för den biologiska mångfalden undersöktes. Därefter användes hypotesprövning för att kvantifiera osäkerheten i de resultat som framtogs. Däremot hävdar flera forskare att det finns utmaningar med att använda sådan data, därför ämnade denna studie även att undersöka dessa problem med den använda datan. Därmed togs det fram kompletterande information om plats, tid och arter för att analysera detta. Studien visade en övergripande negativ trend för den biologiska mångfalden i Tierps kommun, vilket validerades av hypotesprövningen. Gällande problemen som undersöktes kunde det konstateras att många fynd var centrerade runt särskilda platser, månader och arter, vilket begränsar möjligheten att dra säkra slutsatser gällande hela den biologiska mångfalden i kommunen. Sammanfattningsvis kunde det konstateras att de resultat som framtogs skulle behöva kompletteras av annan data alternativt av andra tillvägagångssätt. / The rate of global extinction is significantly higher today compared to the prehuman times, and without action, the extinction will accelerate. This means that there is great pressure on decision-makers to take action. It is therefore important to monitor biodiversity to make strategic decisions, something that municipalities in Sweden only do at a limited scale. At the same time, there are loads of citizen science data on species richness, where unsolicited citizens report their findings in the database Artportalen. The opportunity to utilize this type of data is explored in this case study of Tierps kommun, where the trend of biodiversity is examined. Additionally, hypothesis testing was used to quantify the uncertainty in the results. However, several scientists claim that there are challenges using such data, therefore this study also aimed to explore these. To do this, complementary information regarding time, space and species were gathered and analyzed. The results indicated that a general negative trend could be identified in biodiversity for the municipality of Tierp, which was validated with the hypothesis testing. Regarding the problems that were examined, it could be ascertained that most of the discoveries were limited to specific places, months and species, which limits the possibility to draw certain conclusions regarding the entire biodiversity in the municipality. In conclusion, it could be stated that the results that were produced need to be complemented by other data, alternatively by other methods.

The goal of this research was to determine which population factors were associated with iPad pricing differences across countries. Specifically, this paper measured the relationship between iPad prices in a given country and its U.S. dollar exchange rate, amount of income inequality, Gross Domestic Product per capita, luxury good sales growth, Individualism Index score, and population density. Panel data was collected for the iPad 2, the iPad Retina, and the iPad Mini tablets from 38 countries of varying geographic locations, economic paradigms, and political structures. The pooled data set yielded 114 observations in total. Regressing iPad price as a percent of national average income revealed a positive relationship between price and status consciousness as well as cultural individualism. There existed a negative relationship between iPad price and luxury sales growth. These results indicated that the iPad served as a status symbol with higher demand in countries that promoted individualism and exhibited higher degrees of income inequality.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Statistics / Gary L. Gadbury / Since their commercial introduction in 2005, DNA sequencing technologies have become widely available and are now cost-effective tools for determining the genetic characteristics of organisms. While the biomedical applications of DNA sequencing are apparent, these technologies have been applied to many other research areas. One such area is community ecology, in which DNA sequence data are used to identify the presence and abundance of microscopic organisms that inhabit an environment. This is currently an active area of research, since it is generally believed that a change in the composition of microscopic species in a geographic area may signal a change in the overall health of the environment. An overview of DNA pyrosequencing, as implemented by the Roche/Life Science 454 platform, is presented and aspects of the process that can introduce variability in data are identified. Four ecological data sets that were generated by the 454 platform are used for illustration. Characteristics of these data include high dimensionality, a large proportion of zeros (usually in excess of 90%), and nonzero values that are strongly right-skewed. A nonparametric method to standardize these data is presented and effects of standardization on outliers and skewness are examined. Traditional statistical methods for analyzing macroscopic species abundance data are discussed, and the applicability of these methods to microscopic species data is examined. One objective that receives focus is the classification of microscopic species as either rare or common species. This is an important distinction since there is much evidence to suggest that the biological and environmental mechanisms that govern common species are distinctly different than the mechanisms that govern rare species. This indicates that the abundance patterns for common and rare species may follow different probability models, and the suitability of the Pareto distribution for rare species is examined. Techniques for classifying macroscopic species are shown to be ill-suited for microscopic species, and an alternative technique is presented. Recognizing that the structure of the data is similar to that of financial applications (such as insurance claims and the distribution of wealth), the Gini index and other statistics based on the Lorenz curve are explored as potential test statistics for distinguishing rare versus common species.

This thesis is focused on questions of state redistribution and income inequality in the Czech republic. It explains the main ideas of state redistribution, income inequality and relation between them. It anlyzes the particular instruments of state redistribution such as tax systems and systems of social transfers which the government uses to achiave more equal distribution of incomes in society. The object of the thesis is to find out how the particular instruments contribute to filling the essentials goal - lower the income inequality in society. It is based on the data from years 2006 until 2008 from the statistics of household accounts published on the web site of the Czech statistical office. Finally, it is devoted to the trends of state redistribution and income inequality in OECD countries.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Estudios Internacionales / El objetivo general de esta investigación es determinar de qué manera el gasto en investigación y desarrollo (I+D) influye sobre el nivel de ingreso, desarrollo y equidad. La primera parte del trabajo consiste en una descripción de las distintas teorías existentes acerca de las relaciones entre el crecimiento económico y la innovación tecnológica. A continuación, se considera el caso de la OCDE y se presentan datos macroeconómicos de los 35 países integrantes entre 1967 y 2016, enfocándose en el crecimiento económico, el desarrollo humano y la repartición de la renta. En la segunda parte del trabajo, para estos mismos países se presentan los datos de evolución de la innovación y de sus resultados. La última parte del trabajo busca estimar, para los países de la OCDE, la relación que existe por una parte entre el PIB por habitante, el IDH y el coeficiente de GINI con el gasto en I+D. Para ello se recurrió a una regresión lineal con datos para los 35 miembros de la OCDE de 1990 a 2016. En los modelos se consideran otras variables explicativas como el nivel de ahorro, el gasto en capital humano, el nivel de regulación, el grado de apertura económica y el nivel de infraestructura existente. Los resultados mostraron que existe una relación de dependencia entre el PIB/habitante y el gasto en I+D, además de que otras variables como el nivel de ahorro y el capital humano, tenía una influencia significativa. En el caso del IDH, también se identificó una influencia positiva con el gasto en I+D, junto con la tasa de ahorro, el capital humano y el nivel de regulación. Y finalmente para el GINI, el gasto en I+D contribuye a disminuir las desigualdades, junto con la tasa de ahorro, el capital humano, la apertura comercial y el nivel de regulación. Por tanto, se puede concluir que el gasto en I+D contribuye de forma positiva tanto al crecimiento económico, como al desarrollo humano y para mejorar la repartición de la renta.

Under 2000-talets början har inkomstojämlikhet ökat i världen. Det är omdebatterat vilka faktorer som ligger bakom och vilka medel som ska hantera problematiken. Uppsatsen undersöker ett av de vanligaste verktygen för att stävja inkomstojämlikhet, nämligen inkomstskatt. Syftet är att mäta vilken effekt inkomstskatt har på inkomstojämlikhet. För att uppfylla syftet tillämpas en instrumentvariabel regressionsanalys för att studera om inkomstskatt kan förklara inkomstojämlikhet i svenska kommuner under tidsperioden 2003–2017. Studien utmärker sig från tidigare studier inom området då en instrumentvariabel regressionsanalys använts för att exkludera att inkomstojämlikhet kan påverka nivå av inkomstskatt i en region. Statistiskt signifikanta resultat påvisar att inkomstskatt har negativ effekt på inkomstojämlikhet. Där en 1 procentenhets ökning i inkomstskatt leder till 2,08 procents minskning i inkomstojämlikhet. / During the beginning of the 21st century, income inequality has risen in most countries. What has caused this and how it should be solved is well debated. This paper intends to research one of the most well-known instruments to decrease income inequality, income tax. Our aim is to measure what effect income tax has on income inequality. To reach this aim we have applied an instrument variable regression analysis on income tax and income inequality, with Swedish municipalities during the timespan 2003-2017 as our selection group. This study distinguishes itself from previous studies in the area since we have used an instrument variable analysis to exclude the fact that income inequality can affect the level of income tax in a region. We have found significant results that income tax have a negative effect on income inequality and have concluded that a 1 percent increase in income tax will decrease income inequality with 2,08 percent.

The debate of economic inequality is long-lived and have in the recent years come to be reignited. Although there is little research that supports fully eradicating wealth inequality, the subject of appropriate levels of inequality is an extensively discussed matter. This paper uses a model based upon the board game Monopoly to discuss the drivers of wealth inequality, and study the effect of introducing georgistic, income and wealth taxation respectively in the game. Using iterated simulations the results yielded display evidence of wealth and georgistic taxation having a noteworthy impact on wealth inequality at certain stages of the game. Additionally, correctly specified income taxation yields notable results. Despite the model’s simplicity, the results found share interesting similarities with empirical evidence.