The thesis entitled “This is Africa giving form to the informal” arose from a concern with the growing levels of poverty and unemployment in South Africa and the recognition that small scale, self-generated economic activity provides an important means of survival for the very poor. It acknowledges the positive contributions that informal street trading makes to the urban environment. The dissertation draws upon a study of recently initiated projects that aimed to legitimise informal trading, by integrating it in the built environment. It is also driven by a study of the way in which traders organise, claim and define space in the urban environment. This process can be seen as the way in which traders themselves seek legitimacy. Collectively, case studies revealed a number of key elements necessary for the legitimisation of informal trade. Although the area of the proposed intervention is the Pretoria Station precinct, the study acknowledges that there are universal elements contained in informal trading. These elements establish a set of principles that define the minimal intervention necessary in order to allow opportunities for trade to as many people as possible whilst giving the traders themselves the maximum possible room to manoeuvre. In essence, the approach does not argue for the formalisation or ‘neatening’ of informal activity, but aims to give form to activities frequently regarded as illegal, and to provide street market spaces that can function as essential forms of urban infrastructure (Dewar 1990:xi). / Mini Dissertation (MInt(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / How is charitable giving influenced by other donors’ charitable giving? Do people give more in the presence of other donors who are similar to themselves? Most research suggests that individuals are positively influenced by others who are similar across a variety of behaviors. In the charitable giving contexts, people are more likely to donate (or donate more) to the same cause if others who are similar donate. Yet, prior research has paid little attention to potential non-linear effects of similarity on charitable giving. Is there a certain amount of similarity that is too much? My dissertation investigates this research question through two different methodological approaches, a systematic literature review and an experimental study. The findings suggest the curvilinear effects of similarity on charitable giving (i.e. self-other oversimilarity hypothesis); that is, individuals are more likely to donate (and donate more) in the presence of other generous donors who are moderately similar to themselves. Yet, individuals are less likely to donate (and donate) less in the presence of other generous donors who are in high similarity to themselves. In other words, too much similarity between donors may actually backfire in charitable giving contexts when others give generously. This dissertation consists of a brief overview of similarity (Chapter 1), a systematic literature review (Chapter 2), an experimental study (Chapter 3) and a research proposal (Chapter 4). Chapter 1 in this dissertation identifies the importance of similarity in social relationships. Chapter 2 investigates the effects of similarity on charitable giving and identifies the literature gap. Chapter 3 attempts to fill the gap via developing and testing self-other oversimilarity hypothesis. It further offers practical implications for nonprofit fundraising practices on how to apply similarity between donors to motivate more funding. In order to provide additional empirical evidence that may contribute to theory and practice, and to address certain limitations of the current experimental study, Chapter 4 proposes a new research project to further test self-other oversimilarity hypothesis in the presence of a stingy donor.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This two-article, mixed-methods dissertation examines social contextual influences on donor and fundraiser behavior. It presents an extension of the Charitable Triad Model to conceptualize philanthropic behavior as a contextualized act informed by the social context shared among and between fundraisers, donors, beneficiaries, and organizations. The first article extends research on how social identity shapes donor behavior. This work finds that people are more likely to donate when they share identities, experiences, or group affiliations with beneficiaries. However, donors make philanthropic decisions in the context of multiple—and sometimes incongruent—identities. How might this complexity affect philanthropic behavior? I apply an intersectional approach to consider donors holding two simultaneous yet seemingly incongruent social identities. Using interviews analyzed with grounded theory, I examine the philanthropic journey of twenty Catholic women who donate to pro-choice organizations and identify as pro-choice activists. I uncover a common process shared by the donors as they navigate their seemingly incompatible identities. Findings reveal implications for fundraisers seeking to understand donors and for organizations that address controversial causes. The second article uses an experimental design with professional fundraisers to test how the presence of a teammate affects the performance of a common fundraising task, that of writing a charitable appeal letter. A large body of research in non-fundraising domains finds that working in a team versus alone can positively affect performance and team members’ satisfaction. Further, new research finds that fundraisers who feel like they fit with their environment have higher satisfaction and retention. However, no known research has examined the role of the social environment in fundraisers’ crafting of charitable appeals. Using person-environment-fit theory, we randomly assign fundraisers to work in a team versus alone to examine how this affects their satisfaction with the task, as well as the content of the letter produced. Results suggest implications for the management of development teams. Overall, this dissertation provides evidence-based insights to improve fundraising practice.

ABSTRACT With reduced sources of external funding, higher education institutions are taking an increased focus onthe development of their alumni and current student populations with regards to philanthropic giving. One of the goals of leadership and their development team is to build and nurture a culture of philanthropy on campus amongst current students with the desired outcome of these efforts being to build a sense of affinity and responsibility to the institution evident through their engagement. While there is much research available about the motivation for giving and engagement amongst alumni, there is little information available about what motivates current students on campus to participate in philanthropic activity. It must be understood why students choose to engage in their chosen philanthropic activities, whichwould require gaining an understanding of intrinsic motivators for engagement. It is also important for institutions to learn how students want to be engaged to adjust tactics and incorporate methods of engagement which are valued and preferred by students. Learning the ways in which this newer group of students views the concepts of philanthropy, and the ways in which they seek to insert themselves into philanthropic engagement are going to be of the upmost importance to gain support from this cohort. Ultimately, this study examined undergraduate students’ philanthropic behaviors with the purpose ofdetermining if it is possible to find distinct factors which influence philanthropic motivations and engagement based upon student characteristics. A mixed method approach was used for this study. For the quantitative component of the study, 206 students located throughout the United States completed questionnaires, which provided survey questions utilizing a 5-point ordinal Likert scale, with responses indicating the likelihood of the variable influencing selected philanthropic activities. Surveys also captured student demographic variables. Twenty students from the quantitative study participated in a follow up one on one interview interviews for the qualitative component, which provided insight into student motivations via analysis of interview transcripts. Amongst participants of this study, findings indicate that there are significant relationships that exist between certain student demographic variables and factors which influence their decisions to participate in chosen philanthropic activities. These factors can be segmented into distinct categories, allowing for students’ motivations to be understood based upon their intrinsic motivations. Ultimately amongst participants, it appears students are guided by eight factors which influence their philanthropic motivation and/or engagement. With this knowledge, institutional leadership and development staff can gain a better understanding of what motivates current students to select the types of philanthropic activities, causes, and organizations they support, as well as how to tailor ask vehicles designed to appeal to the intrinsic motivators of students. / Educational Administration

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Rising economic inequality has become a widespread trend and concern in recent decades. Economic inequality is often associated with pernicious consequences such as a decrease in individual health and social cohesion and an increase in political conflicts. Does economic inequality have a negative association with prosocial behavior, like many other aspects of inequality? To answer this question, this dissertation investigates the relationship between economic inequality and prosocial behavior, particularly charitable giving, by conducting three empirical studies. The first study is a meta-analysis on the overall relationship between economic inequality and prosocial behavior. Results from 192 effect sizes in 100 studies show that there is a general small, negative relationship between economic inequality and different forms of prosocial behavior. Moderator tests demonstrate that social context, the operationalization of prosocial behavior, the operationalization of economic inequality, and average age of participants significantly moderate the relationship between economic inequality and prosocial behavior. The second study differentiates between redistributive and non-redistributive charitable causes and examines how income inequality is associated with charitable giving to these two causes in China. Using synthesized data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS) and official data, this study shows that income inequality has no significant relationship with charitable giving to redistributive causes, but it has a negative association with charitable giving to non-redistributive causes. Of the four moderators, only education significantly moderates the relationship between income inequality and redistributive giving. The third study tests whether and how government social spending mediates the relationship between income inequality and charitable giving. Using the US county level panel data, this study finds there is no significant relationship between income inequality and government social spending as well as between government social spending and charitable giving. Thus, government social spending does not significantly mediate the relationship between income inequality and charitable giving. However, income inequality has a robustly and significantly negative relationship with charitable giving. In sum, this dissertation furthers our understanding of the relationship between economic inequality and prosocial behavior, especially charitable giving. Given the higher economic inequality facing many countries, it is a timely dissertation and has important practical implications.

Although the research on the effects of cancer on the patient and its impact on the family system, as well as on the benefits of support groups for this population is abundant, there is relatively little research that examines the benefits of online cancer support groups, the meaning that users attribute to giving and receiving support, and the effects of use on the user's significant other. Using the theoretical frameworks of phenomenology, and Social Interactionism online surveys were conducted with seven individuals who considered themselves active members of the online Cancer Survivors Network, were all diagnosed with cancer and living with a significant other. These surveys were coded for themes using Thematic Analysis. The main themes identified included: feeling normal, belonging to a community, hope, honest and open place to talk about fears, feelings and possibility of death, that experiencing and recovering or dealing with cancer is a process, gaining understanding, acceptance and support, as well as information, a better sense of well-being related to hope and humor, and feeling helpful. The themes that emerged when looking at the partner relationships were: feelings of jealousy, and sharing the online community with their partner. Implications for clinical practice and suggestions for future research are included. / Master of Science

Yes / One of the main challenges developing nations face is curbing bribery. While there are many efforts to curb bribery, most focused at macro level, such as law, while little has been examined at the micro level, e.g., individual behavior and intention. Those who did investigate at the micro level tend to focus on the recipients rather than the ones giving the bribe. We explored eight factors that influence Malaysian young adults’ bribe giving intention based on the Reasoned Action Approach (RAA). A total of 345 respondents (M age = 20.68, SD = 2.01, 189 are females) completed questionnaires about all RAA variables. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was carried out using smartPLS3.0 to analyze the result. The result revealed that out of the eight variables, four variables—Instrumental attitudes, Experiential Attitudes, Parents’ descriptive norms and Capacity—explain 74% of the variance in bribe giving intention. An important take-away is that young adult’s perception of whether their parents gave or did not give bribes in a given situation is important in influencing their bribe giving intention. Bribe giving prevention messages must be targeted explicitly toward parents, where they play a crucial role in curbing this dishonesty.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経営科学) / 甲第24769号 / 経営博第24号 / 新制||経営||5(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経営管理教育部経営科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 HAN Hyun Jeong, 教授 原 良憲, 教授 山田 仁一郎, 教授 若林 靖永 (佛教大学) / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Management Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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