The purpose of this study was to investigate laryngeal movements in selected performance situations on alto saxophone. The specific research problems were to describe glottal activity in three selected musicians as they performed musical tasks with (1) various pitch ranges and registers, (2) fortissimo and pianissimo dynamic levels, (3) crescendo and decrescendo, (4) long tones with vibrato, and (5) legato and staccato styles of articulation. A fiberoptic laryngoscope was employed to gather the visual images, which were recorded on a sound synchronized video tape. A rating system was devised to provide graphic representation of the data. Results of the data indicated that the glottis was used as an airflow constrictor in certain performance situations, especially in pianissimo performance. Other conclusions were drawn, and suggestions for further research were discussed.

Goal of this work was create survey study of information resources deal with diagnostic analysis of speech signal. Two methods for estimation of glottal flow was programmed. Finally, attention was focused on determination of criterions for description of selected pathological diagnosis and influence of stress on the glottal flow. Outcome of this work is proposal two criterions for describe influence of stress on the glottal flow.

No description available.

No description available.

Les pratiques obstétricales utilisées lors des accouchements sont nombreuses et certaines peuvent avoir un impact sur son déroulement ainsi que sur les issues maternelles et foetales. Durant le travail, ces pratiques reposent sur l’utilisation de différentes positions ou de techniques antalgiques pharmacologiques (analgésie péridurale, protoxyde d’azote) ou non (déambulation, utilisation de la baignoire, de la douche, du ballon etc.). Au moment de l’accouchement, il existe également différentes techniques de poussée, de maintien de la tête foetale, de soutien périnéal ou encore différentes positions d’accouchement. Cependant, à ce jour, ces pratiques ne sont pas ou très peu étudiées en France et ne répondent à aucune recommandation pour la pratique clinique. Dans le premier volet de cette thèse (n=1496), nous avons réalisé un état des lieux des pratiques déclarées par les sages-femmes et étudié si les pratiques différaient en fonction du lieu d’exercice et de l’ancienneté. Les sages-femmes françaises proposaient largement le recours à l’analgésie péridurale, surtout celles exerçant en maternité de type II ou III. Le décubitus latéral était la position préférée des sages-femmes durant le 1er stade avec analgésie péridurale et durant la phase de descente du 2ème stade. Pour l’accouchement, la plupart des sages-femmes conseillaient des positions en décubitus. La poussée en bloquant était celle la plus conseillée par les sages-femmes et majoritairement par celles ayant ≤ 5 ans d’ancienneté. Ces données ont montré que les pratiques des sages-femmes françaises étaient hétérogènes et variaient selon le niveau des maternités et l’ancienneté des sages-femmes. Notre deuxième volet repose sur un essai randomisé multicentrique (n=250) dont l’objectif principal était d’évaluer l’efficacité de la poussée dirigée à glotte ouverte vs celle à glotte fermée. Le critère de jugement principal était un critère de jugement composite : accouchement spontané, sans lésion du périnée (épisiotomie ou lésion spontanée des 2ème, 3ème ou 4ème degrés). Les femmes éligibles étaient celles ayant suivi intégralement la séance de formation aux types de poussées, avec une grossesse monofoetale en présentation céphalique, un accouchement par voie basse acceptée, admises en maternité entre 37 et 42 semaines d’aménorrhée pour un travail spontané ou induit, à partir d’une dilatation cervicale utérine ≥ 7 cm. Les critères d’exclusion étaient une pathologie contre-indiquant des efforts expulsifs ou un antécédent d’utérus cicatriciel, ou une anomalie du rythme cardiaque foetal avant la randomisation. Nous n’avons pas retrouvé de risques absolus ou bruts statistiquement différents en terme d’efficacité de la poussée, ni sur la morbidité maternelle (déchirures périnéales sévères ou hémorragies du post-partum) et néonatale immédiate (pH défavorable). Après prise en compte des facteurs de confusion et des facteurs pronostiques cliniquement pertinents, l’efficacité de la poussée n’était pas, non plus, statistiquement différente entre les deux types de poussées (RR ajusté : 0,92 [IC95% : 0,74-1,14]). En conclusion, les pratiques maïeutiques différent durant l’accouchement en France et il n’y a pas lieu de conseiller un type de poussée plutôt qu’un autre. Les femmes doivent, toutefois, être informées des différentes positions et des types de poussées lors des préparations à l’accouchement et doivent pouvoir choisir la position et la poussée qui leur conviennent, voir en changer, au cours du travail (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie Obstétrique, 2012). / Many different obstetric practices are used during delivery, and some of them can affect the course of labor and delivery as well as maternal and fetal outcomes. During labor, these practices mainly concern the use of different positions and of analgesic techniques, both pharmacological (epidural analgesia, nitrous oxide) or not (walking, water immersion in a pool, large tub, or shower, birthing balls, etc.). At delivery, there are also different techniques of pushing, of fetal head management, perineal support, and birthing positions. Nonetheless, until now, the use of these practices in France has been studied little if at all, and there are no Clinical Practice Guidelines to help midwives choose their practices based on scientific evidence.The first component of this dissertation describes our inventory of practices reported by midwives (n=1496) and examines whether these practices differ as a function of either place of practice or experience. French midwives very frequently offer women epidural analgesia, especially those practicing in level II or III maternity units. Lateral decubitus was the position midwives preferred during the first stage for women with epidural analgesia and during the descent phase of the second stage. For delivery, most midwives advised decubitus positions. Pushing with Valsalva breathing was advised most often, mostly by midwives with ≤ 5 years of experience. These data show that French midwives use heterogeneous practices that vary according to the maternity unit level and the midwife's experience.The second component of this dissertation is based on a multicenter randomized trial (n=250) to assess the effectiveness of directed pushing when used with open glottis or closed glottis (Valsalva) breathing. The principal endpoint was a composite criterion: spontaneous delivery without perineal lesion (episiotomy, or spontaneous 2nd, 3rd, or 4th degree lacerations). Women were eligible if they have taken an antenatal class that includes a specific training in the types of pushing, and had a singleton pregnancy in cephalic presentation, planned vaginal delivery, and were admitted to the maternity ward between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation in spontaneous or induced labor when cervical dilation was ≥ 7 cm. The exclusion criteria were a disorder contraindicating expulsive efforts, previous cesarean or other uterine scar, or a fetal heart rate anomaly before randomization. The unadjusted analysis show no difference between the groups in the effectiveness of pushing, in maternal morbidity (severe perineal lacerations or postpartum hemorrhage), or immediate neonatal morbidity (unfavorable pH). After adjustment for confounding factors and clinically relevant prognostic factors, there was still no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of the type of pushing (RR adjusted: 0.92, 95% CI 0.74-1.14).In conclusion, midwifery practices during delivery in France differ, and there is no evidence to recommend one type of pushing over another. Women must nonetheless be informed about the different positions and types of pushing during their preparation for delivery and must be able to choose the position and type of pushing they prefer, and be able to change it, during labor (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2012).

Cette thèse décrit les aspirations intrusives, saillantes mais labiles, souvent représentées par /h/ ou [h], dans l’anglais L2 des francophones (par exemple : I hate pasta au lieu de I ate pasta). Le phonème /h/ est débile dans les langues indo-européennes. Historiquement, la consonne subit une lénition progressive, avec une forte variation linguistique et extralinguistique (diatopique, diastratique et diachronique). La fricative glottale /h/ à l’attaque de mot en anglais L1 est caractérisée par i) l’ouverture de la glotte et ii) la configuration supraglottale de la voyelle suivante. Dans cette étude, les réalisations des attaques de mot en anglais sont étudiées à partir de trois sortes de données : i) un texte lu par 8 anglophones et 10 francophones, ii) la parole spontanée de 25 francophones et iii) un test de perception passé par 30 francophones. La fréquence d’apparition des aspirations intrusives montre une forte variabilité inter- et intra-locuteurs. Elles sont retrouvées exclusivement i) en position initiale absolue ou ii) après un phone vocalique. Une pause, une glottalisation ou une aspiration sont trois procédés qui conduisent à augmenter l’écart temporel entre deux voyelles en hiatus. Une glottalisation ou une aspiration ont en commun de correspondre à une tension glottale. Les aspirations illicites semblent être des traces d’hypercorrection qui pourraient être dues i) à une assimilation incomplète du contraste phonétique [ʔ] ~ [h] de l’anglais, ii) à la réparation phonologique facultative de *#V, iii) à un geste de constriction glottale n’atteignant pas sa cible (glottalisation inchoative) et à un geste intrusif d’ouverture glottale. La correction phonétique proposée par le professeur recherche la prise de conscience par l’apprenant i) du contrôle de la glotte pour l’aspiration, la glottalisation et le maintien d’un voisement modal en frontière morphologique, et ii) des particularités syllabiques du français et de l’anglais qui font des frontières de mot des points d’achoppement potentiels en anglais L2. / This dissertation describes some salient, yet variable, intrusive tokens of aspiration, often represented by /h/ or [h], in French learners’ L2 English productions (e.g. : I hate pasta instead of I ate pasta). The phoneme /h/ is weak in Indo-European languages. Historically, the consonant has undergone progressive lenition and exhibits strong intralinguistic and extralinguistic --diachronic, dialectal and stylistic-- variation. The glottal fricative /h/ at English word onsets is characterised by i) an open glottis and ii) the supraglottal configuration of the following vowel. In the present study, the onsets of English words are analysed in three types of data: i) a text read by 8 native English speakers and 10 French learners of English, ii) spontaneous speech elicited from 25 French learners and iii) a perception test taken by 30 French-speaking students. The frequency of intrusive tokens of aspiration at L2 English word onsets shows high inter- and intra-speaker variability. Importantly, however, they only surface i) in strict initial position or ii) after a vocalic sound. A pause, some glottalisation or some aspiration are three processes that contribute to increasing the time span between two vowels in a hiatus context. Glottalisation and aspiration both correspond to glottal tension. Illicit tokens of aspiration can be considered as occurrences of hypercorrection, which may result from : i) incomplete assimilation of the English [ʔ] ~ [h] contrast, ii) optional phonological repair of *#V, iii) a glottal constriction gesture that fails to reach its target (i.e. inchoative glottalisation) and an intrusive gesture of glottal opening. Phonetic corrective feedback in L2 learning is proposed. It aims at raising the learner’s awareness of i) glottal control for aspiration, glottalisation, and continuous modal voicing across word boundaries and ii) some syllabic specificities of French and English that make word boundaries potential stumbling blocks in French learners’ L2 English.

Master thesis deals with creating of the numerical model of the human vocal folds. Calculation algorithm is designed to include vocal chordsinteraction with the air flow. Analysis of the results achieved by the numerical simulations and calculations are focused on the pressure and velocity conditions in the areas under vocal folds, between vocal folds and above vocal folds. Movement and stress analysis of individual layers of vocal folds has been made. This analysis is limited only for physiological health vocal folds without pathology and disease. Modal analysis of structural and acoustic environment, backround research of vocal folds function and summary of some published overviews of numerical models is part of this work.

Master thesis deals with creating numerical model of the human vocal folds. Calculation algorithm includes interaction between vocal chords and the air flow. Modal analysis of structural and acoustic environment, backround research of vocal folds function and summary of some published overviews of numerical models are parts of this work. Analysis of the results achieved by the numerical simulations and calculations are focused on the pressure and velocity conditions in the areas under vocal folds, between vocal folds and above vocal folds. Movement and stress analysis of individual layers of vocal folds has been made. Impact of tissue thickness on resulting behaviour has been assessed.

No description available.

Title: The effect of airway control on stance dynamic stability Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to find out whether and how will the influence of vocal cords modulation be manifested on the dynamic stabilization of the standing body during translational shifts of the supporting surface of different intensities and A-P directions. Thus, building on the findings of Massery et al (2013). Methods: The thesis has the character of qualitative research. The experiment was attended by 23 healthy probands, of which 7 men and 16 women aged 20-40 years. Spirometry was used to test the objectivity of airway airflow during breathing / phoning maneuvers with different vocal cords positioning and dynamic computer posturography using the Neurocom Smart Equi Test System and its Motor Control Test, which evaluated the effectiveness of automatic postural responses. We connected the posturograph with the spirometer using the Kistler accelerometer (type 8766A100BB). The course of the experiment was simultaneously recorded by a camera (GoPro Hero 7). The Smart EquiTest System generated three postural perturbations of different intensity (S - sub treshold, M - threshold, L - saturating) in two directions (anterior translation / posterior translation). The measured data were then processed in the program Neurocom...