Produtos naturais constituem uma das principais fontes de moléculas bioativas que possuem diversas aplicabilidades. Dentre os produtos naturais, policetídeos representam uma ampla classe de compostos estruturalmente diversos cuja atividade biológica, muitas vezes está relacionada com os grupos funcionais que estão ligados ao seu esqueleto central (aglicona). Os macrolídeos representam uma classe de antibiótico amplamente utilizado e são um exemplo de policetídeos cuja atividade é dependente de moléculas de açúcares. As enzimas que realizam a glicosilação de policetídeos são as glicosiltransferases, as quais apresentam uma especificidade estrita para 6-desoxiaçúcares, porém uma especificidade relaxada para açúcares não usuais e substratos aceptores. Estudar essa flexibilidade catalítica das glicosiltransferases de produtos naturais pode contribuir para a geração de novos compostos através de glicodiversificação. Esses novos compostos podem apresentar novas atividades biológicas e propriedades farmacocinéticas melhoradas. Além da especificidade relaxada, existe um pequeno grupo de glicosiltransferases que possui um comportamento peculiar no qual uma proteína auxiliar é necessária para sua atividade catalítica, por exemplo o par TylM2/TylM3 envolvidos na biossíntese do antibiótico macrolídeo tilosina em Strepromyces fradiae. Estudar a interação e as mudanças conformacionais que ocorrem durante a formação do complexo glicosiltransferase-proteína auxiliar é fundamental para entender a influência que essas as proteínas auxiliares exercem sobre as glicosiltransferases, e com isso gerar informações que possam ser úteis na aplicação de glicodiversificação. Neste trabalho foi realizado a sublonagem de genes sintéticos que codificam a glicosiltransferase TylM2 e a proteína auxiliar TylM3 e as proteínas recombinantes foram produzidas e purificadas. Além disso foram realizadas técnicas de caracterização estrutural para proteína TylM2 no qual essa glicosiltransferase parece formar um tetrâmero em solução na ausência de sua proteína auxiliar. Ensaios de cristalização com TylM2 rendeu cristais que difratam a uma resolução abaixo de 3,0Å, mesmo após tentativas de otimização, que dificultam a determinação de sua estrutura A criação de modelos teóricos por modelagem comparativa para TylM2 e TylM3 permitiu uma investigação sobre possíveis diferenças entre a TylM2 e suas homólogas. / Natural products compose one of the main sources of bioactive molecules that have several applications. Amongst natural products, polyketides represent a broad class of structurally diverse compounds whose biological activity is often related to the functional groups that are linked to their central skeleton (aglycone). Macrolides represent a class of widely used antibiotic and are an example of polyketides whose activity is dependent on sugar molecules. The enzymes that perform the glycosylation of polyketides are glycosyltransferases, which have a strict specificity for 6-deoxy sugars, but a relaxed specificity for unusual sugars and acceptor substrates. Studying this catalytic flexibility of glycosyltransferases of natural products may contribute to the generation of novel compounds through glycodiversification. These novel compounds may exhibit new biological activities and improved pharmacokinetic properties. In addition to the relaxed specificity, there is a small group of glycosyltransferases who have a peculiar behavior in which an auxiliary protein is required for its catalytic activity, an example of such is the TylM2 / TylM3 pair involved in the biosynthesis of the macrolide antibiotic tylosin in Strepromyces fradiae. Studying the interaction and conformational changes that occur during the formation of the glycosyltransferase-auxiliary protein complex is critical to understanding the influence that these auxiliary proteins have on glycosyltransferases, and thereby generate information that may be useful in the application of glycodiversification. In this work, synthetic genes coding the glycosyltransferase TylM2 and the auxiliary protein TylM3 was sub cloned into pET28a vectors and the recombinant proteins were produced and purified. In addition, structural characterization techniques were performed with TylM2 which appears to form a tetramer in solution in the absence of its auxiliary protein. Crystallization assays of TylM2 yielded crystals that diffracted bellow 3.0Å and presented pathologies which prevented determining of its structure, even after attempts of optimization. The creation of theoretical models by homology modelling for TylM2 and TylM3 allowed for an investigation into possible differences that make TylM2 possess a more stringent flexibility toward acceptor substrates when compared to other homologues.

A ciclodextrina glicosiltransferase (EC 2.4.1.19) é a única enzima capaz de converter amido e açúcares relacionados em ciclodextrinas através de reação de ciclização. Estes compostos podem formar complexos de inclusão com moléculas hidrofóbicas, tornando-se importante para aplicação nas indústrias alimentícias, farmacêuticas, agrícolas, químicas e de cosméticos. Um novo microorganismo produtor de CGTase foi encontrado entre bactérias isoladas do solo e foi identificado como Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. A enzima produzida por este microrganismo foi purificada em quatro etapas: precipitação por afinidade com amido, ultrafiltração, cromatografia de troca iônica e cromatografia de interação hidrofóbica. A CGTase assim purificada obteve, aproximadamente, atividade específica de 200.000 U/mg e fator de purificação de 2500. Com uma única banda, o peso molecular da enzima purificada foi estimado em 70kDa por SDS-PAGE. A temperatura ótima para atividade da enzima foi de 60 º C, enquanto que a atividade enzimática permaneceu praticamente estável entre pH 6 e 10, indicando natureza alcalotolerante. Km e Vmax para a enzima pura foram de 2,5 g/mL e 12,5 U/mg de proteína, respectivamente, usando amido solúvel como substrato. / Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.19) is the unique enzyme able to convert starch and related sugars into cyclodextrins via cyclization reaction. These compounds can form inclusion complexes with hydrophobic molecules, becoming important for application in the food, pharmaceutical, agricultural, chemical and cosmetics industries. A new microorganism producing the CGTase was found among strains isolated from soil and identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The enzyme produced by this strain was purified by four steps: starch affinity precipitation, ultrafiltration, ion exchange chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The CGTase thus obtaining specific activity 200,000 U.mg-1 and 2500-fold purification. With a single band, the molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated in 70kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimum temperature for enzyme activity was 60ºC, whereas the enzyme activity remained almost stable between pH 6 to 10, indicating its alkalotolerant nature. Km e Vmax for the pure enzyme were 2.5 g/mL and 12.5 U/mg protein, respectively, using soluble starch as substrate.

A ciclodextrina glicosiltransferase (CGTase) é a única enzima capaz de catalisar a reação de ciclização a partir do amido e, assim, formar oligossacarídeos cíclicos conhecidos como ciclodextrinas (CDs). Através desta reação é produzida uma mistura de α-, β- e γ-CD que, respectivamente, contém 6, 7 e 8 resíduos de glicose. As CDs têm atraído enorme atenção devido ao seu grande potencial de aplicação em diversas áreas da indústria. Potencial este proporcionado por sua estrutura cônica, com interior hidrofóbico, capaz de encapsular sólidos, líquidos e gases, conferindo propriedades importantes e protegendo-os. Neste trabalho foi estudada a imobilização de uma CGTase em sílica mesoporosa de forma direcionada às cisteínas presentes em sua superfície, alterando a exposição do sítio ativo. A ligação via cisteínas nativas da proteína aumentou em quatro vezes a eficiência da imobilização, quando comparada a ligação via grupamento amino. Esta, no entanto, apresentou maior atividade enzimática em faixas mais amplas de temperatura e pH, além de maior estabilidade operacional, mantendo 100 % de sua atividade após 200 h de reação contínua a 60 °C e pH 4. Ainda que apresentando menor estabilidade da ligação, o derivado obtido por ligação dissulfeto manteve 40 % da atividade inicial durante 200 h e então, o suporte pôde ser recarregado e reutilizado por igual período. Os suportes desenvolvidos apresentaram estabilidade satisfatória, possibilitando o uso do derivado imobilizado em reator de leito fixo operado de forma contínua. Quando avaliado em relação a produção das três ciclodextrinas principais, o derivado cuja imobilização da enzima ocorreu via grupamento amino, evidenciou a possibilidade de modulação da produção apenas variando as condições de reação. α- e β-CD foram produzidas preferencialmente em pH 8,0 e 2 min (3,44 mg mL-1 e 3,51 mg mL-1, respectivamente), enquanto que pH mais ácido (4,0) e maior tempo de reação (141 min) favoreceram a formação de γ-CD (3,35 mg mL-1), com baixa formação α-CD (0,75 mg mL-1). Por fim, os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a importância da imobilização da CGTase para a estabilização de sua estrutura a fim de aplicá-la em sistemas contínuos de produção de CDs onde é possível modular o perfil dos produtos gerados em função das condições de reação, aumentando assim a produtividade do biocatalisador. / Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) is the only enzyme capable of catalyzing the cyclization reaction from the starch and thus forming cyclic oligosaccharides known as cyclodextrins (CDs). Through this reaction, is produced a mixture of α-, β- and γ-CD containing, 6, 7 and 8 glucose residues respectively. Cyclodextrins (CD) have been attracting considerable attention because of its great potential for application in various areas of industry. This potential is provided by its conical structure with hydrophobic interior, capable of encapsulating solids, liquids and gases, changing important features and protecting them. In this work, the immobilization of CGTase in mesoporous silica was studied in a way directed to cysteines present on its surface, altering the exposure of the active site. The connection via native cysteine of the protein increased by four times the efficiency of immobilization compared to amino groups connection. The binding of amino groups, however, showed greater enzymatic activity in wider ranges of temperature and pH, and higher operational stability, while maintaining 100 % of its activity after 200 h of continuous reaction at 60 °C and pH 4. Although showing less stable connection, the derivative obtained by disulfide bond retained 40 % of the initial activity for 200 h and then, the support could be reloaded and reused for the same period. Developed supports showed satisfactory stability, enabling the use of the derivative assets in a packed bed reactor and operated continuously. It was demonstrated the possibility of modulating the CDs production just varying the reaction conditions, using the derivative of which the enzyme immobilization occurred via amino group, to evaluate the production of three main cyclodextrins. α- and β-CD were produced preferentially at pH 8.0 and 2 min (3.44 mg mL-1 and 3.51 mg mL-1, respectively), whereas the more acid pH (4.0) and longer reaction (141 min) favored the formation of γ-CD (3.35 mg mL-1 and 0.75 mg mL-1 of α-CD). Finally, the results of this study show the importance of the immobilization of CGTase to the stabilization of its structure in order to apply it in continuous CD production systems, where it is possible to modulate the profile of the products generated as a function of the reaction conditions, thus increasing the productivity of the biocatalyst.

No description available.

Burkholderia seminalis tem sido encontrada tanto em interações patogênicas, quanto não patogênicas. O gene wcbE codifica uma glicosiltransferase e pertence ao cluster wcb, que está relacionado à síntese de cápsula. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o papel do gene wcbE e da temperatura nas interações microbianas de B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3. A produção de biofilme, EPS e compostos antifúngicos foi maior a 28 ºC. Por outro lado, a motilidade, virulência e respostas ao estresse foram maiores a 37 ºC. wcbE produziu menos biofilme que WT e foi atenuada em G. mellonella a 37 ºC, destacando a importância da glicosiltransferase na patogênese. Além disso, wcbE perdeu a habilidade de inibir fungos fitopatogênicos. Embora B. seminalis seja um membro do Bcc, é eficiente contra patógenos clínicos e ambientais, indicando que esta linhagem pode ter interações múltiplas no ambiente. A temperatura e o gene de glicosiltransferase desempenharam um papel crucial nas interações ambientais de B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3. / Burkholderia seminalis has been found in both pathogenic and nonpathogenic interactions. The wcbE gene encodes a glycosyltransferase and belongs to the wcb cluster, which is related to capsule synthesis. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of the wcbE gene and temperature in the microbial interactions of B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3. The production of biofilm, EPS and antifungal compounds was higher at 28 ºC. On the other hand, the motility, virulence and stress responses were higher at 37 ° C. wcbE produced less biofilm than WT and was attenuated in G. mellonella at 37 ° C, highlighting the importance of glycosyltransferase in the pathogenesis. Furthermore, wcbE lost the ability to inhibit phytopathogenic fungi. Although B. seminalis is a member of Bcc, it is effective against clinical and environmental pathogens, indicating that this strain may have multiple interactions in the environment. The temperature and the glycosyltransferase gene played a crucial role in the environmental interactions of B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3.

Renewable fibers produced by forest trees provide excellentraw material of high economic value for industrialapplications. Despite this, the genes and corresponding enzymesinvolved in wood fiber biosynthesis in trees are poorlycharacterized. This thesis describes a functional genomicsapproach for the identification of carbohydrate-active enzymesinvolved in secondary cell wall (wood) formation in hybridaspen. First, a 3' target amplification method was developed toenable microarray-based gene expression analysis on minuteamounts of RNA. The amplification method was evaluated usingboth a smaller microarray containing 192 cDNA clones and alarger microarray containing 2995 cDNA clones that werehybridized with targets isolated from xylem and phloem.Moreover, a gene expression study of phloem differentiation wasperformed to show the usefulness of the amplificationmethod. A microarray containing 2995 cDNA clones representing aunigene set of a cambial region EST library was used to studygene expression during wood formation. Transcript populationsfrom thin tissue sections representing different stages ofxylem development were hybridized onto the microarrays. It wasdemonstrated that genes encoding lignin and cellulosebiosynthetic enzymes, as well as a number of genes withoutassigned function, were differentially expressed across thedevelopmental gradient. Microarrays were also used to track changes in geneexpression in the developing xylem of transgenic, GA-20 oxidaseoverexpressing hybrid aspens that had increased secondarygrowth. The study revealed that a number of genes encoding cellwall related enzymes were upregulated in the transgenic trees.Moreover, most genes with high transcript changes could beassigned a role in the early events of xylogenesis. Ten genes encoding putative cellulose synthases (CesAs) wereidentified in our ownPopulusESTdatabase. Full length cDNA sequences wereobtained for five of them. Expression analyses performed withreal-time PCR and microarrays in normal wood undergoingxylogenesis and in tension wood revealed xylem specificexpression of four putative CesA isoenzymes. Finally, an approach combining expressionprofiling,bioinformatics as well as EST and full length sequencing wasadopted to identify secondary cell wall related genes encodingcarbohydrate-active enzymes, such as glycosyltransferases andglycoside hydrolases. As expected, glycosyltransferasesinvolved in the carbohydrate biosynthesis dominated thecollection of the secondary cell wall related enzymes that wereidentified. Key words:Populus, xylogenesis, secondary cell wall,cellulose, hemicellulose, microarrays, transcript profiling,carbohydrate-active enzyme, glycosyltransferase, glycosidehydrolase

<p>Renewable fibers produced by forest trees provide excellentraw material of high economic value for industrialapplications. Despite this, the genes and corresponding enzymesinvolved in wood fiber biosynthesis in trees are poorlycharacterized. This thesis describes a functional genomicsapproach for the identification of carbohydrate-active enzymesinvolved in secondary cell wall (wood) formation in hybridaspen.</p><p>First, a 3' target amplification method was developed toenable microarray-based gene expression analysis on minuteamounts of RNA. The amplification method was evaluated usingboth a smaller microarray containing 192 cDNA clones and alarger microarray containing 2995 cDNA clones that werehybridized with targets isolated from xylem and phloem.Moreover, a gene expression study of phloem differentiation wasperformed to show the usefulness of the amplificationmethod.</p><p>A microarray containing 2995 cDNA clones representing aunigene set of a cambial region EST library was used to studygene expression during wood formation. Transcript populationsfrom thin tissue sections representing different stages ofxylem development were hybridized onto the microarrays. It wasdemonstrated that genes encoding lignin and cellulosebiosynthetic enzymes, as well as a number of genes withoutassigned function, were differentially expressed across thedevelopmental gradient.</p><p>Microarrays were also used to track changes in geneexpression in the developing xylem of transgenic, GA-20 oxidaseoverexpressing hybrid aspens that had increased secondarygrowth. The study revealed that a number of genes encoding cellwall related enzymes were upregulated in the transgenic trees.Moreover, most genes with high transcript changes could beassigned a role in the early events of xylogenesis.</p><p>Ten genes encoding putative cellulose synthases (CesAs) wereidentified in our own<i>Populus</i>ESTdatabase. Full length cDNA sequences wereobtained for five of them. Expression analyses performed withreal-time PCR and microarrays in normal wood undergoingxylogenesis and in tension wood revealed xylem specificexpression of four putative CesA isoenzymes.</p><p>Finally, an approach combining expressionprofiling,bioinformatics as well as EST and full length sequencing wasadopted to identify secondary cell wall related genes encodingcarbohydrate-active enzymes, such as glycosyltransferases andglycoside hydrolases. As expected, glycosyltransferasesinvolved in the carbohydrate biosynthesis dominated thecollection of the secondary cell wall related enzymes that wereidentified.</p><p><b>Key words:</b>Populus, xylogenesis, secondary cell wall,cellulose, hemicellulose, microarrays, transcript profiling,carbohydrate-active enzyme, glycosyltransferase, glycosidehydrolase</p>

The Escherichia coli O9a and O8 antigen serotypes represent model systems for the ABC transporter-dependent synthesis of bacterial polysaccharides. Their O-antigens are linear mannose homopolymers containing conserved reducing termini (the primer-adaptor), a variable repeat-unit domain, and a non-glycan terminator. Synthesis of these glycans occurs on the polyisoprenoid lipid acceptor, undecaprenyl pyrophosphoryl-β-GlcNAc, due to the sequential activities of two conserved mannosyltransferases, WbdC and WbdB, and a serotype-specific mannosyltransferase, WbdA. The work reported in this doctoral thesis establishes a model for biosynthesis of the O8 and O9a antigens using a combination of in vivo (mutant complementation) experiments and in vitro strategies with purified enzymes and synthetic acceptors. WbdC and WbdB synthesize the adaptor region, where they transfer one and two α-(1,3)-linked mannose residues, respectively. The WbdA enzymes are solely responsible for forming the repeat-unit domains. WbdAO9a polymerizes a tetrasaccharide repeat unit containing two α-(1,3)- and two α-(1,2)-linked mannose residues, while WbdAO8 polymerizes trisaccharide repeat units containing single α-(1,3), α-(1,2), and β-(1,2)-mannoses. Consistent with the multifunctional nature of the WbdA mannosyltransferases, two separable domains were identified in WbdAO9a and three in WbdAO8. Results from mutation of the catalytic site motifs of WbdAO9a and in vitro assays with synthetic acceptors demonstrated that the N-terminal domain of WbdAO9a possesses α-(1,2)-mannosyltransferase activity. Therefore, these studies form a framework to investigate the hypothesis that each domain of WbdA is a catalytically active mannosyltransferase module, possessing one of the activities associated with the enzyme. The O8 and O9a systems provide examples where a unique combination of single domain mannosyltransferases, one of which is capable of adding two mannose residues in succession, and a multidomain polymerizing mannosyltransferase is exploited to build a single glycan. The information gained from this project is expected to extend to other bacteria that utilize similar pathways for biogenesis of cell surface glycopolymers. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

Gilvocarcin V (GV), the principal product of Streptomyces griseoflavus Gö 3592 and other Streptomyces spp., is the most prominent member of a distinct class of antitumor antibiotics that share a polyketide derived coumarin-based aromatic core. GV and other members of this class including polycarcin V from Streptomyces polyformus, often referred to as gilvocarcin-like aryl C-glycosides, are particularly interesting because of their potent bactericidal, virucidal and antitumor activities at low concentrations while maintaining low in vivo toxicity. Although the precise molecular mechanism of GV bioactivity is unknown, gilvocarcin V has been shown to undergo a photoactivated [2+2] cycloaddition of its vinyl side chain with thymine residues of DNA in near-UV or visible blue light. In addition, GV was shown to selectively crosslink histone H3 with DNA, thereby effectively disrupting normal cellular processes such as transcription. Furthermore, GVs ability to inhibit topoisomerase II has also been attributed as a mechanism of action for gilvocarcin V activity. The excellent antitumor activity, as well as an unprecedented structural architecture, has made GV an ideal candidate for biosynthetic studies toward the development of novel analogues with improved pharmacological properties. Previous biosynthetic research has identified several candidate genes responsible for key steps during the biosynthesis of gilvocarcin V including an oxygenase cascade leading to C-C bond cleavage, methylations, lactone formation, C-glycosylation and vinyl side chain formation. In this study, we further examined two critical biosynthetic transformations essential for the bioactivity of gilvocarcin V, namely starter unit incorporation and C-glycosylation, through the following specific aims: 1) creation of functional chimeric C-glycosyltransferases through domain swapping of gilvocarcin-like glycosyltransferases and identification and evaluation of the donor substrate flexibility of PlcGT, the polycarcin V pathway specific C-glycosyltransferase; 2) creation of a library of O-methylated-L-rhamnose analogues of polycarcin V for structure activity relationship studies; 3) identification of the role of GilP and GilQ in starter unit specificity during gilvocarcin V biosynthesis; and 4) creation of a plasmid based approach in which selective gilvocarcin biosynthetic genes were utilized to produce important gilvocarcin intermediates for further in vivo and in vitro experimentation.

The monotopic membrane protein alMGS, a glycosyltransferase catalyzing glucolipid synthesis in Acholeplasma laidlawii, was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Optimization of basic growth parameters was performed, and a novel method for detergent and buffer screening using a small size-exclusion chromatography was developed. This resulted in a tremendous increase in protein yields, as well as the unexpected discovery that the protein induces intracellular vesicle formation in E. coli. This was confirmed by sucrose density separation and Cryo-TEM of membranes, and the properties of the vesicles were analyzed using SDS-PAGE, western blot and lipid composition analysis. It is concluded that both alMGS and alDGS, the next enzyme in glucolipid pathway, have the ability to make the membrane bend and eventually form vesicles. This is likely due to structural and electrostatic properties, such as the way the proteins penetrate the membrane interface and thereby expand one monolayer. The highly positively charged binding surfaces of the glycosyltransferases may bind negatively charged lipids, such as Phosphatidylglycerol (PG), in the membrane and withdraw it from the general pool of lipids. This would increase the overall lipid synthesis, since PG is a pace-keeper, and the local concentration of nonbilayer prone lipids, such as Phosphatidylethanolamine, can increase and also induce bending of the membrane. The formation of surplus membrane inside the E. coli cell was used to develop a generic method for overexpression of membrane proteins. A proof-of-principle experiment with a test set of twenty membrane proteins from E. coli resulted in elevated expression levels for about half of the set. Thus, we believe that this method will be a useful tool for overexpression of many membrane proteins. By engineering E. coli mutants with different lipid compositions, fine-tuning membrane properties for different proteins is also possible. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Manuscript.