Since 1978 in mainland China¡¦s reform and opening up, the state gradually beyond the control of the development of society. The civil society in mainland China is changing. The development of NGOs in Taiwan has rapid growth after the lifting of martial law period. Whether China could refuse or not promote the activities of the international NGOs, not only because of local NGOs massive increase but also the wave of globalization. This article compares the ways of NGOs international participations across straits. For mainland China, how to catch up with the world become more important after reform and opening up. And the Martial law ended, Taiwan how to cope with the development of globalization. This article first discusses under the global civil society, the cross-strait NGOs how to participate in international affairs, and how to exchange and cooperate with international organizations. And then observe the interactive relationship from the international participation architecture. Finally, we discuss the cross-strait development of the NGOs with constructivism. And the activity of NGOs develops from global civil society and International participation in interactive mode. Through these three architectures, we could understand the across strait NGOs attitude for international participation, and how to influence the international participation mode. In addition to use the theory to prove the cross-strait NOGs international participation mode and manner. We figure out the different ways of NGOs in Special Consultative Status with ECOSOC of the United Nations across straits, what mainland China NGOs and Taiwan initiative type and service-oriented NGOs. There are many different not only in China¡¥s international participation on unlike issues within theNGOs , but also in cross-strait NGOs international participation way and the types of activities. While Taiwan NGOs do something about international participation, subjected to mainland China. Taiwan how to use the power of the NGOs to break the siege, step on the big stage of international affairs.

This is a study of the Argentinean Complementary Currency System el Club de Trueque (CT), which during its peak in the year of 2002 provided for its 2.5 million members. Focus is put on its initial years of 1995-1996 and the monetary experiments that would lead to a means of payment that partly would substitute the Argentinean peso during the convertibility crisis. This essay explains how the CT managed to create trust in their currency. Although the CT is a well researched phenomenon, this thesis offers some new information. First of all, the monetary development within the CT was not only driven by a practical need to lower transaction costs due to fast expansion—as previously assumed—rather, a confidence crisis was from the very start crucial for its development. Another important discovery is that although the club was created during a period of strong recession and high rates of unemployment, personal economic problems did not, in fact, seem to be the motivation behind its invention; rather the motives were based on a criticism against the functions of the contemporary economic system. / Esta tesis trata sobre el Club de Trueque (CT), un sistema monetario complementario, el cual creó posibilidades de mantenimiento para sus 2,5 millones de miembros durante la crisis económica de Argentina en el año 2002. El foco de este estudio es la fundación del club durante los años 1995-1996. En este período se hicieron experimentos monetarios que iban a generar un medio de pago que parcialmente reemplazó al peso argentino durante la crisis de convertibilidad. Esta tesis explica como el CT logró crear confianza en su moneda. Aunque el CT ha sido objeto de muchas investigaciones, ésta tesis ofrece información nueva. Ante todo, el desarrollo monetario en el CT no sólo tuvo su origen en la necesidad práctica de bajar los costos a causa de la rápida expansión del movimiento, sino que también, una crisis de confianza fue decisiva para el desarrollo desde el principio. Otro descubrimiento importante es que la razón por la cual el club se formó no fue exclusivamente debido a problemas económicos personales, a pesar de que se fundó durante una recesión fuerte con tasas altas de desempleo. Los motivos tenían más que ver con un criticismo ideológico al sistema económico contemporáneo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6242.pdf: 8638338 bytes, checksum: 94fe90943d4b53e78099d6e565e290de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-16 / The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the rigidity of the beam-tocolumn connections as well as the transference of forces among the structural components in steel-concrete composite structures. to do this, data regarding the Moment vs. Rotation curve behavior of a concrete filled beam-to-column connection, previously evaluated on a different work was used for comparison. The experimental value of rigidity was inserted into models of plane frames and tridimensional models, in a way that the global stability parameters can be evaluated according to the rotational stiffness of the beam-to-column connections. In order to evaluate the stability, was led in consideration the ABNT NBR 8800:2008 Brazilian code recommendations. For the numeric simulations, the software SAP 2000® was used, in which it was simulated a plane frame model with ten floors, and also a tridimensional frame, varying the number of floors. Once constructed the numerical models, for the plane frame comparative analysis were performed study of the redistribution of forces, of consumption of steel and stability considering that the beam-to-column connections represented in the models, simulate the following situations regarding the system stiffness: rigid and semi-rigid connections and also ratios of experimental stiffness. For the tridimensional model, besides the variation of the stiffness connection the influence of number of floors on the parameters of stability and distribution of forces on structural elements was also analyzed in the present study. The results showed that the stiffness of the beam-to-connections alters the distribution of forces, and that the variation on the number of floors have influence on the global stability parameter. However, it is possible to design structures with semi-rigid beam-to-column connections respecting the normative limits for the parameters of stability and reducing the consumption of steel in the form of profiles. / O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência da rigidez das ligações viga-pilar no comportamento e na transferência de forças entre componentes estruturais de sistemas estruturados em elementos mistos de aço e concreto. Para isso, serão utilizados dados do comportamento Momento vs. Rotação de uma ligação viga-pilar misto preenchido já investigada experimentalmente. Os resultados experimentais de rigidez serão inseridos em modelos de pórticos planos e tridimensionais, de forma que os parâmetros de estabilidade global possam ser avaliados em função da rigidez da ligação viga-pilar. Para o estudo da estabilidade são consideradas as recomendações da norma brasileira de estruturas de aço e mistas ABNT NBR 8800:2008. Para as simulações numéricas foi utilizado o pacote computacional SAP 2000® no qual foi modelado um pórtico plano com dez pavimentos e um pórtico tridimensional, variando-se o número de pavimentos e a rigidez das ligações. Para o pórtico plano foram realizadas análises comparativas da distribuição de esforços, do consumo de aço e da estabilidade considerando que as ligações viga-pilar representadas no modelo simulem as seguintes situações quanto à rigidez: ligações rígida e semirrígida, cuja rigidez foi determinada experimentalmente, além de parcelas desta rigidez experimental. Para os pórticos tridimensionais, além da variação de rigidez, foi analisada a influência do número de pavimentos sobre os parâmetros de estabilidade e distribuição de esforços nos elementos estruturais. Os resultados mostraram que a rigidez das ligações altera a distribuição dos esforços e a variação no número de pavimentos influencia nos parâmetros de estabilidade global. No entanto, é possível conceber estruturas com ligações viga-pilar semirrígidas respeitando os limites normativos para os parâmetros de estabilidade e reduzindo o consumo de aço sob a forma de perfis.