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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS APPROACHES FOR STUDYING RETROGRADE TRANSPORT

Getao, Shi 17 October 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Le trafic rétrograde permet le transport des protéines de la membrane plasmique vers le réticulum endoplasmique, via l'appareil de Golgi, évité la dégradation des lysosomes. Des études antérieures ont montré que le transport rétrograde est crucial pour les fonctions cellulaires telles que la signalisation, l'homéostasie ionique, et l'établissement de gradients du morphogène Wnt. Par ailleurs, le transport rétrograde joue un rôle essentiel dans l'internalisation cellulaire des facteurs pathogènes comme les toxines protéiques et les protéines de virus. Toutefois, la liste actuelle des protéines cargos est limitée, et il est probable que de nombreuses fonctions cellulaires du transport rétrograde restent encore à découvrir. De toute évidence, un fort besoin existe pour une caractérisation plus poussée de cette voie de transport. Dans cette étude, quatre différentes approches protéomiques ont été développées visant à identifier les protéines membranaires prenant la route du transport rétrograde: SNAP-tag, sulfatation, la FKBP, et la streptavidine. Parmi ceux-ci, l'approche SNAP-tag s'est avéré être la stratégie la plus efficace pour identifier les candidats du fret de la voie rétrograde. Cette stratégie est basée sur la modification covalente du protéome de la membrane plasmique avec un benzylguanine (BG) dérivés. Seules les protéines membranaires BG-taggées qui sont ensuite transportés par voie rétrograde peuvent coupler covalentement à une protéine de fusion de SNAP-tag localisée dans la TGN. L'approche a été validée, étape par étape, en utilisant une protéine cargo rétrograde bien étudiée, toxine Shiga sous-unité B (STxB). Nous avons pu montrer que les STxB peuvent être capturés et identifiées par l'approche SNAP-tag. Par ailleurs, couplé à la LC-MS, les candidats des nouvelle protéines de la voie rétrograde ont été identifiés. Les trois autres approches ont guidé notre choix vers la stratégie la plus efficace en protéomique, en apportant des possibilités d'expérimentation et de défauts dans les domaines de la chimie organique et en biologie cellulaire. Généralement, ce travail de thèse a permis de développer une nouvelle stratégie protéomique qui pourraient être appliquée pour identifier les nouvelles candidats de la route rétrograde. Nous avons mis au point une approche dynamique en protéomique qui complète la protéomique traditionnelle. Par ailleurs, le concept d'utiliser des outils chimiques pour étudier le transport rétrograde peut également être appliqué à d'autres voies d'endocytose.
112

Haptoglobin: Biosynthesis and Evolution

Wicher, Krzysztof B. January 2006 (has links)
<p>Haptoglobin (Hp) is a serum protein known for its ability to form a tight complex with hemoglobin (Hb) and thereby inhibiting the oxidative activity of Hb. </p><p>Mammalian Hp is synthesized as a precursor (proHp) that undergoes proteolytic cleavage by a previously unidentified enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this study, a proHp-cleaving enzyme was isolated from human serum and identified as complement C1r-like protein (C1rLP). Co-expression of C1rLP with proHp in mammalian cells resulted in cleavage of the latter protein in the ER. Mutation of either the active site serine residue in C1rLP or the arginine residue in the cleavage site of Hp abolished the cleavage of proHp by C1rLP. RNAi studies in mammalian cells identified the proHp-cleaving enzyme as C1rLP.</p><p>Hp has been found in all mammals studied to date but its presence in non-mammalian species has not been unambiguously shown. By searching currently available genomic DNA and cDNA sequence databases, a gene orthologous to mammalian <i>Hp</i> was found in bony fish. Hp-like protein expressed from this gene was demonstrated to be a major Hb protein in fish serum. Surprisingly, no Hp-like gene was found in the genomes of either frog or chicken. In chicken, a protein previously described as Hp was identified as PIT54, a member of a scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family of proteins. Interestingly, ostrich serum seemed to contain two Hb-binding proteins; one similar to PIT54 and one to mammalian Hp. We are not aware of any other case where the function of one gene has been taken over by another, completely unrelated gene</p><p>Fish Hp (fHp) is composed of a serine proteinase-related domain preceded by an extension consisting of several aminoa acids and a signal peptide. The extension contains a consensus motif for cleavage by subtilisin-like proprotein convertases (SPCs). fHp was found to be cleaved by SPCs in the Golgi complex.</p><p>Collectively, this thesis presents evidence that Hp has undergone significant changes during evolution with respect to its molecular organization and to the mechanism of its proteolytic cleavage.</p>
113

Haptoglobin: Biosynthesis and Evolution

Wicher, Krzysztof B. January 2006 (has links)
Haptoglobin (Hp) is a serum protein known for its ability to form a tight complex with hemoglobin (Hb) and thereby inhibiting the oxidative activity of Hb. Mammalian Hp is synthesized as a precursor (proHp) that undergoes proteolytic cleavage by a previously unidentified enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this study, a proHp-cleaving enzyme was isolated from human serum and identified as complement C1r-like protein (C1rLP). Co-expression of C1rLP with proHp in mammalian cells resulted in cleavage of the latter protein in the ER. Mutation of either the active site serine residue in C1rLP or the arginine residue in the cleavage site of Hp abolished the cleavage of proHp by C1rLP. RNAi studies in mammalian cells identified the proHp-cleaving enzyme as C1rLP. Hp has been found in all mammals studied to date but its presence in non-mammalian species has not been unambiguously shown. By searching currently available genomic DNA and cDNA sequence databases, a gene orthologous to mammalian Hp was found in bony fish. Hp-like protein expressed from this gene was demonstrated to be a major Hb protein in fish serum. Surprisingly, no Hp-like gene was found in the genomes of either frog or chicken. In chicken, a protein previously described as Hp was identified as PIT54, a member of a scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family of proteins. Interestingly, ostrich serum seemed to contain two Hb-binding proteins; one similar to PIT54 and one to mammalian Hp. We are not aware of any other case where the function of one gene has been taken over by another, completely unrelated gene Fish Hp (fHp) is composed of a serine proteinase-related domain preceded by an extension consisting of several aminoa acids and a signal peptide. The extension contains a consensus motif for cleavage by subtilisin-like proprotein convertases (SPCs). fHp was found to be cleaved by SPCs in the Golgi complex. Collectively, this thesis presents evidence that Hp has undergone significant changes during evolution with respect to its molecular organization and to the mechanism of its proteolytic cleavage.
114

Cellular design of heparan sulfate : The NDST enzymes and their regulation

Carlsson, Pernilla January 2008 (has links)
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are proteins with long, unbranched heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharide chains attached to them. They are found on cell surfaces and in basement membranes where they exert their action by interacting with a wide range of enzymes and signaling molecules and are thereby involved in a range of various processes both during embryonic development and in adult physiology. A great part of the biological functionality of proteoglycans can be directly related to the polysaccharide part. HS chains display very variable sulfation patterns where highly sulfated regions are responsible for a large part of the biological activity. The biosynthesis of HS is a complex process in which a number of enzymes are involved. Better comprehension of how this process is regulated could reveal clues to how formation of HS sulfation patterns occurs, and thereby how HS functionality is controlled. This thesis is focusing on regulation of one of the enzymes responsible for HS sulfation, glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST), in an attempt to understand these mechanisms better. Different aspects of NDST regulation were studied in three projects: I) “Heparin/heparan sulfate biosynthesis: Processive formation of N-sulfated domains”, where the sulfate donor PAPS is shown to influence the manner in which NDST modifies the substrate, affecting the domain structure of the polysaccharide. II) “Heparan sulfate biosynthesis: Characterization of an NDST1 splice variant”, where a splice variant of NDST1 which appears to influence NDST1 protein levels and affect HS structure is described. III) “Heparan sulfate biosynthesis in zebrafish: Five NDST genes with distinct expression patterns during embryonic development”, in which five zebrafish NDSTs were cloned and shown to be expressed in a temporally and spatially regulated manner.
115

Optineurine, un nouveau régulateur de la mitose

Kachaner, David 24 September 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Optineurine ("Optic neuropathy-inducing", Optn) est une protéine exprimée de façon ubiquitaire chez les vertébrés et impliquée dans de nombreux processus cellulaires tels que la régulation du trafic vésiculaire associée à l'appareil de Golgi, la réponse immunitaire innée ou l'autophagie des bactéries. Mon travail de thèse a permis de caractériser une nouvelle fonction d'Optn dans la régulation du cycle cellulaire. Plus précisément, j'ai pu montrer qu'Optn était un régulateur négatif de Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), une kinase qui joue un rôle clef dans chacune des étapes de la mitose : de la prophase à la cytokinèse. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse montrent qu'Optn est phosphorylée par Plk1 sur la sérine 177 en début de mitose provoquant le détachement d'Optn de l'appareil de Golgi et son accumulation dans le noyau. Nous avons montré que la phosphorylation et la translocation nucléaire d'Optn étaient requises pour permettre la régulation négative de Plk1 par le complexe phosphatase MYPT1-PP1 au cours de la mitose. Les conséquences fonctionnelles de la déplétion d'Optn et donc de l'hyperactivité de Plk1 sont des défauts de cytokinèse et de ségrégation des chromosomes, aboutissant à l'apparition de cellules plurinucléées. En conclusion, nos résultats mettent en évidence un mécanisme de rétrocontrôle négatif par lequel Plk1 module la localisation d'Optn pendant la mitose pour réguler sa propre activité
116

Papel del diacilglicerol en el tráfico de membranas en la zona entre el retículo endoplasmático y el complejo de Golgi, El

Fernández Ulibarri, Inés 15 December 2008 (has links)
DE LA TESIS:El DAG es esencial para formar los intermediarios de transporte que se dirigen a la membrana plasmática. Sin embargo, no existen evidencias de su posible participación en las etapas tempranas de la vía secretora. Por tanto, nos centramos en averiguar la implicación del DAG en el transporte de proteínas en la zona del ER/Golgi. Para ello, utilizamos una variedad de fármacos conocidos que inhiben las enzimas responsables de la producción del DAG. Nuestros datos indican que el DAG está implicado en la formación de vesículas COPI en el compartimento temprano del Golgi, concretamente en el proceso de fisión, a través del reclutamiento de ArfGAP1. Posteriormente, estudiamos si la LPP3 (PAP2b) era una de las enzimas responsables de controlar los niveles necesarios de DAG en el cis-Golgi para la formación de las vesículas COPI y la regulación del transporte retrógrado. Para determinar el papel de la LPP3 en la regulación de los niveles de DAG y en la organización y transporte asociado a este compartimento seguimos dos estrategias experimentales: ARN de interferencia para disminuir la expresión de la LPP3 y vectores de expresión para aumentarla. Los resultados sugieren que la LPP3 regula la producción de DAG en las membranas de Golgi y, además, que participa en la organización estructural y funcional del complejo de Golgi, al menos en el transporte retrógrado.Paralelamente, estudiamos si la PKC epsilon era un efector del DAG en el Golgi implicado en la formación de las vesículas COPI. El DAG actúa como un segundo mensajero modulando la localización y la actividad enzimática de ciertas proteínas citoplasmáticas en el Golgi. Estas proteínas tienen un dominio de unión a DAG (dominio C1) que le permite su interacción directa con este lípido y así regular diferentes procesos asociados al Golgi. La PKD se recluta al TGN a través de su unión con el DAG y resulta esencial para la formación de intermediarios de transporte en el TGN. Teniendo en cuenta que la PKC epsilon interacciona con el coatómero, pensamos que podría ser un buen candidato para regular el transporte ER/Golgi de forma similar a la que PKD realiza en el TGN. Nuestros resultados muestran que la PKC epsilon se recluta en el Golgi de manera dependiente de DAG, pero no parece participar en el transporte retrógrado en la zona endoplasmático /complejo de Golgi.
117

ラット線条体脳出血モデルの自然経過について : 大脳皮質運動野でのニューロン樹状突起の変化に着目して

石田, 和人, 須原, あかね, 溝口, 育美, 新美, 佳子, 森川, 由紀子, 小林, 邦彦, 猪田, 邦雄 20 April 2004 (has links)
(理学療法基礎系32)
118

The role of the yeast COG3, VPS35, and YDR141C proteins in membrane trafficking /

Bruinsma, Paul, January 2002 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-189). Also available on the Internet.
119

The role of the yeast COG3, VPS35, and YDR141C proteins in membrane trafficking

Bruinsma, Paul, January 2002 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-189). Also available on the Internet.
120

Regulation of Planar Cell Polarity and Vangl2 Trafficking by Tmem14a

Chea, Evelyn 21 November 2012 (has links)
Planar cell polarity (PCP) refers to the coordinated orientation, movement, or structure of cells within the plane of a tissue. Zebrafish PCP mutants such as the vangl2 mutant exhibit defects in convergent extension, neural tube morphogenesis, and ciliary positioning. Tmem14a is a putative tetraspanin protein that was identified as an potential interactor of Vangl2 in a membrane yeast-two hybrid screen. GFP-tagged versions of Tmem14a are localized to the trans-Golgi network in zebrafish neuroepithelial cells. Knockdown of Tmem14a activity results in convergent extension defects, an ectopic accumulation of cells in the neural tube, and disorganized cilia. The localization of GFP-tagged Tmem14a to the trans-Golgi network suggested that Tmem14a plays a role in the trafficking of core PCP components to the cell membrane. Indeed, the membrane localization of GFP-Vangl2 was disrupted in Tmem14a morphants. Thus, Tmem14a is an interactor of Vangl2 and a novel regulator of vertebrate planar cell polarity signaling.

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