Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1974. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

L’axe principal de cette thèse intitulée « La pratique du dessin et la cognition » concerne le rapport entre la perception de l’artiste et son geste graphique, tout en limitant la portée de la recherche aux productions picturales réalistes. En ce sens, la thèse pose deux questions fondamentales. Premièrement : Comment l’artiste voit-il le monde ? Et deuxièmement : dans quelle mesure la manière dont l’artiste voit le monde détermine sa pratique et son résultat ? La thèse présente les différentes approches qui ont tenté d’expliquer le regard de l’artiste lors de la réalisation d'œuvres picturales. Englobant ces points de vue dans deux théories générales sur la perception de l’artiste, la thèse présente Gombrich et Ruskin comme les représentants de cette divergence. Trouver des rapports entre ces théories, les observations et les expériences personnelles est une des motivations initiales de cette thèse qui regroupe les différentes expériences de pratique du dessin dans deux approches, une holistique et l’autre régit par le principe de détail. Les caractéristiques principales de ces différents types de pratique sont examinées par une approche expérimentale de la cognition, tout en essayant de redéfinir l’activité du dessin sur le plan cognitif. La thèse se compose de trois parties. La première partie retrace la problématique dans un champ qui intègre l’expérience personnelle ainsi que les idées historiques et esthétiques sur le dessin. La deuxième partie comprend une initialisation du même sujet dans le domaine cognitif, où la question de la perception est détaillée dans ses mécanismes basiques. Ces apports conduisent à la synthèse de la thèse, objet de la troisième partie. / The principal axis of this thesis entitled "The Practice of Drawing and Cognition" refers to the relationship between the perception of the artist and his graphic gesture, limiting the scope of the research to the realistic pictorial productions. In this sense, the thesis poses two fundamental questions. First: How the artist sees? And secondly, to what extent the manner in which the artist sees determines (his) its practice and its result. The thesis presents the different approaches that have attempted to explain the vision of the artist during the execution of pictorial works. Incorporating these viewpoints in two general theories on the perception of the artist, the thesis presents Ruskin and Gombrich as representatives of this divergence. Finding relationships between these theories, personal observations and experiences is one of the initial motivations of this thesis that comprises the various experiments in practice of drawing two approaches- a holistic and the other by the principle of detail. The principal characteristics of these different types of practice are examined by an experimental approach to cognition, trying to redefine the activity of drawing on the cognitive level. The thesis consists of three parts. The first part traces the problematic in a field that integrate personal experience and the historical and a esthetic ideas on drawing. The second part contain initialization of the same subject in the cognitive domain, where the issue of perception is detailed in its basic mechanisms. These efforts lead to the synthesis of the thesis, the subject of the third part.

This thesis in intellectual history examines the work of art historian Ernst Gombrich (1909-2001), one-time Director of London's Warburg Institute, on that institute's founder, Aby Warburg (1866-1929). The memory of War burg, as evoked in Gombrich's scholarship, is investigated as a focal point for contemporary concerns on the part of Gombrich and his peers, and as an influence on Warburg's reception in 20th century scholarship. The thesis gives a close account of Gombrich's particular intellectual achievements, in order better to understand his status as a figure of great popular and academic significance in mid-to-Iate 20th century art history and art theory. Gombrich was an emigre who left his native Austria for the United Kingdom in the 1930s and this thesis also considers the impact on intellectual history of the mid-20th century emigration from Central Europe, which was driven by ethnonationalist and above all Nazi persecution. Specifically, the thesis examines the significance for Gombrich's work of his Austrian background, in terms of both the German-language humanist culture of Bi/dung and Gombrich's sense, as a person of Jewish background, of Jewish identity. Using a methodology informed by the anthropology of emotions and the discipline of memory studies, Warburg is approached specifically as a lieu de memoire on Pierre Nora's model. The argument is that Gombrich invested his own concerns in his scholarly representations of the older art historian. The means by which this investment was made, and the negotiation of this investment amongst Gombrich's colleagues at the Warburg Institute, are traced through archival research. The impact of Gombrich's investment in Warburg on the older art historian's subsequent, posthumous reception in academia is examined, and the potential for alternative visions of Warburg marginalised by Gombrich's representation is also considered.

O presente trabalho trata do tema da representação pictórica no contexto da representação artística e se concentra sobre as teses desenvolvidas sobre o tema nas teorias de Ernst Gombrich, Nelson Goodman, e Richard Wollheim. Procura evidenciar que, no panorama conceitual desses autores, é possível encontrar subsídios para o desenvolvimento de uma teoria da representação pictórica que suponha a dualidade entre a consciência da forma material e a consciência do conteúdo da representação de modo compatível com o tratamento do conceito em termos estruturais. O desenvolvimento do tema em Gombrich explica porque Wollheim desenvolve uma teoria da dualidade, e a hipótese interpretativa exposta no capítulo sobre o tema em Goodman visa a mostrar que uma abordagem estrutural da representação como sistema simbólico não implica em um convencionalismo estrito, na medida em que a percepção de semelhanças em um quadro relativo a aspectos estabelecidos comparativamente entre os objetos da representação e a própria representação é importante para o entendimento das imagens, de sua interpretação em um quadro aberto a convencionalizações que não sejam estabelecidas arbitrariamente, mas que atendam a uma linha de desenvolvimento compatível com o princípio de definição estabelecido pela prática artística. / This study deals with the issue of depiction in the context of artistic representation and focuses in the basic concepts developed on the subject by Ernst Gombrich, Nelson Goodman e Richard Wollheim. It focuses on the search for evidence in the conceptual framework of these authors for the support for the development of a theory of depiction that assumes twofoldness in a way that is compatible with the treatment of the concept in structural terms. Some specific drawbacks in relation to aspects of Gombrich's theory sets the ground for the explanation why Wollheim develops a twofoldness theory of depiction, and the interpretative hypothesis offered on this topic in relation to Goodman's theory aims to show that a structural approach of depiction as a symbolic system does not entail a strict or full blown conventionalism, insofar as the perception of similarities in relation to aspects in the comparison between the objects of representation and representations themselves are important for establishing the understanding of images, in an open framework of conventionalization that are no to be set arbitrarily, but that are compatible with the development with a principle of definition established by the artistic practice.

O presente trabalho trata do tema da representação pictórica no contexto da representação artística e se concentra sobre as teses desenvolvidas sobre o tema nas teorias de Ernst Gombrich, Nelson Goodman, e Richard Wollheim. Procura evidenciar que, no panorama conceitual desses autores, é possível encontrar subsídios para o desenvolvimento de uma teoria da representação pictórica que suponha a dualidade entre a consciência da forma material e a consciência do conteúdo da representação de modo compatível com o tratamento do conceito em termos estruturais. O desenvolvimento do tema em Gombrich explica porque Wollheim desenvolve uma teoria da dualidade, e a hipótese interpretativa exposta no capítulo sobre o tema em Goodman visa a mostrar que uma abordagem estrutural da representação como sistema simbólico não implica em um convencionalismo estrito, na medida em que a percepção de semelhanças em um quadro relativo a aspectos estabelecidos comparativamente entre os objetos da representação e a própria representação é importante para o entendimento das imagens, de sua interpretação em um quadro aberto a convencionalizações que não sejam estabelecidas arbitrariamente, mas que atendam a uma linha de desenvolvimento compatível com o princípio de definição estabelecido pela prática artística. / This study deals with the issue of depiction in the context of artistic representation and focuses in the basic concepts developed on the subject by Ernst Gombrich, Nelson Goodman e Richard Wollheim. It focuses on the search for evidence in the conceptual framework of these authors for the support for the development of a theory of depiction that assumes twofoldness in a way that is compatible with the treatment of the concept in structural terms. Some specific drawbacks in relation to aspects of Gombrich's theory sets the ground for the explanation why Wollheim develops a twofoldness theory of depiction, and the interpretative hypothesis offered on this topic in relation to Goodman's theory aims to show that a structural approach of depiction as a symbolic system does not entail a strict or full blown conventionalism, insofar as the perception of similarities in relation to aspects in the comparison between the objects of representation and representations themselves are important for establishing the understanding of images, in an open framework of conventionalization that are no to be set arbitrarily, but that are compatible with the development with a principle of definition established by the artistic practice.

O presente trabalho trata do tema da representação pictórica no contexto da representação artística e se concentra sobre as teses desenvolvidas sobre o tema nas teorias de Ernst Gombrich, Nelson Goodman, e Richard Wollheim. Procura evidenciar que, no panorama conceitual desses autores, é possível encontrar subsídios para o desenvolvimento de uma teoria da representação pictórica que suponha a dualidade entre a consciência da forma material e a consciência do conteúdo da representação de modo compatível com o tratamento do conceito em termos estruturais. O desenvolvimento do tema em Gombrich explica porque Wollheim desenvolve uma teoria da dualidade, e a hipótese interpretativa exposta no capítulo sobre o tema em Goodman visa a mostrar que uma abordagem estrutural da representação como sistema simbólico não implica em um convencionalismo estrito, na medida em que a percepção de semelhanças em um quadro relativo a aspectos estabelecidos comparativamente entre os objetos da representação e a própria representação é importante para o entendimento das imagens, de sua interpretação em um quadro aberto a convencionalizações que não sejam estabelecidas arbitrariamente, mas que atendam a uma linha de desenvolvimento compatível com o princípio de definição estabelecido pela prática artística. / This study deals with the issue of depiction in the context of artistic representation and focuses in the basic concepts developed on the subject by Ernst Gombrich, Nelson Goodman e Richard Wollheim. It focuses on the search for evidence in the conceptual framework of these authors for the support for the development of a theory of depiction that assumes twofoldness in a way that is compatible with the treatment of the concept in structural terms. Some specific drawbacks in relation to aspects of Gombrich's theory sets the ground for the explanation why Wollheim develops a twofoldness theory of depiction, and the interpretative hypothesis offered on this topic in relation to Goodman's theory aims to show that a structural approach of depiction as a symbolic system does not entail a strict or full blown conventionalism, insofar as the perception of similarities in relation to aspects in the comparison between the objects of representation and representations themselves are important for establishing the understanding of images, in an open framework of conventionalization that are no to be set arbitrarily, but that are compatible with the development with a principle of definition established by the artistic practice.

Le réalisme pictural peut être conçu, par-delà la pensée ontologique dualiste, comme expérience perceptive cognitive du spectateur d’avoir l’impression de voir le « réel » dans une configuration imagée picturale. Cette impression de réel n’est pas illusoire, mais subjectivement factuelle, sans être nécessairement consciente. Elle pourrait résulter de la facilité perceptive ou de la fluidité opérationnelle du processus perceptif cognitif. Lorsque l’activité perceptive cognitive opérante dans l’expérience du réalisme pictural est régulée par la valence hédonique immanente à cette fluidité opérationnelle sous-jacente à l’impression de réel, cette expérience « subjective » peut être également « esthétique » pour cette autosuffisance fonctionnelle de la « conduite cognitive » du spectateur. Cependant, l’expérience du réalisme pictural comporte une dimension anthropo-transculutrelle, comme on peut le constater notamment dans les récits littéraires des spectateurs coréens du 18e siècle qui illustrent leurs expériences visuelles des peintures occidentales « illusionnistes » réalisées par des missionnaires jésuites à Pékin. La culture est néanmoins opérante dans l’expérience « esthétique » du réalisme pictural. Son effet est double. D’une part, la culture fonctionne comme une des variables de la fonction complexe de l’apprentissage perceptif qui pourrait modifier la dynamique du processus perceptif cognitif ainsi que l’attention perceptive visuelle. D’autre part, elle pourrait opérer un effet dans la valence hédonique globale en participant à la modélisation de l’« affect idéal » distingué de l’« affect effectif ». / The pictorial realism can be conceived, beyond ontological dualistic thought, as beholder’s perceptual cognitive experience to have the impression of seeing the “real” in a picture. This impression or feeling of real is not illusory, but subjectively factual, without being necessarily conscious. It may result from perceptual easiness or from perceptual cognitive processing fluency. When the perceptual cognitive activity working in the pictorial realism experience is regulated by hedonic valence immanent in this processing fluency that underlies the impression of real, this subjective experience can also be “aesthetic” by functional self-sufficiency of beholder’s “cognitive conduct”. However, the experience of pictorial realism contains an anthropo-transcultural dimension, as we can observe especially in the stories written by 18th century Korean beholders, which illustrate their visual experiences of the western “illusionist” paintings produced by jesuit missionary painters in Beijing. Nevertheless, the culture comes into play in the “esthetic experience” of pictorial realism. Its effect is double. On the one hand, the culture acts as one of the variables of the complexe function of perceptual learning which could make difference in the perceptual cognitive processing dynamics and in the visual or perceptual attention. On the other hand, the culture might influence the global state of hedonic valence by participating in the modeling of “ideal affect” distinguished from “actual affect”.