Univ., Diss. 2007--Hamburg, 2007. / Literaturverz. S. [255] - 278.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Bochum, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 298-311) and register.

Thesis (LLM (Public Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / A worrying recent trend is the failure of national government and some provincial governments to comply with court orders. The prohibition on execution of court orders against the state (as contained in section 3 of the State Liabilities Act) has left judgement creditors in these cases without an effective remedy for execution. In contrast, in the absence of a provision prohibiting execution of judgement debt against local governments, creditors of such governments are able to attach all the assets of local governments in execution of such debt. This has resulted in these local governments being unable to fulfil their constitutional obligation to provide basic services. This study investigates the South African rules in respect of the execution of court orders against the state with the aim of proposing a solution for the above problems. First of all, the historical and ideological origins of section 3 are set out. Thereafter, the courts’ practical interpretation of section 3 is investigated. From the above inquiry it becomes apparent that, at present, section 3 prohibits all steps towards execution of judgement debt against both the national government and provincial governments. As against this, local governments are not protected by section 3 and as such, court orders (except in certain exceptional instances) may freely be executed against local governments. The constitutionality of this state of affairs is considered next. It is argued that section 3 is incompatible with the doctrines of the rule of law, the supremacy of the Constitution and the separation of powers. It is also submitted that section 3 is an unjustifiable limitation of sections 9 and 34 of the Constitution, in addition to being contrary to sections 165, 173 and 195(f) of the Constitution. In order to achieve a constitutionally acceptable approach to execution of court orders against the state, and as a consequence of the above findings, it is recommended that section 3 should be amended to (a) make it clear that the state is obliged to comply with court orders, (b) to ensure that creditors have effective means of executing judgement debt against the state and (c) to ensure that the government is not rendered impotent by such execution procedures. Thereafter, international approaches to execution of court orders against the state are investigated. These approaches are then measured against the above-mentioned guidelines for achieving a constitutionally acceptable dispensation for execution of court orders so as to evaluate the suitability of such remedies for South African law. In the light of this discussion, it is proposed that effective remedies for execution of judgement debt against the state should be made available. It is proposed that: (a) orders ad factum praestandum should be enforceable by contempt of court proceedings, (b) orders ad pecuniam solvendam should be enforceable by means of attachment of state assets for purposes of execution (suggestions are also made to counter the disruptive effect of this remedy) and (c) that courts should also be able to issue declaratory orders that an order of court has been disobeyed by the state.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-21T11:26:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Cardeal de Oliveira Arneiro.pdf: 1407359 bytes, checksum: 5f398c30ff5997fedefd1e89ac0ca309 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-21T11:26:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Cardeal de Oliveira Arneiro.pdf: 1407359 bytes, checksum: 5f398c30ff5997fedefd1e89ac0ca309 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-14 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This dissertation aims to analyse the responsibility of WTO Member for the so-called private standards, in the light of the State responsibility in international law for the acts of private persons. It proposes a dialogue of integration of the general international law, understood as lex generalis, with the WTO law, that is the lex generalis assuming the hypothesis that the application of States international practice supposedly gives more unity to international public law and effectiveness to WTO law. The development of the research is justified in the exploratory and hypothetic-deductive method, from the functions of the State international responsibility and the conventional and consuetudinary rules codified by the International Law Comission (ILC). The Agreements TBT and SPS foresee the Members’ duty to assure that the agreement provisions, v.g. the most favoured nation principles and the prohibition of unnecessary or excessive non-tariff barriers, should be accomplished also by the nongovernmental standardizing bodies. With that regard this study approaches the categories of State responsibility for private acts stated on the ILC Draft Articles of 2001 to the situations where Members can incur in responsibility for involvement. This assertion is valid not only for the TBT Agreement but also to SPS Agreement, thanks to the interpretative function of the lex generalis. Finally it confirms the hypothesis that application of international responsibility law, as a soft law, ought contribute to effectiveness of WTO law, as it impedes Members to use ways of damaging thirds, though mechanisms of collaboration with private parties under their control, supervision or direction / Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de analisar a responsabilidade dos Membros da OMC pelos chamados padrões privados, à luz do direito da responsabilidade internacional do Estado por atos de particulares. Realiza-se um diálogo de integração do direito internacional geral, na forma de lex generalis, com o direito da OMC, na condição de lex specialis, abordagem que se justifica tendo em vista a hipótese que a aplicação da prática internacional pode conferir maior unidade ao direito internacional público e eficácia ao direito da OMC. O desenvolvimento do trabalho se orienta por um método exploratório e hipotético-dedutivo, a partir das funções da responsabilidade internacional do Estado e da identificação das regras, convencionais e costumeiras, codificadas pela CDI. Os Acordos TBT e SPS preveem o dever dos Membros de assegurar que as disposições dos acordos – como o princípio da nação mais favorecida e a proibição de medidas não-tarifárias desnecessárias ou excessivas – sejam cumpridas também pelos órgãos padronizadores não-governamentais. Nesse mister, estudo aproxima as categorias de responsabilidade do Estado por atos de particulares do Projeto de Artigos da CDI de 2001 das situações em que pode haver responsabilidade do Membro sobre os padrões privados, encontrando-se duas categorias: responsabilidade por omissão e responsabilidade por envolvimento, operação válida não só para as violações ao Acordo TBT, mas também ao Acordo SPS, tendo em vista a função interpretativa da lex generalis. Ao fim, confirma-se a hipótese de que a aplicação do direito da responsabilidade internacional, na condição de soft law, pode contribuir para a efetividade do direito da OMC, ao impedir que Membros utilizem de artifícios para prejudicar terceiros, utilizando mecanismos de colaboração com particulares sob seu controle, supervisão ou direção

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

Univ., Diss.--Fribourg, 2005. / Literaturverz. S. XVII - LXXXVIII.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Frankfurt, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references and register.

This study explored the legal parameters of sovereign immunity and its waivers for employees of public institutions of higher education in the state of Texas. This empirical study examined the decisions of the Texas Judiciary concerning public university litigation in the area of sovereign immunity, with a review of major state court decisions. Legal research methodology was used in this study. The data for this study included case study review of six cases decided by the Texas judiciary. Information about each of the cases and the important legal inferences from the cases was discussed. A review of the history of sovereign immunity and the current status of the application of the Texas Tort Claims Act was also included. Based on the review of the relevant case law and scholarly commentary, the study findings suggest that a) Texas courts recognize and apply the doctrine of sovereign immunity, unless the application of the doctrine is restricted by the Texas Tort Claims Act; b) the Texas Tort Claims Act establishes limited waivers to sovereign immunity applicable only under specified circumstances and subjects; c) Texas courts were consistent in applying the circumstances by which an institution or its actors waived sovereign immunity. Practice recommendations are included for education professionals at Texas state institutions of higher education.

Pas de résumé / Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished