<p>“Trafficking” is not a thing. It is not an event. You cannot point a finger at it or take a photograph of it. “Trafficking” is a convenient, simple and useful label attached not to a single phenomenon but to a complex series of states and events that individually may or may not be harmful or wrong.”1Increasing attention has been given to the issue of trafficking in human beings worldwide because it is a gross violation of human dignity and human rights. Hundreds of thousands of women and children are now commodities sold on an international market to be exploited in prostitution, pornography and forced labour. No country is immune because trafficking is a problem that goes beyond national borders. This thesis focuses on the example of one country, namely Georgia, and its position in the fight against trafficking in human beings. The thesis employs a qualitative research strategy and a case study research design. As a developing country, Georgia greatly depends on assistance from various stakeholders from the international community and local civil society. Thus, the thesis examines a network of cooperation for the formulation of anti-trafficking policy with the help of foreign governments, international organizations and local non-governmental organizations. The conclusions drawn from the conducted research can be summarized as follows: anti-trafficking policy is a specific policy area where issue experts having knowledge about various aspects of this phenomenon count as much as establishments possessing political, economic and organizational power. Thus, anti-trafficking policy formulation and development in Georgia can serve as an example of an issue network.</p>

民國八十五年國家發展會議做成「精簡省府組織」之決議，並於民國八十六年修憲通過，自八十七年起停止省長及省議員選舉，省成為--監督各縣市自治事項之監督機關，使得各縣市政府自治地位提高，使得各縣市政府自治地位提高，為使縣市政府能適當的發揮功能，必須有適當的財政制度來解決縣市政府「垂直」及「水平」的財政不均。 為解決個政府間財政的不均，我國所運用的調整工具有補助款、共分稅與統籌分配稅等制度。補助款制度為上級政府的權衡策略，長扮演著“救急”或上級政府影響下級政府政策之工具；共分稅可用來解決不同層級政府間垂直的財政不均衡，在中央與台北市、高雄市及台灣省政府間更可透過不同的共分比例，發揮調整水平財政不均的功能。面對台灣省二十一縣市患寡又患不均的財政問題，由於共分稅不易對個別縣市設定不同的共分比例，因此一致的共分比例將造成「富者愈富，貧者愈貧」的現象，再者，共分稅運用的擴大亦將削弱中央政府進行財政調整之能力；統籌分配制度則是將地方政府的財源透過--適當機制，依照地方政府的財政狀況予以分配，具有調劑各地方財政不均之功能。 本文的目的乃在研究「精簡省府組織」後，原來的台灣省統籌分配稅制度應如何設計，以達到調劑各縣市財政盈虛之目的。本文以八十五年度政府決算數資料將省府財政適當合理的重劃並調整精省後各縣市的財政收支，在此基礎下，研擬可行的分配公式，使統籌分配的過程得以透明公開。本文之研究結論及其建議如下： 1.台灣省各縣市財政之歲入結構以非自有財源的補助收入為主，自有財源比例在各縣市間又有甚大差異，顯示各縣市間有患寡又患不均現象。亟需以統籌分配稅來提高地方自主財源並促進各地方財政均衡之必要。 2.目前的省統籌分配稅由於被賦予過多的財政目標，而使其最重要的保障財源與均衡縣市財政之功能未能發揮，且容易令人與補助制度發生混淆。 3.目前省統籌分配稅之預算編列與分配公式並未法制化，行政首長對於省統籌款有大部分的掌控權，難以提高地方自主財源之功效。 4.統籌分配稅之名稱有限制財源必須來自於「稅」之意，且「統籌」就字面意義容易令人誤解，被視為上級政府有任意運用統籌款之權，故建議精簡省府組織後，以「平衡台灣省各縣市預算基金」代替「台灣省統籌分配稅」之名稱，或以「平衡預算基金」代替「統籌分配稅」之用語。 5.平衡預算基金的財源宜擴大，可考慮的財源有土地增值稅、營業稅、印花稅、地價稅、房屋稅、所得稅、貨物稅、證卷交易稅、中央的獨占及專賣收入等。在本研究的五種平衡預算基金財源方案中，發現基金的財源愈多，或將稅源分佈不均的稅目納入此基金的比例愈高，所得到的財政均衡效果愈佳。但觀察其等級相關係數(rs)測度之平衡預算基金分配前、後各縣市財政狀況的排序，發現基金的財源愈多，排序變異的情況愈嚴重，是以平衡預算基金並非愈多愈好，而應在財政均衡與排序倒置的效果中做--權衡。 6.平衡預算基金的分配公式應考量各縣市的財政狀況，以「相對」的概念計算各地方所得到的分配權數，應納入均等化的指標可包括「財政能力」、「財政需求」與「財政努力」等項。 7.本研究建議的分配公式有下列四式： 公式一 a1 每人平均稅課收入之財政能力指標 +a2 學生數指標 +a3 都市人口指標 +a4 社會福利指標 公式二 b1 每人平均稅課收入之財政能力指標 +b2 學生數指標 +b3 都市人口指標 +b4 農地面積指標 +b5 工廠附加價值指標 +b6 社會福利指標 公式三 c1 每人平均稅課收入之財政能力指標 +c2 學生數指標 +c3 都市人口指標 +c4 社會福利指標 +c5 非租稅努力指標 公式四 d1 每人平均稅課收入之財政能力指標 +d2 學生數指標 +d3 都市人口指標 +d4 農地面積指標 +d5 工廠附加價值指標 +d6 社會福利指標 +d7 非租稅努力指標 a1~a4，b1~b6，c1~c5，d1~d7 為分配因子之權數，權數設定為：財政能力以「稅課收入不足數占歲出的比例」為其權數，即縣市稅課收入加上平衡縣市預算基金數後仍不足縣市歲出的比例；非租稅努力為稅課外自有財源占歲出的比例，其餘部分為財政需求比例。第一及第二公式未考慮非租稅努力指標，其權數以財政能力與財政需求的相對比例修正；而個別財政需求因子之權數，以其支出相對比重再乘上財政需求之權數而得。由於不同的方案，稅課收入與平衡預算基金數額不同，故其權數的設定亦有差異。 本研究的四種分配公式在不同的平衡預算基金方案中皆能降低各縣市間財政差異。在調整省縣稅源重劃方案中，發現將地價稅及房屋稅納入平衡預算基金的比例愈高，有助於縣市財政的均等化，且以公式一或公式二分配對縣市間排序倒置的現象影響不大，惟此方案是否對鄉（鎮、市）的財政造成影響，仍須加以評估。在加入中央稅源的調整方案中，公式化的分配仍可降低縣市間的財政差距，惟政策目標不同應選擇不同的公式以求得適當的分配效果，若公式分配的目標在於縣市間財政平衡效果，則可以公式二或公式四分配；若分配公式的目標首重分配前後縣市間財政狀況排序的相關性，則應以公式一或公式二分配為佳。

The subject of this master thesis is the use of e-government by citizens and public administration and its impact on debureaucratization of environment. The thesis will initially focus on the characteristics of bureaucracy, de-bureaucratization and the characteristics and evolution of e-government. The first half of the practical part is devoted to e-government and debureaucratization of the citizen view, its analysis and perspective. Part of this issue is a survey which aims to understand how citizens perceive the Czech e-government. The second half is devoted to e-government and debureaucratization of public administration perspective, focusing on the size of the bureaucratic apparatus including an evaluation of the Czech e-government at the European level. The conclusion is based on lessons learned assesses the extent to which e-government fulfills its debureaucratic role.

“Trafficking” is not a thing. It is not an event. You cannot point a finger at it or take a photograph of it. “Trafficking” is a convenient, simple and useful label attached not to a single phenomenon but to a complex series of states and events that individually may or may not be harmful or wrong.”1Increasing attention has been given to the issue of trafficking in human beings worldwide because it is a gross violation of human dignity and human rights. Hundreds of thousands of women and children are now commodities sold on an international market to be exploited in prostitution, pornography and forced labour. No country is immune because trafficking is a problem that goes beyond national borders. This thesis focuses on the example of one country, namely Georgia, and its position in the fight against trafficking in human beings. The thesis employs a qualitative research strategy and a case study research design. As a developing country, Georgia greatly depends on assistance from various stakeholders from the international community and local civil society. Thus, the thesis examines a network of cooperation for the formulation of anti-trafficking policy with the help of foreign governments, international organizations and local non-governmental organizations. The conclusions drawn from the conducted research can be summarized as follows: anti-trafficking policy is a specific policy area where issue experts having knowledge about various aspects of this phenomenon count as much as establishments possessing political, economic and organizational power. Thus, anti-trafficking policy formulation and development in Georgia can serve as an example of an issue network.