O manuseio de grãos durante as operações de carga e descarga geram materiais particulados que são liberados para a atmosfera interferindo na qualidade do ar da região. Essa pesquisa identificou a presença de material particulado proveniente de grãos na cidade de Santos utilizando dados disponibilizados pelos satélites da NASA, índices de qualidade do ar fornecidos pela CETESB e dados obtidos pela técnica LIDAR. / Grain handling during loading and unloading operations generates particulate materials that are released into the atmosphere by interfering with the air quality of the region. This research identified the presence of particulate matter from grain in the city of Santos using data provided by NASA satellites, air quality indexes provided by CETESB and data obtained by the LIDAR technique.

Por muitos anos, os dejetos brutos de suínos foram inadequadamente destinados em áreas vizinhas às granjas, havendo pouca informação quanto aos danos causados pela elevada carga orgânica, patógenos e outros contaminantes como N, K, Na, Cu e Zn. Contudo, o uso agrícola do efluente tratado pode promover o uso racional da água e de insumos, melhorias na fertilidade do solo e na produtividade. Nesse contexto, avaliou-se o tratamento dos dejetos em biodigestor anaeróbio e os efeitos da irrigação de dois cultivos de milho com os efluentes tratados. Os dejetos brutos (EB) foram peneirados e tratados no biodigestor, gerando o efluente tratado (EBL) que foi diluído (1:50, v:v) (EBLD), simulando etapas posteriores do tratamento. Periodicamente, caracterizaram-se os efluentes e avaliou-se a eficiência do tratamento. Para avaliar a depuração da carga orgânica dos efluentes em um solo argiloso e outro arenoso, realizou-se teste de respirometria, quantificando o C-CO2 liberado ao longo de 172 dias. Conduziu-se ensaio de campo delineado em blocos casualizados, avaliando os seguintes tratamentos ao longo dos cultivos do milho safra e safrinha: T1-controle; T2-fertilização mineral sem irrigação, T3-irrigação com EBL, T4-irrigação com EBLD, T5-fertilização mineral com irrigação com água. Utilizaram-se tensiômetros para avaliar a necessidade de irrigação. Avaliaram-se os efeitos sobre a qualidade e fertilidade do solo, volatilização de nitrogênio, nutrição e produtividade da cultura. O EB não se enquadrou aos limites estabelecidos para uso agrícola de resíduos. O EBL enquadrou-se a esses limites, apresentando menores valores de DBO, DQO, sólidos, teores de P, Ca, Cu, Zn, Fe e Mn, e ausência de coliformes fecais e Salmonella. Contudo, apresentou valores elevados de CE, Na e N. No teste de respirometria, obteve-se maior taxa de degradação do material orgânico adicionado ao Argissolo em comparação ao Latossolo, verificando a ocorrência do efeito \"priming\" no Argissolo. As maiores perdas por volatilização de N ocorreram de 2 a 3 dias após a aplicação de 33,3 mm do EBL, as quais foram baixas e menores em relação às obtidas para fertilizantes nitrogenados. A irrigação com EBL aumentou a condutividade elétrica nas duas camadas de solo no primeiro cultivo, e no segundo cultivo houve sua redução. Os efluentes não alteram os teores disponíveis e totais de Cu e Zn no solo. Houve aumento nos teores de K trocável e na solução do solo da camada superficial, em função do uso do EBL. Após o segundo cultivo, os teores de N-NH4+ e N-NO3- foram maiores na camada subsuperficial de T3 (EBL). Para a safrinha, o uso do EBL aumentou os teores de N na folha e no grão. Já para safra, o uso do EBL aumentou apenas o teor de N no grão. Não houve alteração nos teores de micronutrientes no tecido vegetal. As produtividades de T3 (EBL) foram iguais a 6,7 t ha-1 para a safrinha e a 13,1 t ha-1 para a safra. Além disso, o uso do EBL no solo aumentou o teor de matéria seca e o comprimento de espiga, indicando suprimento de água e nutrientes para os dois cultivos de milho / For several years, the swine manures were improperly applied in soil of areas near to swine farms, without previous treatment. Additionally, there is little information about the contamination level caused by high organic load, pathogens, and high concentrations of N, K, Na, Cu and Zn present in swine waste. However, the treated swine wastewater use can promote the rational use of water and agricultural inputs, improving soil fertility and crop productivity. In this context, it aimed to evaluate the swine liquid waste treatment through the anaerobic biodigester and the irrigation effects of two maize cultivations with treated effluents. The liquid swine waste (EB) was sieved and, after, it was treated in biodigester, generating the treated efluente (EBL). The EBL was diluted (1:50, v:v) (EBLD), in order to simulate subsequent phases of treatment. Periodically, the effluents were characterized in order to evaluate the treatment efficiency. For evaluate the organic load depuration in a clayey and sandy soils, it was performed the respirometry test, quantifying the C-CO2 released during 172 days. It was conducted the field experiment designed in randomized blocks, evaluating the following treatments during winter and summer maize cultivations: T1- control; T2-mineral fertilization without irrigation; T3-irrigation with EBL; T4-irrigation with EBLD; T5-mineral fertilization with water irrigation. It was used tensiometers for evaluate the irrigation needs. It was evaluated the effects about soil fertility and quality, nitrogen loses by volatilization, culture nutrition and productivity. The EB didn\'t presented limits in accordance to legislations about agricultural use. The EBL presented reduced values of BOD, COD, volatile solids, contents of P and Ca, and absence of fecal coliforms and Salmonella, they being in accordance to limits established by these legislations. However, the values of CE and Na were higher than these limits. In respirometry test, it was observed higher organic material degradation for Ultisol in comparison to Oxisol and, verifying the \"priming\" effect for Ultisol. The higher losses by N volatilization occurred between 2 and 3 days after application of 33.3 mm of EBL, those were lower in relation to losses obtained from mineral fertilizers. In soil, the EBL irrigation increased the CE in first cultivation, which reduced after the second cultivation. There were not changes in available and total contents of Cu and Zn in soil. There were increases in exchangeable K contents and in soil solution of superficial soil depth. After the second cultivation, the contents of N-NH4+ e N-NO3- were higher in subsuperficial depth of T3 (EBL). For winter cultivation, the EBL increased the N contents in leaf and grains. Already for summer cultivation, the EBL increased only the N contents in grains. There were not changes in micronutrients contents of vegetal tissues. The productivities of T3 (EBL) were equals to 6.7 t ha-1 for winter maize and 13.1 t ha-1 for summer maize. Furthermore, the EBL increased the dry matter and length of ear, verifying that EBL supplied nutrients and water need to maize cultivations

Se a população mundial crescer de acordo com o previsto nas próximas décadas, estratégias ainda mais criativas serão necessárias para aumentar o rendimento e reduzir os custos da produção global de alimentos. Para superar esse imenso desafio, novos cultivares vem sendo desenvolvidos, através de diferentes técnicas, e com diferentes características, para se alcançar uma maior produção de alimentos. Para conservação dessa produção vários métodos podem ser empregados, e a radiação ionizante do Cobalto-60 constitui um método seguro e eficaz para o aumento no tempo de vida útil dos alimentos. Devido à importância comercial e nutricional da soja, possíveis alterações promovidas devem ser estudadas. O presente trabalho visa determinação dessas possíveis alterações causadas pela irradiação (com doses de 2, 4 e 8 kGy) em grãos crus e cozidos, de cinco diferentes cultivares de soja (BRS 212, BRS 213, BRS 214, BRS 231 e E48) através de análises físicas de tempo de cocção e hidratação, e de análises químicas de composição centesimal, digestibilidade in vitro de proteínas, porcentagem de desaminação, análises de compostos fenólicos totais, inibidores de tripsina e taninos. A quantidade de água absorvida pelos grãos variou de 14 a 16,66 mL, e o tempo de cocção de 119,67 a 291,33 minutos. Dentro da composição química foram encotrados valores para cinza que variaram de 4,90 a 6,08%, para proteína de 21,23 a 36,99%, para gordura de 19,22 a 24,84%, para fibras solúveis de 1,37 a 4,03% e para insolúveis de 15,97 a 18,87%. A porcentagem de desaminação nas diferentes amostras variou de 17,34 a 57,79% e a digestibilidade in vitro de 84,45 a 89,11%. Dentro dos fatores antinutricionais, os compostos fenólicos totais variaram de 3,9 a 9,7 mg/g, as unidades de tripsina inibidas de 24,75 a 57,53 UTI/g e os taninos de 0,02 a 0,32 mg/g. Para as análises físicas houve diferenças no tempo de hidratação entre os cultivares e a irradiação promoveu redução no tempo, mas não na quantidade de água absorvida; no tempo de cocção houve diminuição com o aumento das doses de radiação; as diferenças encontradas na composição centesimal não tiveram influencia do tratamento de irradiação, e sim dos diferentes cultivares; para a digestibilidade foram encontradas alterações somente com o tratamento de cocção, sendo que houve aumento após o cozimento dos grãos; o tratamento de irradiação promoveu aumento na porcentagem de desaminação das amostras com o aumento das doses; com relação aos fatores antinutricionais, todos sofreram redução conforme aumento da dose de radiação, tanto nas amostras cruas quanto nas amostras cozidas; a cocção também promoveu redução no teor dos antinutrientes analisados. Assim sendo, o tratamento de irradiação não promoveu redução nas qualidades nutricionais dos grãos de soja, sendo efetivo na melhora das mesmas com a diminuição nos teores de antinutrientes presentes. / With the increasement of the world population, criative strategies will be necessary to control food prodution. To achieve this chalenge, new cultivars have been development, though different tecniques and characteristics. To improve food conservation, a planty of methods can be used. The use of Cobalto-60 radiation is a secure and useful method to increase the life time of foods. Due to the commercial and nutritional importance of soybean, some alterations must be studied. This study has the objective to determinate this alterations caused by irradiation (with doses of 2, 4 and 8 kGy) in raw and cooked grain of five different cultivars of soybean (BRS 212, BRS 213, BRS 214, 231 BRS and E48), this study inclues analysis of time cooking and hidratation, and chemical analysis of proximate composition, in vitro digestibility of proteins, percentage of deamidation , phenolics compounds, trypsin inhibitors and tannins. The amount of water absorved by each grain varied from 14.00 to 16.66mL, and the time cooking varied from 119.67 to 291.33 minutes. The values found for asch were 4.90 to 6.08%, for protein from 21.23 to 36.99%, for fat from 19.22 to 24.84%, soluble staple fibres from 1.37 to 4.03% and insoluble staple fibres from 15.97 to 18.87%. The deamidation percentage in the different samples varied of 17,34 to 57.79% and the digestibility in vitro from 84.45 to 89.11%. Inside of the antinutritionals factors, the total compounds phenolics varied from 3.9 to 9.7 mg/g, the units of trypsin inhibited from 24.75 to 57.53 UTI/g and the tannins from 0.02 to 0.32 mg/g. For the physical analyses it showed differences in the time of hidratation among them and the irradiation promoted reduction in the time, but not in the amount of absorbed water; in the cooking time it had reduction with the increase of the doses of radiation; the differences found in the proximate composition didn´t have influence with the irradiation, but with the different cultivars; for the digestibility alterations only with the cooking treatment had been found, showing an increasement after the baking; the treatment of irradiation promoted a higher percentage of deamidation of the samples with the increase of the doses; regard to the antinutritional factors, all them had a reduction as the doses radiation increased. The cooking also promoted a reduction in the antinutritional factors in the raw and baked samples. So the treatment of irradiation did not promote reduction in the nutritional qualities of the soybean grains, being effective in the improvement of them with the reduction in the antinutrients factors.

This thesis is grounded in the introduction of participatory research, development and extension (RDE) to Australian agriculture. The emphasis on participatory processes emerged as the Transfer-of-Technology (ToT) model is no longer considered adequate to deal with complex farming systems and their diverse stakeholders (Packham 2003). However, RDE agencies are introducing participatory processes with a limited understanding of how they may work in Australia's developed agriculture sector (Vanclay 1994). Consequently, the initiation of three participatory Farming Systems RDE projects in Australia's northern grains region provides opportunity to explore and understand participatory approaches and their impact on participants. Three related themes are developed by exploring the nature of participants' diversity across these projects, the characteristics of participation in each project and the subsequent learning of participants: (i) that increased participation implicitly increases diversity in the conduct of RDE; (ii) that participatory RDE provides opportunities to integrate stakeholders' diverse experience and knowledge; and (iii) that participants' learning can improve current farming systems. Participatory action research was used to understand how participatory RDE should be enacted, and to involve project participants to help them also understand and improve their project processes and goals. The research utilised a range of qualitative and quantitative procedures including: participant and nonparticipant observation at project meetings and activities with farmers; focus groups and semi-structured interviews with project teams, their managers, and participating farmers; a team learning survey of team members; and custom-made questionnaires to quantify participants' perceptions of the projects, their processes, and impacts on learning and behaviour. These interventions identified participants' demographic, organisational and informational diversity. They also identified and elaborated their diverse aims, expectations and passions for participatory RDE, revealed individuals' preferred RDE methodologies and suggested their underlying worldviews. Indeed, ToT paradigms and positivist worldviews remained entrenched in most project staff and their managers. The teams consequently used participation to help farmers better understand technical issues, not build interdependent projects with integrated RDE processes. Farmers generally appreciated their increased participation and influence in RDE activities. While their initial consultative and functional participation did not extend to process decisions or project strategy, farmers valued the opportunity to work with the projects and influence the issues addressed. The projects consequently improved farming practices and management of issues that have long-eluded traditional RDE. For example, the widespread use of: (i) zero tillage and controlled traffic systems to control soil erosion; (ii) nitrogen fertilisers to match crop requirements; (iii) ley pastures to address soil fertility in grain and grazing systems; and (iv) new crops to diversifying grain systems away from monocultures. The projects provided farmers with opportunities for increased participation and learning over time. Functional participation developed in on-farm research that addressed issues identified with farmers, and action learning workshops provided proximal opportunities for farmers to understand existing information and use their own farm data in real decisions. In this way, the behaviourist learning of the ToT approach was supplemented by guided learning to integrate new meaning schemes with farmers' experiential knowledge. Some on-farm research and action learning activities extended to reflecting on their processes, and involved farmers in deciding the most appropriate RDE methodology and methods for subsequent activities. This opportunity to reflect on the values and assumptions of different approaches was critical in developing interactive participation and higher level learning for participants. Nevertheless, the initial participation in each project team failed to meet some team members' expectations. The expected task and process conflicts emerged, but small activity groups with shared values and RDE paradigms developed within each team. Team members' process conflict about the 'best' RDE methodologies for specific issues then developed into worldview conflicts about the relevance and rigour of these methodologies. Some smaller groups subsequently worked independently, with damaging relationship conflict developing from unresolved process issues between some individuals. Team members communicated, but their participation remained largely passive and consultative. Factors that shaped participation were identified, and a framework to support opportunities for stakeholders to plan, manage and evaluate RDE was developed. These helped increase participation in the projects. Participation within the projects' constituent activities subsequently fluxed from isolation to interactive participation. Individuals within activities now expected, and usually had, equality in content decisions (i.e. functional participation), which often extended to process decisions (i.e. interactive participation). Yet, the levels of participation between members of different activities varied across the projects. One project remained a series of parallel and relatively independent activities with passive and consultative participation. A second project had functional and interactive participation imposed for some activities, but otherwise used passive and consultative participation. The third project developed to provide functional and interactive participation in major project decisions. It then became apparent that the learning outcomes of each project varied. Individuals continued to learn from their participation in the projects, but the contributions of diverse sources and participation were major shapers of this learning. Participation within the less diverse activity groups produced mainly technical learning through participants' existing meaning schemes. Again, the level of participation between activities with diverse values, RDE paradigms, and worldviews, shaped the nature of learning. Passive and consultative participation produced mostly technical learning through existing meaning schemes. Yet, teams that embraced their diversity, and reflected on the assumptions of their different RDE methodologies, transformed their approach to learning. With high levels of diversity, the level of participation determined the level of learning. Essentially, participation became learning. This thesis confirms the potential of participatory RDE to improve farming practices. Consultation to identify priority issues, and functional participation to develop proximal opportunities for farmers to understand these issues and make their own decisions had a major impact on farming practices. Yet, participatory processes must rise above the prevailing ToT paradigms of RDE agencies to integrate participants' knowledge, and so achieve sustainable development in Australia. Three main process contributions are made to support this development. Firstly, the evaluation framework provides a challenge and structure to encourage the contributions of all participants at each stage of project activities. It provides a checklist for effective participation in Farming Systems RDE. Secondly, a typology of participation in Farming Systems RDE extends that proposed by Pretty (1995). It provides a catalyst and means to better understand and identify the most appropriate levels of participation in RDE projects. The associated checklist for assessing modes of participation allows monitoring of the participation developed in practice. Finally, the re-conceptualisation of a broader continuum of participation in Farming Systems RDE for developed agriculture is proposed. The subsequent development of the Doing successful on-farm research process is a culmination of the understandings developed in this thesis. It facilitates the development of interactive participation within the on-farm research process that is central to these projects. Recognising the technical focus of most current RDE agency staff, it guides their development of participatory on-farm research processes before reflecting on the appropriateness of different research methods to their research issues. The findings here cannot ensure the development of Australia's RDE beyond the ToT paradigm. However, this thesis provides important insights into the nature of diversity, participation, and learning in the Farming Systems projects, and a series of tools to support this development. Conceptually, it proposes that different kinds of participation will be shaped by participants' diversity from their prior experiences and their expectations that are in turn transformed through evidence of improved practice.

Parmi les différentes structures de l'univers existe ce qu'on appelle le milieu interstellaire (MIS). C'est un endroit où gaz et poussière co-existent et interagissent en parfaite harmonie. L'hydrogène moléculaire est l'espèce la plus abondante et de loin la plus importante du gaz interstellaire. Elle est à la base de trois sur quatre des molécules les plus essentielles à l'apparition de la vie : l'eau, le méthane, l'amine et le monoxyde de carbone. La physico-chimie du MIS qui mène à la formation de nouvelles molécules est divisée en deux : les réactions en phase gazeuse et les réactions sur les grains de poussière qui s'est révélée la voie de formation la plus efficace pour l'hydrogène moléculaire. Ce travail de thèse est une contribution expérimentale à l'étude de l'interaction et de la formation de l'hydrogène moléculaire sur les surface de glace d'eau amorphe qui couvrent les grains de poussière dans les nuages sombres du MIS. Dans ce but, en réunissant techniques ultravides, systèmes cryogéniques, jets atomiques et moléculaires, spectrométrie de masse et modélisation, plusieurs expériences ont été faites en utilisant le dispositif FORMOLISM (FORmation of MOLecules in the InterStellar Medium).

Dans le cadre du projet international AMMA, visant à documenter la variabilité de la Mousson Africaine de l'Ouest (MAO), le radar polarimétrique Doppler en bande-C, RONSARD, ainsi qu'un récepteur bistatique Doppler ont été déployés dans le nord du Bénin durant l'été 2006 pour appréhender la dynamique et la microphysique des systèmes convectifs caractéristiques de la Mousson.<br /> La phase de préparation de cette campagne a été l'occasion de proposer une solution au problème posé par un réseau de radar Doppler monostatique-bistatique : la contamination des données bistatiques par les lobes secondaires de la fonction d'antenne du radar monostatique. Cette solution basée sur l'analyse variationnelle permet de s'affranchir du rejet systématique de données bistatiques contaminées, pratiqué jusqu'alors. Testée avec des données synthétiques, puis réelles, cette méthode permet d'utiliser l'ensemble des données échantillonnées et donc d'assurer des restitutions 3D de champs de vent sur des domaines plus importants avec des méthodes Dual-Doppler classiques.<br /> Durant la campagne, le récepteur bistatique n'a pas fonctionné, et, seul le radar RONSARD a assuré une acquisition de mesures exploitables sur le nord du Bénin. Aussi, l'étude de la ligne de grains du 28 juillet 2006, qui fait suite à la phase expérimentale, sera principalement basée sur ces données. La dynamique et la microphysique de ce système ont pu être détaillées à l'échelle convective et à la mésoéchelle. Sa dynamique, comparable à des études antérieures sur le même thème, nous a permis en la comparant à sa distribution particulaire de mieux comprendre les processus microphysiques mis en jeu dans les différentes régions d'intérêt. Les restitutions microphysiques sont cohérentes avec les descriptions de la dynamique du système avec une évidente organisation des classes d'hydrométéores de la phase liquide en pluie fine, modérée et forte dans la partie convective, et en pluie fine à modérée dans la partie stratiforme. A proximité de l'isotherme 0°C, une couche de mélange composée de neige mouillée a été identifiée. Concernant la région convective, la phase solide nous a montré une structure mixte de neige roulée et de grêle, piégée dans un environnement de cristaux de glace et de neige sèche. La fonte des particules solides et la coalescence de particules fines de pluie contribuent au renforcement des précipitations en pluie moyenne. A la mésoéchelle, l'analyse composite a fait apparaître le lien entre les panaches de mélange de neige roulée et de grêle avec le renforcement de la pluie moyenne ainsi que le rôle joué par l'évaporation sous la partie stratiforme de la ligne de grains.

Le but de cette étude était de documenter aussi précisément que possible le bilan de masse des aérosols minéraux désertiques qui sont des acteurs importants du système climatique terrestre puisqu'ils présentent un flux en masse annuel égal à environ la moitié du flux d'aérosols total. La mise en évidence de certains cas délicats à modéliser a conduit à mettre l'accent, dans ce travail, sur deux problèmes clefs de l'Afrique du nord : la région de Bodélé, du fait d'une topographie locale complexe, et les lignes de grains sahéliennes dont l'interaction avec les émissions d'aérosols minéraux reste encore largement inconnue.<br />Cette étude a été réalisée à l'échelle méso haute résolution en utilisant le modèle Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) couplé en ligne avec le Dust Production Model (DPM) développé par Marticorena et Bergametti [1995] et Laurent [2005]. Afin d'examiner la capacité de ce modèle à reproduire les émissions d'aérosols minéraux dans la région complexe de Bodélé, nous avons tout d'abord modélisé la période correspondant à la campagne Bodélé Dust Experiment 2005 (BoDEx 2005). Notre modèle a ainsi été capable de reproduire les caractéristiques météorologiques locales (principalement le vent dans les basses couches) ainsi que les concentrations en aérosols minéraux et la structure du panache observées pendant la campagne. Nous avons aussi vérifié que les aérosols émis depuis cette région du monde atteignent le continent sud américain.<br />De plus, cette validation nous a permis de vérifier le constat établi par divers auteurs : les modèles à grande échelle (MCG) ont souvent du mal à reproduire correctement les champs de vent dans la région de Bodélé. Nous avons alors entrepris une étude climatologique (sur l'année 2001) sur une zone étendue autour de la région de Bodélé à différentes résolutions spatiales afin de caractériser les phénomènes de basses couches qui pourraient expliquer ce biais quasi-systématique des MCG. Ce travail a été validé grâce aux données de routine des stations de mesure de surface ainsi que grâce à l'imagerie satellite.<br />Le deuxième cas sur lequel la validation de notre outil était nécessaire est constitué par les événements de ligne de grains qui se succèdent sur la zone sahélienne lors de l'été boréal. Cette validation a été réalisée sur un événement bien documenté des périodes d'observations spéciales 1 et 2 de la campagne Analyse Multidisciplinaire de la Mousson Africaine (AMMA).

L'expansion des plasmas joue un rôle très important dans différents phénomènes comme ceux intervenant dans les accélérateurs et les rayons cosmiques. Les dernières observations et exprériences ont montré que la présence des grains de poussière dans le plasmas modéfie considérablement les caractéristique du plasma et donne lieu à des nouveaux effets. Dans se travail il s'agit de modéler l'expansion d'un plasmas en présence de grains de poussière en utilisant le formalisme self similaire. Les résultats obtenus pour différentes situations physiques ont montré d'un part les limites de la solution self similaire, d'autre part ils ont révéle l'exsitence d'un front associe aux ondes acoustique au delàs duquel la condition de quasi neutralité n'est plus valable.

Ce travail est consacré à l'étude de l'ingénierie des joints de grains dans les superalliages à base de Nickel pour disques de turbines aéronautiques. L'ingénierie des joints de grains a montré son efficacité dans l'amélioration des propriétés en fatigue et en fluage dans certains alliages de cuivre et de nickel. Cette amélioration est obtenue en réalisant une succession de déformations à température ambiante séparées par des traitement thermiques. Ce traitement a pour objectif de modifier la distribution du réseau de joints de grains. L'objectif de l'étude est d'adapter ces traitements au procédé du forgeage à haute température des superalliages. Une étude expérimentale est menée pour mettre en évidence l'influence des paramètres de forgeage sur les caractéristiques du réseau de joints de grains. La caractérisation de ce réseau est faite grâce à la réalisation de cartographies d'orientations cristallographiques par EBSD. Une méthode de caractérisation innovante basée sur la discrétisation des cartographies en réseaux de points triples est proposée. Cette méthode permet d'analyser la connectivité du réseau de joints de grains en vue d'une corrélation avec les propriétés mécaniques.

Le comportement en fluage isotherme de l'alliage M5® a été étudié à haute température dans le domaine biphasé (α+β). Une première approche consiste en l'identification des lois de fluage des phases α et β dans leur domaine monophasé respectif puis en l'extrapolation de ces lois dans le domaine biphasé. Cette approche ne permet malheureusement pas de reproduire le comportement expérimental. Une amélioration de ce modèle est développée dans cette étude en prenant en compte deux effets microstructuraux : (i) la taille de grains : des tailles de grains spécifiques contrôlées ont été obtenues en appliquant des traitements thermo-mécaniques au matériau. Des essais de fluage dans les domaines quasi-α et quasi-β ont ainsi mis en évidence un fort effet de la taille de grains, en particulier dans le régime de fluage diffusionnel. (ii) le contraste micro-chimique entre les phases α et β dans le domaine biphasé : d'après des calculs thermodynamiques et des analyses microstructurales, la phase β est enrichie en Nb et appauvrie en O (inversement pour la phase α). Des essais de fluage ont alors été mis en œuvre sur des alliages Zr-Nb-O dont les teneurs en Nb et O sont représentatives de chaque phase dans le domaine biphasé. Cette base expérimentale a permis de d'identifier de nouvelles lois de fluage pour les phases α et β. Ces lois ont été ensuite implémentées dans un modèle éléments finis afin de simuler le comportement du matériau biphasé. La morphologie 3D des phases (en particulier la germination de la phase β aux joints de grains α) est introduite explicitement dans les simulations afin de mettre en évidence son effet sur le comportement macroscopique. M5® est une marque déposée d'AREVA NP.