The objective of this thesis was to evaluate inclusion of up to 35% by-product DDGS (with reduced Ca and P) with and without addition of a proprietary premix (enzyme and antioxidant; Alltech Inc.) on productive performance and egg quality of white and brown egg laying hens. A total of 288 white or brown hens were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: 1) corn-soybean meal (control), 2) 25% DDGS, 3) 25% DDGS plus premix, 4) 35% DDGS, and 5) 35% DDGS plus premix. Hen body weight values were impaired with addition of 25 and 35% DDGS when compared to the control. Premix helped maintain body weight comparable to control in the brown hens; however was not noted in white hens. In the second dietary phase, addition of DDGS increased feed intake in white egg laying hens and was maintained with the premix. Brown hens on premix came into lay faster than the control and DDGS diets, but DDGS reduced overall egg production. Haugh units, yolk color, and purchase intent scores were increased in brown eggs with DDGS diets. White eggs had increased yolk color with DDGS. In conclusion, up to 35% DDGS is acceptable in white laying hen diets.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nutrient density and housing on E. coli populations in beef and dairy production systems. In the first trial, sixty second trimester beef cows were housed in two different overwintering environments and provided dry hay which was either bale grazed or placed in a feed bunk. Selected pens had supplemented with dried distiller’s grain with soluble (DDGS; 2.5 kg/cow/every third day) or rolled barley (1 kg/cow/day). In the second trial, six rumen and caecal-cannulated, non-lactating, multiparous Holstein cows received one of the following diets: i) 70% forage ii) grain pellet or iii) alfalfa pellet. The latter two diets were formulated to induce subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). All animals were randomly sorted to pens and treatments. Fecal samples were collected and cultured on selective media. E. coli were enumerated and three isolates were chosen for PCR to detect the presence of 18 selected genes encoding a range of virulence factors. These same isolates were tested for their ability to invade the human adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line HT-29. Diet did not significantly affect E. coli abundance but did influence the prevalence of virulence genes involved in adhesion of bacteria to epithelial surfaces. When the diet contained grain, cows shed isolates which were more invasive than those from cows in the other treatments. The data suggest that diet may affect the abundance of E. coli shed in the feces and increase the presence of E. coli harbouring particular virulence genes that mediate adhesion and invasion of epithelial surfaces.

Les propriétés des matériaux métalliques sont très liées à leurs caractéristiques microstructurales. Par exemple il est bien connu que la taille de grains joue sur la limite élastique du matériau ainsi que sur ses capacités d'écrouissage. Ainsi, la compréhension et la modélisation de l'évolution de la microstructure d'un métal pendant un traitement thermomécanique est d'une importance primordiale afin de prédire finement son comportement ainsi que ses propriétés finales. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes concentrés sur la modélisation, à l'échelle d'un agrégat polycristallin, de la plasticité cristalline, de la recristallisation statique et de la croissance des grains dans un contexte de mobilité et d'énergie d'interface isotrope. Un modèle à champ complet dans un cadre éléments finis (EF) est proposé. Les grains sont représentés grâce à un formalisme level-set. L'étude EF développée peut être divisée en trois grandes parties: la génération statistique de microstructures digitales, la modélisation de la plasticité cristalline et la modélisation de la migration des joins de grains en régime de recristallisation statique. Concernant la génération statistique des microstructures digitales, une étude comparative entre deux méthodes de génération (Voronoï et Laguerre-Voronoï) a été réalisée. La capacité de la deuxième approche à respecter une microstructure basée sur des données expérimentales est mise en valeur en 2D et en 3D. Dans une deuxième étape, la plasticité cristalline des matériaux métalliques est étudiée. Deux modèles d'écrouissage ont été implémentés et validés : un premier modèle considérant uniquement les densités de dislocations totales, et un deuxième modèle différenciant les dislocations statistiquement stockées (SSDs) des dislocations géométriquement nécessaires (GNDs). Afin de valider l'implémentation de ces deux modèles issus de la littérature deux cas ont été étudiés : le premier correspond à l'étude à chaud d'un essai de compression plane d'un acier 304L, et le deuxième correspond à l'étude d'un essai à froid de compression simple d'un oligocristal de tantale composé de 6 grains. Les résultats numériques obtenus sont comparés avec les données expérimentales des deux essais. La migration des joints de grains est étudiée dans le contexte des régimes de recristallisation statique et de croissance de grains. Par rapport aux travaux pre-existants dans un cadre level-set, l'accent est mis sur la prise en compte des forces capillaires. La croissance des grains pure est en effet développée dans le formalisme éléments finis/level set considéré, et des validations à partir de résultats analytiques connus sont présentées. De plus, un travail d'analyse de modèles de croissance des grains à champ moyen existant dans la littérature est réalisé. Deux modèles en particuliers sont étudiés : celui de Burke et Turnbull et celui de Hillert/Abbruzzese. En comparant ces modèles avec les résultats obtenus par l'approche en champ complet développée, il est mis en évidence que le modèle simple de Burke et Turnbull n'est pas approprié pour décrire la croissance de grains pour tout type de distribution initiale de taille de grains. La recristallisation statique est ensuite abordée, avec une prise en compte des deux forces motrices liées (i) aux gradients d'énergies stockées sous la forme de dislocations, et (ii) aux effets capillaires. L'influence des effets de capillarité apparaît comme fortement liée à la distribution spatiale des nouveaux germes. Finalement, les résultats des simulations réalisées en plasticité cristalline sont utilisés comme données d'entrée du modèle de recristallisation statique développé. La comparaison des prédictions obtenues comparativement aux résultats expérimentaux sur 304L permet d'illustrer la pertinence d'une approche de type SSD/GND afin de prédire les sites de germination potentiels.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nutrient density and housing on E. coli populations in beef and dairy production systems. In the first trial, sixty second trimester beef cows were housed in two different overwintering environments and provided dry hay which was either bale grazed or placed in a feed bunk. Selected pens had supplemented with dried distiller’s grain with soluble (DDGS; 2.5 kg/cow/every third day) or rolled barley (1 kg/cow/day). In the second trial, six rumen and caecal-cannulated, non-lactating, multiparous Holstein cows received one of the following diets: i) 70% forage ii) grain pellet or iii) alfalfa pellet. The latter two diets were formulated to induce subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). All animals were randomly sorted to pens and treatments. Fecal samples were collected and cultured on selective media. E. coli were enumerated and three isolates were chosen for PCR to detect the presence of 18 selected genes encoding a range of virulence factors. These same isolates were tested for their ability to invade the human adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line HT-29. Diet did not significantly affect E. coli abundance but did influence the prevalence of virulence genes involved in adhesion of bacteria to epithelial surfaces. When the diet contained grain, cows shed isolates which were more invasive than those from cows in the other treatments. The data suggest that diet may affect the abundance of E. coli shed in the feces and increase the presence of E. coli harbouring particular virulence genes that mediate adhesion and invasion of epithelial surfaces.

Phytochemicals found in grains complement those found in fruits and vegetables. These phytochemicals, though minor compounds, contribute to the antioxidant properties which are related to the health benefits associated with the consumption of whole grain. In this thesis project, nine barley genotypes of diverse origin namely CI2230 from Nepal, CI1248 from Israel, 3 Peruvian genotypes; Peru 3, Peru 16 and Peru 35, Hokuto Hadaka from Japan, EX116; a cross between Moroccan and Canadian genotype, EX83; a cross between two Canadian genotypes and EX127; a cross between Canadian and German genotypes were studied. The genotypes were categorized based on appearance into purple, black and yellow grains. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified and quantified in these diverse genotypes using HPLC-ESI-MS analysis. The main classes of dietary flavonoids studied in the barleys were anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols. Phenolic acids were identified and quantified (p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, caffeic, vanillic). Three ferulic acid dehydrodimers (8-0-4’ DFA, 8-5’ benzofuran form and 5-5’ DFA) were also identified. The most abundant dimeric flavan-3-ols were procyanidins B3 and prodelphinidin B3. The monomeric unit, (+)-catechin, was the most abundant while catechin glucoside (m/z 451) was also identified. Among the Peruvian genotypes, Peru 16 and Peru 35 exhibited relatively high levels of total PA content. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of methanolic, acetone and alkali hydrolyzed extracts of the nine barley genotypes was determined by the Folin- Ciocalteau assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC assay).The acetone extract exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity using all the methods of analysis. Furthermore, dark colored grains were found to exhibit higher contents of phenolic compounds. The phenolic acids, PAs and anthocyanins identified and quantified had significant contribution to the overall antioxidant capacity of the barley whole grain. Four hull-less genotypes namely CI2230, EX127, CI1248 and Peru 35 were further partially sprouted to establish the effects of sprouting on phenolic acid composition. Partial sprouting was observed to significantly increase the soluble conjugated phenolic acids. The barley genotypes studied were found to contain different quantities of phytochemicals and had high proanthocyanidin content thereby rendering them as alternative sources of antioxidants. Barley sprouts present a possible novel food ingredient with improved properties such as phenolic acid composition and other benefits such as easier incorporation into food products under development.

A study was conducted to examine the impact of diet and cold weather on the excretion of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from beef cows, and the potential for these nutrients to be lost to waterways or as greenhouse gases (GHG). Feces and urine were collected from mature cows fed low-quality forage supplemented with DDGS to 0%, 10%, and 20% ww-1 in the fall of 2008 and winter of 2009. A detailed nutrient analysis was performed to determine forms of N and fractions of P in excreta. Feces, urine, and a simulated bedding pack were then applied to grassland to determine soil GHG emission. Cattle receiving DDGS supplementation excreted greater proportions of labile P in feces and greater concentrations of P in urine. The 20% DDGS diets had greater nitrous oxide emission from urine patches and greater proportions of available N in urine and feces.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Catholic University of America, 1922. / Vita. Facsimile edition, 1975. Bibliography: p. 150-154.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Catholic University of America, 1922. / Vita. Facsimile edition, 1975. Bibliography: p. 150-154.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-129).

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of feeding extruded and non-extruded mixtures of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles with peas (WP) or canola meal (WC) on ruminal fermentation, total tract nutrient digestion and milk production in dairy cows. Eight dairy cows (712 ± 54 kg body weight; 90 ± 31 days-in-milk at the beginning of the experiment) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design (28-d periods) with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. Four cows in one Latin square were fitted with rumen cannulas for the measurement of ruminal fermentation characteristics. Treatment diets contained either WP or WC combinations fed in an extruded or non-extruded form (16% of DMI). Diets were isonitrogenous (17.1% crude protein; CP) and contained approximately 53% concentrate and 47% forage (DM basis). Dietary treatment had no significant effect on DMI (P > 0.10). Starch intake was higher for cows fed extruded diets compared to those fed non-extruded diets (P = 0.028) and was also higher for cows fed WP compared to those fed WC (P = 0.042). Cows fed extruded diets had higher apparent ruminal digestion of DM (P = 0.02) and a tendency (P = 0.05) for a higher OM apparently digested in the rumen compared to those fed non-extruded diets. Total tract digestibilities of organic matter (P < 0.01), CP (P < 0.01), ether extract (P < 0.01) and starch (P = 0.047) were higher for cows fed extruded diets compared to those fed non-extruded diets. Total tract digestibility of ether extract was lower (P = 0.011) but digestibility of starch was higher (P < 0.01) and CP digestibility tended to be higher (P = 0.08) for cows fed WP compared to those fed WC. Fecal N excretion was lower in cows fed extruded diets compared to those fed non-extruded diets (P < 0.01), but there was no difference in N retention, productive N, RDP or RUP between diets (P > 0.10). Ruminal pH was higher for cows fed non-extruded WC compared to those fed extruded WC, but there was no difference between WP diets (interaction; P = 0.047). Ruminal acetate displayed the opposite interaction where concentration was highest for cows fed extruded WC and lowest for those fed non-extruded WC but there was no difference between WP diets (interaction; P = 0.019). Ruminal ammonia-N concentration tended to be higher for cows fed WC compared to those fed WP (P = 0.06). Ruminal propionate concentration was higher for cows fed extruded diets compare to those fed non-extruded diets (P = 0.026). Ruminal isobutyrate concentration was higher for cows fed WC compared to those fed WP (P < 0.01). Ruminal butyrate (P < 0.01) and isovalerate (P < 0.01) concentrations were higher for cows fed extruded WC compared to those fed non-extruded WC, but concentrations decreased for cows fed extruded WP compared to those fed non-extruded WP. Plasma glucose concentration was higher for cows fed WC compared to those fed WP but concentration was highest for cows fed extruded WC but lowest for cows fed extruded WP (interaction; P < 0.01). Milk protein yield (P = 0.047) was higher and milk yield tended to be higher (P = 0.06) for cows fed WP compared to those fed WC diets. Milk protein content was not affected by diet; however, milk fat content (P = 0.04) and MUN (P = 0.011) were lower, whereas milk yield (P = 0.030), 3.5% fat corrected milk yield (P = 0.027), milk fat yield (P = 0.027), lactose content (P = 0.011) and lactose yield (P < 0.01) were higher in cows fed the extruded diets compared to those fed non-extruded diets. In summary, these results indicate that extrusion had positive effects on overall milk production and total tract nutrient digestion.