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MSCAGR (Animal Science) / Department of Animal Science / The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of feed withdrawal and strain on laying performance and egg quality of White and Brown Hy-line layers. Fifty four hens for each strain (White Hy-Line and Brown Hy-line) aged 18 weeks (point of laying stage) were used in the investigation. Feed withdrawal had no effect (P>0.05) on laying performance, mortality rate, egg internal and external quality, but significantly affected (P<0.01) average feed intake, body weight, small and extra-large eggs percentages. Hens under ad libitum consumed more feed than hens under four hours and eight hours feed withdrawal. High body weight was observed on ad libitum fed hens, intermediate on eight hours feed withdrawn hens and lower at four hours feed withdrawn hens. High percentage of small graded eggs was observed on four hours feed withdrawn hens, intermediate on eight hours feed withdrawn hens and lower on ad libitum fed hens. High percentage of extra-large graded eggs was observed on ad libitum fed hens, intermediate on eight hours feed withdrawn hens and lower four hours feed withdrawn hens. Strain had a significant effect on average egg weight, median egg weight, albumen weight, extra-small, small, medium and large graded eggs percentages (P<0.01) and on body weight, egg height , egg width, average egg shell colour (P<0.05). Strain did not affect (P>0.05) average feed intake, body weight change, egg output, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate, egg shell breaking force, albumen height, yolk height, yolk weight, extra-large and jumbo graded eggs percentage. Brown Hy-Line layers had high average egg weight, median egg weight, egg height, egg width, and average egg shell colour and albumen weight than White Hy-Line layers. Small sized eggs percentage and body weight were high on White Hy-Line layers compared to Brown Hy-Line layers. Medium and large sized eggs were high on Brown Hy-Line layers than White Hy-Lines. Feed withdrawal by strain interaction effect was observed on body weight, average egg weight and median egg weight, albumen weight and egg height, percentage of small, medium and large graded eggs (P<0.05). Brown Hy-Line hens under eight hours feed withdrawal had high egg weight, median egg weight, egg height, albumen weight and under eight hours feed withdrawn White Hy-Line hens had lower albumen height compared to other interactions. In all interactions White Hy-Line had high percentage of small graded eggs whereas Brown Hy-line had high percentage of large and medium graded eggs. / NRF

The effect of dietary fats on reproductive performance, egg quality, fatty acid composition of tissues and egg yolk, and prostaglandin levels in embryonic tissues in Japanese quail (Coturnix, coturnix japonica) were evaluated. The addition of 5.0% chicken fat (CHX), hydrogenated soybean oil (HSBO), menhaden fish oil (MENH) or soybean oil (SBO) to the maternal and paternal diet altered tissue and yolk composition of the hens and tissue composition of the males to reflect the dietary source. Comparisons were made to chicken fat which served as a control. Feeding MENH increased the omega three fatty acid concentrations in liver, heart, testicle, and yolk. Feeding HSBO and SBO increased the omega six fatty acid concentrations in yolk. Feeding MENH and SBO increased the total monosaturated fatty acids in yolk. The concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased by feeding MENH and SBO. Feeding MENH decreased egg production. Feeding MENH and HSBO decreased hatchability. Feeding MENH decreased specific gravity of eggs at day 30, 60, and 90. Feeding CHX increased specific gravity at day 30, 60 and 120. In addition, feeding CHX increased chick weight. Feeding SBO decreased early embryonic death. There were no consistent differences noted in tissue prostaglandin levels of embryos from hens on the differing diets. / Master of Science

Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da suplementação dietética de fontes orgânicas de micro minerais na produção e qualidade interna e externa de galinhas poedeiras. Foram utilizados 8 tratamentos: um tratamento com todos os minerais na forma inorgânica, um tratamento com todos os minerais na forma orgânica e mais 6 tratamentos com apenas um dos minerais na forma orgânica. Os minerais testados foram: zinco, manganês, iodo, selênio, cobre e ferro. As dietas experimentais foram à base de milho e farelo de soja, foram utilizadas 672 aves da linhagem babcock B 300, o período de experimentação foi de 48 a 60 semanas de idade. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros de produção: Consumo de ração, Produção de ovos, Peso de Ovos, Massa de ovos, Conversão Alimentar. Também foram avaliados parâmetros que qualidade do ovo: Gravidade específica, unidade Haugh, porcentagem de casca. Os dados foram analisado em ciclo de postura de 28 dias. Os resultados para a primeira análise de qualidade dos ovos demonstraram uma piora na unidade haugh para o tratamento contendo ferro orgânico (p<0,05) e uma piora na porcentagem de casca para os tratamentos com o zinco e com o cobre orgânico (p<0,05), quando comparado com o tratamento totalmente inorgânico. Para as demais análises não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas. Os resultados para a produção de ovos não foram diferentes para os três períodos, com exceção da massa de ovos que foi menor para o tratamento com o ferro orgânico para o terceiro ciclo de postura (p<0,05). Os resultados do experimento sugerem que a suplementação com minerais orgânicos não alteram a qualidade e a produção de ovos de galinha entre 48 e 60 semanas de idade, quando comparado com a suplementação inorgânica dos mesmos. / A experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic trace mineral sources supplementation on egg production and quality for laying hens. It were used 8 treatments: one treatment with every trace minerals on inorganic form, one treatment with all minerals on organic form and 6 treatments where only one mineral were organic. The trace minerals were: zinc, manganese, iodine, selenium, copper and iron. Corn and soybean meal diets were used. 672 babcock B300 laying hens with 48 week were used. The production parameters analyzed were: Feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion. The parameters of egg quality analyzed were: specific gravity, haugh unit and eggshell percent. Data were summarized for 3 periods of 28 days and analyzed by SAS. The results for first analyzes of egg quality showed a decrease in Haugh unit for the treatment with organic iron (p<0,05) and a decrease on eggshell percent for the chelates zinc and copper (p<0,05), when this results were compared with the inorganic mineral supplementation. For the other parameters weren’t showed statistic differences. The results for egg production weren’t different for the tree periods, except for egg mass that was decrease to organic iron treatment in the last period (p<0,05). The experiment results suggest that the supplementation with organic minerals didn’t improve the egg production and quality for laying between 48 – 60 weeks of age, when its were compared with inorganic mineral supplementation.

Vitelline membrane strength plays a role in preventing contamination of albumen by yolk during separation and is important to food safety. Two experiments were conducted to determine if a relationship exists between vitelline membrane protein banding patterns, interior egg quality, and vitelline membrane rupture strength. Eggs were gathered from commercial egg producers from pre-molt (26 wk or 72 wk) and post-molted (74 wk or 82 wk) hens. In each of two trials twenty-one eggs were gathered and stored (4°C) per experiment. Three eggs were evaluated on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 for eggs from pre-molted hens; and 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 for eggs from molted hens for changes in SDS-PAGE protein banding patterns. The yolk from each egg was isolated and rolled on a wet paper towel to remove adhering albumen. The yolk was emptied and washed. The whole membrane was placed into double deionized water and divided into two sections. The first section was the whole membrane sample and the other was separated by forceps into inner and outer membrane samples. The three sections were dissolved separately in 1% SDS/70 mM Tris/HCl, pH 6.8. Protein concentration was determined using the Lowry method and proteins separated on 4-20% gradient gel by SDS-PAGE. Protein banding patterns were analyzed using the Bio-Rad Multi-Analyst Densitometer. Reductions of VMO I and GP II occurred along with reductions in the protein bands between 60 to 100 kDa. In each of two trials, an additional one hundred forty eggs were gathered at the same time from the same flock and stored at 4°C. Twenty eggs were evaluated for quality on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 for eggs from pre-molted hens; and 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 for eggs from molted hens. Yolk index, albumen height, albumen pH, and yolk pH were determined. Vitelline membrane strength was determined using a compression anvil. Two different treatments were used on the yolk when evaluating rupture strength: 10 egg yolks with inner thin albumen layer, and 10 egg yolks rolled on wet paper towel to remove inner thin albumen layer. Interior egg quality and vitelline membrane strength declined during storage.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:35:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 molino_ab_me_botfmvz.pdf: 148073 bytes, checksum: 75ace8bdebb399305863f352668560ad (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Com o objetivo comparar métodos alternativos de muda forçada ao jejum, realizou-se um experimento utilizando-se 420 poedeiras com 80 semanas de idade. O período experimental teve duração de 28 dias onde se realizou a muda forçada. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental em esquema fatorial 5x2, contendo cinco restrições alimentares (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60g de ração/ave/dia) com e sem utilização de calcário de granulometria grosseira, e sete repetições de seis aves por parcela. A muda teve duração de 28 dias, porém, os tratamentos que perderam 25% do peso corporal antes deste período foram alimentados à vontade logo após atingirem a perda almejada. Para avaliação da qualidade dos ovos utilizou-se dois ovos por parcela. Durante os 28 dias da muda avaliou-se a perda de peso corporal, o desempenho das aves e a qualidade dos ovos. Conclui-se que o fornecimento de 15g de ração foi viável para efetuar a muda forçada, pois as aves deste tratamento atingiram perda corporal de 25% e apresentaram qualidade dos ovos semelhante às submetidas ao jejum. A adição de calcário de granulometria grosseira durante a muda melhorou a qualidade da casca dos ovos, com exceção ao tratamento em jejum. / With the objective to compare alternative methods of forced molt, there was an experiment using 420 hens with 80 weeks of age. The experimental period lasted 28 days there was a forced molting. A randomized trial in a 5x2 factorial arrangement with five dietary restrictions (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 g of feed / bird / day) with and without the use of limestone coarse particle size, and seven replicates of six birds per plot. The changes lasted 28 days, however, the treatments that have lost 25% of body weight before this period were fed ad libitum after reaching the desired loss. To assess the quality of the eggs we used two eggs per plot. During the 28 days of the changes evaluated the weight loss, bird performance and egg quality. It follows that the supply of 15 g of feed is feasible to make the changes forced the birds because of this treatment reached body loss of 25% and showed the quality of eggs similar to those submitted to fasting. The addition of limestone for the coarse particle size changes improved the quality of shell eggs, except for the fasting treatment.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-01-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:18:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nakage_es_me_jabo.pdf: 306114 bytes, checksum: 6eec34287e9a48d064b56b155cad12bc (MD5) / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se a forma física da ração (farelada e peletizada) afeta a porosidade e espessura da casca, e porcentagem de perda de água e eclodibilidade dos ovos férteis de ovos de perdiz. Os ovos foram coletados logo após a postura e separados em diferentes intervalos de peso (35-45, 46-50, 51-55, 56-60 e 61-70g), sendo 10 ovos/classe/ração. O número de poros das cascas foi avaliado nas regiões apical, equatorial e basal dos ovos. Utilizou-se um micrômetro digital para a mensuração da espessura das três regiões da casca dos ovos, a partir dos quais obteve-se a espessura média por ovo. Os ovos para avaliação da eclodibilidade dos ovos férteis e porcentagem de perda de água do ovo foram pesados, desinfectados, incubados (T=35,5o C e UR= 60%) e transferidos no 16º dia de incubação para o nascedouro, onde foram mantidos até a eclosão. Os dados mostraram que, em perdizes, o número de poros na casca pode variar com a região da casca, peso do ovo e a forma física da ração, e que a ingestão de ração peletizada promove um aumento na espessura da casca dos ovos sem alterar a eclodibilidade dos ovos férteis e a porcentagem de perda de água dos mesmos durante a incubação. / The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the ingestion of meal and pelleted diets on eggshell porosity and thickness, water loss and hatchability percentages of partridge (Rhynchotus rufescens) eggs. The eggs (n=100) were divided into five different weight classes (1: 35-45 g, 2: 46-50 g, 3: 51-55 g, 4: 56-60 g, 5: 61-70 g). Parts from different regions (air space, equator and small end) of each eggshell were analized in order to count pore numbers. Eggshell thickness measurements were carried out after removal of the egg membranes. The eggs used in the analyses of the water loss and hatchability percentages were weighed, desinfected, and then incubated (T=35.5oC and RH=60%). On the 16th day of incubation, these eggs were transferred to a hatchery maintained at temperature and RH similar to those used in the incubator, where they were kept until hatching. The results showed that the mean number of eggshell pores changed among the three regions of the eggshell and egg weight classes, and also between the physical form of diets. Ingestion of pelleted diet increased eggshell thickness; however, hatchability and water loss percentages remained unchanged.

Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da suplementação dietética de fontes orgânicas de micro minerais na produção e qualidade interna e externa de galinhas poedeiras. Foram utilizados 8 tratamentos: um tratamento com todos os minerais na forma inorgânica, um tratamento com todos os minerais na forma orgânica e mais 6 tratamentos com apenas um dos minerais na forma orgânica. Os minerais testados foram: zinco, manganês, iodo, selênio, cobre e ferro. As dietas experimentais foram à base de milho e farelo de soja, foram utilizadas 672 aves da linhagem babcock B 300, o período de experimentação foi de 48 a 60 semanas de idade. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros de produção: Consumo de ração, Produção de ovos, Peso de Ovos, Massa de ovos, Conversão Alimentar. Também foram avaliados parâmetros que qualidade do ovo: Gravidade específica, unidade Haugh, porcentagem de casca. Os dados foram analisado em ciclo de postura de 28 dias. Os resultados para a primeira análise de qualidade dos ovos demonstraram uma piora na unidade haugh para o tratamento contendo ferro orgânico (p<0,05) e uma piora na porcentagem de casca para os tratamentos com o zinco e com o cobre orgânico (p<0,05), quando comparado com o tratamento totalmente inorgânico. Para as demais análises não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas. Os resultados para a produção de ovos não foram diferentes para os três períodos, com exceção da massa de ovos que foi menor para o tratamento com o ferro orgânico para o terceiro ciclo de postura (p<0,05). Os resultados do experimento sugerem que a suplementação com minerais orgânicos não alteram a qualidade e a produção de ovos de galinha entre 48 e 60 semanas de idade, quando comparado com a suplementação inorgânica dos mesmos. / A experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic trace mineral sources supplementation on egg production and quality for laying hens. It were used 8 treatments: one treatment with every trace minerals on inorganic form, one treatment with all minerals on organic form and 6 treatments where only one mineral were organic. The trace minerals were: zinc, manganese, iodine, selenium, copper and iron. Corn and soybean meal diets were used. 672 babcock B300 laying hens with 48 week were used. The production parameters analyzed were: Feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion. The parameters of egg quality analyzed were: specific gravity, haugh unit and eggshell percent. Data were summarized for 3 periods of 28 days and analyzed by SAS. The results for first analyzes of egg quality showed a decrease in Haugh unit for the treatment with organic iron (p<0,05) and a decrease on eggshell percent for the chelates zinc and copper (p<0,05), when this results were compared with the inorganic mineral supplementation. For the other parameters weren’t showed statistic differences. The results for egg production weren’t different for the tree periods, except for egg mass that was decrease to organic iron treatment in the last period (p<0,05). The experiment results suggest that the supplementation with organic minerals didn’t improve the egg production and quality for laying between 48 – 60 weeks of age, when its were compared with inorganic mineral supplementation.

Commercial laying hens are heavily selected for increased egg production, but little selection has occurred for resistance to extreme temperatures. The objective of the experiment was to determine the effects of a daily cyclic heat stress (HS) on performance, body temperature, egg quality, nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy, and blood chemistry in laying hens at acute and chronic time points. In total, 407 pure line laying hen pullets (18 wk) were sourced from Hy-Line International and housed individually for the duration of the experiment. Feed intake, egg production, and body weights were significantly decreased while egg weight and feed efficiency increased due to HS exposure. All egg quality parameters except yolk weight were decreased by HS exposure, including Haugh unit, eggshell and albumen weights. Egg yolk weights were increased over the first 2 wk of HS before falling. Blood chemistry was affected by HS resulting in respiratory alkalosis likely caused by increased respiration and evaporative cooling. There was a decrease in the PCO2, an increase in pH and a reduction in iCa in the blood within 4 to 6 hours of HS when compared to pre-HS levels. The data indicate that the hens were negatively affected by HS and the response was different for acute and chronic time points. At the acute time point the changes to the hen's physiology were caused by altered blood chemistry, but after chronic exposure, the low feed intake seemed to influence the responses. / Master of Science