Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Granular magnetic systems can be composed by magnetic particles or clusters with size of some nanometers. These magnetic nanoparticles present different magnetic order phases, as superparamagnetic, and they can be embedded in both, metallic or insulating matrix. These systems present several phenomena such as the giant magnetoresistance (GMR), tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) and Coulomb blockade. That phenomena use to disappear when a small termal fluctuation is high enough to reverse the magnetization of the clusters leading the lost the magnetic information in a very short time range. When it occurs, the nano-particles are in superparamagnetic phase. In order to maintain the magnetic information at high values of temperature, or even to suppress the superparamagnetic limit, many works have tried to use an antiferromagnetic matrix, to induce the increase of the energy barrier among the two directions of magnetization easy by the exchange coupling in the grain(FM)/matrix(AFM) interfaces, with the purpose of stabilizing the nano-particles magnetization. In this work, we have produced Co granular samples inside an Al2O3/CoO insulating/antifferomagnetic matrix through a sequential deposition by magnetron sputtering. We aim to explore the couplingmechanisms among the ferromagnetic nanoparticles and the antiferromagnetic matrix. It has been performed measurements of Impedance Spectroscopy (IS), X-ray Difraction (XRD), and magnetization at function temperature analysed by zero-field cooling/field cooling curves (ZFC-FC) at some samples in order to obtain information about the magnetic and structural properties. The measurements of IS and XRD corroborate the formation of Co clusters and the magnetization versus temperature curves to some samples do not indicate evidence of the exchange coupling among the Co clusters and the CoO antiferromagnetic matrix. / Sistemas granulares magnéticos podem ser formados por grãos ou aglomerados magnéticos cujo tamanho é de alguns nanômetros. Estes nano-grãos magnéticos apresentam diferentes fases de ordenamento magnético, como o superparamagnetismo, e podem estar envolvidos tanto por matrizes metálicas como matrizes isolantes. Estes sistemas possuem uma riqueza de fenômenos, como a magnetorresitência gigante (GMR), magnetorresistência túnel (TMR), bloqueio de coulomb entre outros. Estes fenômenos muitas vezes desaparecem quando uma flutuação térmica for suficiente para inverter a magnetização dos grãos, levando-os a perder informação magnética num intervalo de tempo muito curto. Quando isto ocorre dizemos que os nano-grãos estão na fase superparamagnética. Para reter a informação magnética a temperatura ambiente, ou até mesmo suprimir o superparamagnetismo, tem-se tentado o uso de uma matriz antiferromagnética (AFM) onde os nano-grãos ficam imersos, e o acoplamento de troca na interface grão (FM)/matriz (AFM) pode induzir um aumento na barreira de energia entre as duas direções de fácil magnetização e com isso estabilizar a magnetização dos nano-grãos. Neste trabalho foram produzidas amostras granulares de Co imersos em matriz isolante/antiferromagnética de Al2O3/CoO pela deposição alternada do metal e dos isolantes por magnetron sputtering , com a finalidade de explorar os mecanismos de acoplamento entre os nano-grãos ferromagnéticos e a matriz antiferromagnética. Foram realizadas medidas de Espectroscopia de Impedância (IS), Difração de raios-X (XRD), e magnetização em função da temperatura pelas técnicas ZFC-FC em algumas amostras, afim de se obter respostas quanto as propriedades estruturais e magnéticas. As medidas de IS e XRD, indicam a formação de nano-grãos Co e as medidas de magnetização em função da temperatura para algumas amostras, não mostraram com evidência o acoplamento de troca ( Exchange Bias ) entre os grãos de Co e a matriz antiferromagnética de CoO.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第16510号 / 工博第3503号 / 新制||工||1530(附属図書館) / 29167 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 辻 伸泰, 教授 落合 庄治郎, 教授 田中 功 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

The approximately 2.9 Ga old Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa hosts different types of pyrite grains. The pyrite grains are hosted in different quartz pebble conglomerate reefs including the Ventersdorp Contact Reef (VCR). The various reefs are accessible from numerous goldfields. Regardless of years of studying the various types of pyrite grains from the VCR, there is still a disagreement as to their origins. Numerous pyrite grains of different types, shapes, and textures have been identified in the VCR of the Kloof Gold Mine. The origin of the different types of pyrite grains have been attributed to various mechanisms. Consequently, different depositional models were suggested for the mineralisation of the pyrite grains. Nevertheless, the style of mineralisation and origin of the different types of pyrite grains require further work especially for the VCR. This study determined whether a single or multiple processes were responsible for the formation of the different pyrite grains. The different types of pyrite grains including the rounded porous, rounded massive and angular massive grains were identified using a reflected light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Röntec energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The above techniques were used to describe the shapes, sizes, and textures of the different types of pyrite grains in order to classify and group the pyrite grains for further investigation by chemical analysis. Identification and description of minerals associated with pyrite were conducted to determine the environment and conditions under which pyrite grains were formed. Genetic structures were identified in order to resolve whether the pyrite grains were transported or crystallised in situ. Different types of inclusions hosted in pyrite grains were identified and described to determine the nature of pyrite grains. Rounded zircon grains were identified in rounded massive pyrite grains, and the appearance the rounded zircon grains might suggest that the rounded massive pyrite grains formed later after the deposition of the Witwatersrand basin sediments. A particle induced x-ray emission, an electron microprobe, and a laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used to carry out chemical analysis of the major, minor and trace elements of the different pyrite grains. The chemical analyses were conducted to investigate and determine the chemical signatures and the composition of the different types of the pyrite grains to determine their processes of formation. Compositional zonation patterns and overgrowths of the pyrite grains were identified in order to determine whether the pyrite grains were formed through multiple mechanisms. The compositional zonation patterns were observed in the rounded porous pyrite grains. The zonations suggest multiple stages of growth processes resulting in most porous parts of the pyrite being enclosed by nearly pure pyrite. The rounded pyrite grains are generally containing high concentrations of Ni and Co as opposed to angular pyrite grains. The Ni/Co ration is low in the angular pyrite grains, but high in the rounded grains. The high Ni/Co ratio in rounded grains may be related to low-temperature sedimentary processes, whereas the low Ni/Co ratio in angular pyrite grains may indicate hydrothermal source. The differences between rounded and angular pyrite grains can be interpreted as a result of different genetic history, and origin from different sources. Thus the different pyrite grains formed under different chemical and atmospheric conditions, and by different depositional mechanisms. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Geology / unrestricted

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / James S. Drouillard / Three trials were conducted using dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) to evaluate effects on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, ruminal fermentation, and diet digestibility in cattle fed steam-flaked corn-based diets. In trial 1, crossbred yearling heifers were used in a finishing trial to evaluate interactions between corn-DDGS feeding levels and roughage source (alfalfa hay vs corn silage) in terms of impact on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. Experimental diets were based on steam-flaked corn and contained 0% DDGS with 6% alfalfa hay (AH), 0% DDGS with 10% corn silage (CS), 25% DDGS with 6% AH, or 25% DDGS with 10% CS (DM basis). Results indicated no interaction between levels of DDGS and roughage source. Heifers fed DDGS as a partial replacement for steam-flaked corn had similar growth performance and carcass merit compared to heifers fed diets without DDGS. Corn silage and alfalfa hay were comparable roughages when a portion of steam-flaked corn was replaced with DDGS. The second trial was a companion metabolism study in which ruminal fermentation characteristics and diet digestibility were examined in 12 cannulated Holstein steers fed steam-flaked corn finishing diets with or without DDGS, using alfalfa hay or corn silage as roughage sources. Diets were similar to those fed in the performance study and consisted of steam-flaked corn with 0 or 25% DDGS (DM basis) and 6% AH or 10% CS (DM basis). Feeding DDGS decreased ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia concentrations, and digestion of DM and OM were less compared to diets without DDGS. The decrease in digestibility was largely attributable to poorer digestion of CP and, to a lesser extent, a reduction in starch digestion. The third study was designed to investigate effects of pH (5.0, 5.5, and 6.0) on in vitro fermentative activity by ruminal microorganisms from cattle adapted to a finishing diet containing 25% DDGS (DM basis). Higher pH led to greater dry matter disappearance in vitro (P < 0.01). DDGS can be an effective substitute for steam-flaked corn. Efforts to address low ruminal pH and low ruminal ammonia may prove beneficial for improving value of DDGS as cattle feed.

Ce travail a pour but d’étudier les effets des longueurs internes, comme la taille des grains, sur le comportement mécanique des aciers IF par le biais de modélisations micromécaniques. Après une revue bibliographique des différents effets d’échelle observés en plasticité (effet taille des grains) et de quelques méthodes de transition d’échelle existantes, ce travail se décompose en trois étapes. Dans un premier temps, un schéma auto-cohérent écrit dans le cadre de l’élasto-viscoplasticité est utilisé afin d’étudier les effets de la dispersion de taille de grains sur le comportement mécanique d’agrégats polycristallins, en négligeant les hétérogénéités d’origine cristallographique. Ces effets sont aussi importants que ceux de la taille moyenne des grains et de la texture cristallographique. Dans un second temps, le même schéma de transition d’échelle est utilisé afin d’étudier les effets combinés de la dispersion de taille de grains et des orientations cristallographiques. Il apparaît alors que l’effet de la dispersion de taille de grains est effectivement plus important que l’effet de la texture cristallographique sur le comportement mécanique en traction. Néanmoins, la dispersion de taille de grains n’a que peu d’effet sur l’anisotropie plastique des aciers IF. La troisième étape consiste à développer de nouvelles approches, à champs de déformation non uniformes dans les grains, afin de capter des effets de taille de grains par le biais de nouvelles lois d’interaction. Ainsi, deux différentes modélisations à longueurs internes sont proposées : l’une “discrète”, considérant des distributions de dislocation contrainte au joint de grains, et l’autre “moyenne”, avec la prise en compte d’un gradient de déformation plastique dans une zone près du joint de grains. Ces nouvelles approches permettent de reproduire les effets de taille de grains sur le comportement mécanique des matériaux métalliques, en particulier pour les aciers IF / The objective of this work is to study the effects of internal lengths, as the grain size on the mechanical behavior of IF steels with micromechanical models. After a literature review about different length scale effects observed in plasticity (grain size effects...) and existing scale transition methods, this work is divided into three steps. First of all, a self-consistent scheme written for heterogeneous elastic-viscoplastic materials is used to study the grain size dispersion effects on the mechanical behavior of polycrystalline aggregates, ignoring the heterogeneities of crystallographic orientations. These effects are as important as those due to the average grain size and crystallographic texture. In a second time, the same transition scale scheme is used to study the combined effects of grain size dispersion and crystallographic orientation. It appears that the effect of the grain size dispersion is larger than the effect of crystallographic texture on the tensile behavior. The third step is to develop new approaches with non-uniform plastic deformation inside the grain, in order to capture the effects of grain size through new interaction laws. Thus, two different models are proposed : a “discrete” one, considering dislocation distributions constrained by grain boundaries, and, an “averaged” one, accounting for plastic strain gradient in the region close to grain boundaries. These new approaches allow to reproduce the grain size effects observed on the mechanical behavior of metallic materials, in particular for IF steels

Les céramiques utilisées dans les Réacteurs à Eau Presurisée sont constituées de dioxyde d'uranium. Irradiée à fort taux de combustion en réacteur, elles présentent en périphérie de pastille une microstructure particulière, dénommée RIM, avec des pores de l'ordre du micromètre fortement pressurisés en gaz de fission. Lors des traitements thermiques (TT) simulant des situations incidentielles ou accidentelles de réacteur, un relâchement important de la zone de RIM est observé. Nous avons considéré que le mécanisme de relâchement du gaz contenu dans les bulles pressurisées est la fracturation mécanique des joints de grains du RIM. Puis nous avons comparé les différents types de sollicitations mécaniques auxquelles sont soumis un joint de grain à la contrainte à rupture de l'oxyde. La première sollicitation est induite par les bulles de gaz surpressurisées du RIM ; elle impose un champ de contrainte à un niveau microscopique i.e. à l'échelle d'une bulle de gaz et son environnement local. La seconde sollicitation est générée par l'interaction mécanique entre la pastille et la gaine. cette sollicitation impose un champ de contrainte à un niveau macroscopique i.e. à l'échelle de la zone de RIM et de son environnement global. La dernière sollicitation résulte de la déformation due à l'évolution structurale du RIM en TT. Les résultats expérimentaux de la thèse montrent que les champs de contraintes microscopiques et macroscopiques n'expliquent pas la fracturation des joints de grains du RIM en TT. Les sollicitations induites par l'évolution structurale du RIM en fonction de la température est un mécanisme possible pour expliquer le comportement mécanique global du RIM en TT. / The ceramics used in Power Water Reactors ar made of uranium dioxide. Irradiatd at high Burn-up, they present a characteristic zone in periphery called High Burn-Up Structure or RIM zone with micrometer pores containing over-pressurizzed gas bubbles. Annealing texts simulating incidental or accidental reactor situations, a strong release of the RIM zone is observed. We have considered that the fission gas release mechanism is the mechanical fracture of the RIM grain boundaries. The we have compared the diffrerent types of mechanical stress applied to a grain boundary with the fracture stress of the oxide. The first stress is due to RIM over-pressurized gas bubbles, these bubbles apply a stress field determined at a microscopic level i.e. at the gas bubbles scale and its local environment. The second stress is generated by the Pellet Cladding Mechanical Interaction (PCMI). This stress applies a stress field on a microscopic scale i.e. at the RIM zone and its overall environent. The last stress is occured by a strain due to the RIM structural evolution during annealing test. The experimental results show that microscopic and macroscopic stress fields to do not explain the RIM grain boundary fracture during annealing test. The stresses induced by the RIM structural evolution as a function of the temperature is a possible mechanism to explain the overal mechanical behavior of the RIM zone during annealing test.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T13:54:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RicardoFlabesCastroCoelho-dissertacao.pdf: 577158 bytes, checksum: 34e906008a6989100ef88399396c1b90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-09 / The new technologies tend to affect in different ways the agricultural explorations, the farmers and the areas where those activities grow. In this context, the objective of this research was to describe and to identify the profile of the hybrid of larger acceptability developed by the companies sowings that act at the market of the south of Minas Gerais. To present research it was based in the analysis of the primary data collected the companies sowings that act cooperatives close to close to, companies correlate and producing of corn of the area of the south of Minas Gerais. These companies were: Dekalb (São Paulo); Agromen Sementes (São Paulo); Syngenta Seeds (São Paulo); Seeds Dow Agro Sciences Ltda (São Paulo); Pioneer (Rio Grande do Sul); Biomatrix (Minas Gerais); Agroceres (São Paulo); Agroeste (São Paulo); Saint Helena Sementes S.A. (Minas Gerais). Para the accomplishment of the referred research, they were used bibliographical research, researches in specialized sites, random sample, rising of data, questionnaire and field research with the qualitative method. It was ended that the profile of the hybrid more I accept, developed by the companies sowings would be: the precocious double hybrid with couple aptitude, grains semi hard of color it yellows, with plant of medium load tends high resistance to the lodging, preferably positioned in normal time and with possibility to answer satisfactorily to a high investment in the culture. / O desenvolvimento da agricultura tem se caracterizado pelo surgimento, em intervalos distintos de tempo, de tecnologias que alteram profundamente a situação de equilíbrio previamente alcançada. As novas tecnologias tendem a afetar de formas diferentes as explorações agrícolas, os agricultores e as regiões onde essas atividades se desenvolvem. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever e identificar o perfil do híbrido de maior aceitabilidade desenvolvido pelas empresas sementeiras que atuam no mercado do sul de Minas Gerais. A presente pesquisa fundamentou-se na análise dos dados primários coletados junto às empresas sementeiras que atuam junto a cooperativas, empresas correlatas e produtores de milho da região do sul de Minas Gerais. Estas empresas foram: Dekalb (São Paulo); Agromen Sementes (São Paulo); Syngenta Seeds (São Paulo); Sementes Dow Agro Sciences Ltda (São Paulo); Pioneer (Rio Grande do Sul); Biomatrix (Minas Gerais); Agroceres (São Paulo); Agroeste (São Paulo); Santa Helena Sementes S.A. (Minas Gerais). Para a realização da referida pesquisa, foram utilizados pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisas em sites especializados, amostra aleatória, levantamento de dados, questionário e pesquisa de campo com o método qualitativo. Concluiu-se que o perfil do híbrido mais aceito, desenvolvido pelas empresas sementeiras seria: o híbrido duplo precoce com aptidão grão, semi duro, com planta de porte baixo tendo alta resistência ao acamamento, de preferência posicionado em época normal e com possibilidade de responder satisfatoriamente a um alto investimento na cultura.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo a avaliação do efeito de estádios de maturidade de cultivares de milho (Zea mays L.) para produção de silagem sobre os parâmetros agronômicos e qualitativos da planta e das frações que a compõem. Foram avaliados seis híbridos de milho para silagem, colhidos em oito estádios de maturidade, em dois anos agrícolas, safra de 2002 e 2003. As plantas atingiram o teor de matéria seca (MS) recomendado para ensilagem (32 a 35% MS) entre 92 e 112 dias após a semeadura (DAS). O híbrido CO 32 apresentou os maiores (P<0,05) teores de MS da planta e do colmo, e as menores (P<0,05) produções MS do colmo ao longo do período de avaliação, enquanto o híbrido P 3041 obteve os menores (P<0,05) teores de MS da planta e do colmo. Os híbridos DKB 333B e AG 1051, de ciclo normal, apresentaram as maiores (P<0,05) produções de colmo no 1&#186;, 3&#186;, 4&#186;, 5&#186; e 8&#186; corte. O avanço da maturidade resultou em aumentos (P<0,05) no teor de MS da planta (de 14,5 para 46%) e do colmo (de 16,9 para 28%), produção de MS da planta (de 9,6 para 20,9 t MS/ha) e produção de grãos (de 0 para 9,3 t MS/ha). Aumentos (P<0,05) nos teores de MS das frações folha (de 23,2 para 48,8%), sabugo (de 10,0 para 55,5%) e grãos (de 50,4 para 70,9%) também foram observados ao longo do tempo. Além disso, observou-se aumentos (P<0,05) nas porcentagens de sabugo (de 1,6 para 9,2%) e grãos (de 0 para 43,4%), e redução (P<0,05) na porcentagem de colmo (de 63,4 para 29,5%) e folhas (de 27,5 para 10,8%). Com o avanço da maturidade foram observados aumentos (P<0,05) nos teores médios de amido da planta (1,8 a 26,1%) e do grão (60,2 a 91,9%); e na produção de matéria seca digestível (PMSD) da planta (7,2 a 16,3 t/ha) e do grão (3,3 a 8,9 t/ha). Em contrapartida, verificou-se redução (P<0,05) nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) da planta (71,9 para 52,8%); FDN digestível da planta (64,7 para 54,4%) e do colmo (55,2 para 39,6%); proteína bruta (PB) da planta (12,5 para 7,0%) e do colmo (7,0 para 4,2%); e na digestibilidade verdadeira in vitro da MS (DVIVMS) do colmo (66 para 53,7%) e do grão (99,1 para 96,4%). No ponto de ensilagem, os híbridos P 3041, AG 1051 e Z 8550 foram os materiais que apresentaram as características mais desejáveis na confecção de silagem de qualidade. Para a fração colmo, o híbrido Z 8550 apresentou os menores (P<0,05) teores de PB e FDN, e os maiores (P<0,05) teores de FDN digestível, DVIVMS e PMSD. Os híbridos P 3041, DKB 333B e AG 1051, de endosperma duro, apresentaram juntamente com o híbrido Z 8550, as maiores (P<0,05) PMSD do colmo. No ponto de ensilagem, o maior (P<0,05) teor de amido do grão foi observado para os híbridos de endosperma duro (P 3041 e DKB 333B), enquanto que a maior (P<0,05) DVIVMS do grão foi verificada para os materiais de endosperma dentado (AG 5011 e AG 1051). A avaliação detalhada da planta, levando em consideração a produtividade, a participação percentual dos seus componentes, além da composição química intrínseca dos mesmos é fundamental para a adequação do processo de ensilagem e êxito dos sistemas de produção. / The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of the maturity stage of corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars for silage production on agronomic and qualitative parameters of plant and its compounds. Six corn silage cultivars were evaluated in eight maturity stages, and two harvesting seasons (2002 and 2003). The plants reached the recommended dry matter (DM) content for silage production (32 to 35% DM) between 92 and 112 days after sowing (DAS). The cultivar CO 32 showed the highest (P<0.05) plant and stem DM content, and the lowest (P<0.05) stem DM production along the evaluation period, while P 3041 cultivar achieved the lowest (P<0,05) plant and stem DM content. The normal maturity cycle cultivars DKB 333B and AG 1051, showed the highest (P<0.05) stem production at 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 8th harvesting age. As maturity advance there were increases (P<0.05) of plant DM content, (from 14.5 to 46%), stem DM content (from 16.9 to 28%), plant DM production (from 9.6 to 20.9 t DM/ha) and grain production (from 0 to 9.3 t DM/ha). Increases (P<0.05) of leaves DM content (from 23.2 to 48.8%), cob DM content (from 10 to 55.5%), and grains DM content (from 50.4 to 70.9%) were observed according to the maturity stage. Furthermore, resulted in increases (P<0.05) in cob percentage (from 1.6 to 9.2%) and grain percentage (from 0 to 43.4%), and decreases (P<0.05) in stem percentage (from 63.4 to 29.5%) and leaves percentage (from 27.5 to 10.8%) as plants matured. Plant maturing resulted in increases in plant (1.8 to 26.1%) and grain (60.2 to 91.9%) starch content, and in the plant (7.2 to 16.3 t/ha) and grain (3.3 to 8.9 t/ha) digestible DM production. However there were verified decreases (P<0.05) in plant (71.9 to 52.8%) neutral detergent fiber (NDF), plant (64.7 to 54.4%) and stem (55.2 to 39.6%) digestible NDF, plant (12.5 to 7.0%) and stem (7.0 to 4.2%) crude protein (CP), and stem (66 to 53.7%) and grain (99.1 to 96.4%) in vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD) content. At the ensilage moment, P 3041, AG 1051 and Z 8550 cultivars showed the most desirable characteristics for silage production with quality. For the stem fraction, Z 8550 cultivar showed the lowest (P<0.05) CP and NDF content, and the highest values (P<0.05) for stem digestible NDF, IVTDMD, and digestible DM productions. The cultivars P 3041, DKB 333B and AG 1051, with hard endosperm, showed together with Z 8550 cultivar, the highest (P<0.05) stem DDMP. For the grain, it was observed that at the ensilage moment, the highest (P<0.05) starch content was verified for the hard endosperm cultivars (P 3041 and DKB 333B), while the highest (P<0.05) IVTDMD was observed for the soft endosperm cultivars (AG 5011 e AG 1051). Grain DDMP was similar (P>0.05) for the evaluated cultivars.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reduction on the levels of mycotoxins in wheat products and by-products: deoxynivalenol (DON) in whole wheat flour, wheat bran and the efluent from wet milling of wheat flour, and zearalenone (ZEN) in wheat bran. Firstly, the reduction of DON contamination was studied on whole wheat flour, naturaly contaminated, and considering different moisture levels, as well as in wet milling effluent of wheat flour. Further, the impact of the ozonation process on the rheological properties of the processed flour was evaluated. Secondly, the wheat bran naturally co-contaminated with DON and ZEN was studied, considering the degradation of both mycotoxins and the impact of the ozonation process on the bran phenolic compound content and on the antioxidant capacity. The DON degradation in the whole wheat flour increased with both processing time and moisture content. By changing these process parameters, it was possible to obtain products in accordance with the legal limits of Brazil and the European Union, even starting with concentration 2-4 times higher than the legal limits. However, the rheological properties of the whole wheat flour were affected by the process, probably due to protein modifications. The DON concentration on the wet milling effluent was linearly reduced by the ozonation. In wheat bran naturally contaminated and in its equilibrium moisture, the ozonation reduced both DON and ZEN contamination. The degradation of ZEN was higher and faster than the degradation of DON, which could be explained by their molecular structures. It was also observed that the ozonation process did not negatively affect the phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity, which is high desirable from a nutritional point of view. Consequently, this work concludes that the ozonation process was effective in reducing DON and ZEN in different wheat products and efluent. It is noteworthy that the results obtained are promising for future studies and to elucidate the mechanism of action of ozone on mycotoxins and constituents of food. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a redução nos níveis de micotoxinas em produtos e subprodutos de trigo: desoxinivalenol (DON) em farinha de trigo integral, farelo de trigo e efluente de moagem da farinha de trigo e zearalenona (ZEA) em farelo de trigo. No primeiro momento, a redução da contaminação por DON foi estudada em farinha de trigo integral, naturalmente contaminada e considerando diferentes níveis de umidade, bem como no efluente de moagem úmida da farinha. Além disso, o impacto do processo de ozonização nas propriedades reológicas da farinha processada foi avaliado. Em segundo lugar, estudou-se o farelo de trigo naturalmente co-contaminado com DON e ZEA, considerando a degradação de ambas as micotoxinas e o impacto do processo de ozonização no conteúdo do composto fenólico do farelo e na capacidade antioxidante. A degradação de DON na farinha de trigo integral aumentou tanto com o tempo de processamento quanto com o teor de umidade. Ao alterar esses parâmetros de processo, foi possível obter produtos de acordo com os limites legais do Brasil e da União Européia, mesmo com a concentração 2-4 vezes superior aos limites legais. Contudo, as propriedades reológicas da farinha de trigo integral foram afetadas pelo processo, provavelmente devido a modificações de proteínas. A concentração de DON no efluente de moagem úmida foi linearmente reduzida pela ozonização. Em farelo de trigo naturalmente contaminado e em sua umidade de equilíbrio, a ozonização reduziu a contaminação DON e ZEA. A degradação do ZEA foi maior e mais rápida que a degradação do DON, o que poderia ser explicado pelas suas estruturas moleculares. Observou-se também que o processo de ozonização não afetou negativamente os compostos fenólicos e a capacidade antioxidante, o que é altamente desejável do ponto de vista nutricional. Consequentemente, este trabalho conclui que o processo de ozonização foi efetivo na redução de DON e ZEA em diferentes produtos de trigo e efluentes. Vale ressaltar que os resultados obtidos são promissores para futuros estudos e elucidar o mecanismo de ação do ozônio sobre micotoxinas e constituintes dos alimentos.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-09-26T21:20:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 THA?LA VIEIRA ALVES DOS SANTOS_v_final_ficha-2.pdf: 5538347 bytes, checksum: f6306a15edb73efd871da71bcbbdd53c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T21:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 THA?LA VIEIRA ALVES DOS SANTOS_v_final_ficha-2.pdf: 5538347 bytes, checksum: f6306a15edb73efd871da71bcbbdd53c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Portulaca hirsutissima is a succulent herb that occurs in open fields, sandy or rocky soil in distinct regions in Brazil, belonging to the Portulacaceae family. We analyzed the external morphology, seeds and pollen grains in representatives of this species and related morphotypes along their known distribution. We observed a consistent variation in their micromorphology and two new species are here described and illustrated. Portulaca giuliettiae occurs in Eastern Brazil, from Paraiba to Rio de Janeiro and P. goiasensis is restricted to the Chapada dos Veadeiros, in Central Brazil, while P. hirsutissima is now considered as restricted to Minas Gerais State. / Portulacaceae ? uma fam?lia com ca. de 100 esp?cies de ervas suculentas, com distribui??o em todo o mundo, tendo como centro de diversidade as Am?ricas. O grupo apresenta taxonomia complexa, com caracteres macromorfol?gicos vari?veis e muitas vezes de dif?cil interpreta??o. Neste trabalho foram analisados caracteres micromorfol?gicos das esp?cies que ocorrem no Brasil, como a ornamenta??o das sementes e morfologia pol?nica, em busca de melhor compreender os limites taxon?micos entre as esp?cies. As varia??es observadas envolveram a presen?a de poros ou colpos distribu?dos em todo gr?o de p?len, permitindo a identifica??o de tr?s tipos pol?nicos: pantossincolpado, com colpos organizados em pent?gonos; pantossincolpado, com colpos organizados em espiral; e pantoporado, com poros isolados e organizados em poliedros. A ornamenta??o das sementes forneceu os caracteres taxon?micos mais importantes e permitiu a separa??o de todas as esp?cies analisadas, apoiando inclusive a recente proposi??o de duas novas esp?cies end?micas do Brasil, relacionadas a P. hirsutissima e tamb?m distintas pela morfologia pol?nica.