The aim of my thesis is to assess the basic yield factors in the studied varieties of spring wheat. In the year 2013, there were in the framework of the test sown eight varieties (Brawura, Corso, Epos, Granny, Scirocco, Septima, Tercie and Vánek) at the land of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice. During the vegetation the number of plants, the number of sprouts and the number of spikes was recorded using a quarter tape. The data are in the results section and are converted to 1 m2. Additionally, the infestation by diseases, pests and overrunning with weeds was monitored. Before harvesting, the samples were taken for an evaluation of the number of grains per spike and HTZ. In the results section the main factors of the yield are statistically evaluated. These include the number of spikes, the number of grains per spike and HTZ. The study also evaluates the theoretical and the actual yield and the bulk density. The average number of ears in the varieties of spring wheat ranged from 411 (Corso) to 564 (Epos) ears per 1 m2. The number of grains per spike of individual varieties reached higher values, from 39,6 (Scirocco) to 57,8 (Corso). The average HTZ for the individual varieties was between 34,9 and 43,5 g. At finding of the real yield there were observed values from 3,4 t.ha-1 (Septima) to 4,5 t.ha-1 (Scirocco). The difference between the yield elements of were statistically significant all varieties.

Les études présentées dans ce mémoire portent sur la simulation numérique et l'analyse physique des milieux granulaires immergés dans un fluide. Des développements numériques ont été réalisés pour coupler la méthode Lattice Boltzmann pour la dynamique du fluide avec la méthode de Contact Dynamics en 2D et avec la méthode Molecular Dynamics en 3D pour la dynamique des grains. Ces outils numériques ont été utilisés pour étudier l'initiation des avalanches sur un plan incliné en fonction de la compacité initiale et de l'angle d'inclinaison en 3D. Les résultats sont en bon accord quantitatif avec les expériences et ont permis de mettre en évidence la stabilisation de la pente granulaire par une pression négative du fluide interstitielle induite par la dilatance, et l'évolution spatiotemporelle des grandeurs telles que la compacité et la déformation de cisaillement. Ces évolutions dans la phase de fluage qui précède la rupture de pente ont pu être mises à l'échelle par un modèle théorique incorporant la loi de Darcy et l'effet de la dilatance sur l'angle de frottement interne. L'analyse de la texture granulaire a révélé la distorsion du réseau des contacts pendant le fluage et la saturation de l'anisotropie comme un critère de rupture. La propagation des avalanches granulaires a été étudiée dans la configuration 2D pour deux géométries différentes : 1) l'effondrement et l'étalement d'une colonne sous son propre poids, 2) l'étalement d'une pente sous l'effet d'une énergie cinétique injectée. Nous avons en particulier montré que la distance et la durée d'étalement obéissent à des lois de puissances en fonction du rapport d'aspect initial ou de l'énergie injectée. Le fluide exerce deux effets contradictoires : réduire les temps de relaxation et lubrifier les contacts. Ces effets ont été analysés dans le régime visqueux en fonction des conditions initiales et la viscosité du fluide. / By means of numerical simulations, we investigate the behavior of granular materials immersed in a fluid. Numerical developments were carried out to interface the Lattice Boltzmann Method for fluid dynamics with the Contact Dynamics method in 2D and with the Molecular Dynamics method in 3D for the simulation of the grains. Extensive simulations were applied to study the initiation of avalanches in a granular bed inclined at an angle above its angle of repose as function of the initial packing fraction and slope angle in 3D. The results are in excellent quantitative agreement with the reported experimental data, and show the stabilization of the granular bed by a negative pore overpressure induced by the dilatancy of the bed and the spatiotemporal evolution of the packing fraction and the shear deformation. The time evolution of these variables during the creeping phase before slope failure is scaled by a theoretical model accounting for darcian drag forces and the effect of dilatancy on the internal friction coefficient. We also analyzed the granular microstructure, which shows a gradual distortion of the contact network during creep at nearly a constant connectivity and the saturation of the anisotropy at failure. The runout of granular avalanches were investigated in 2D for two different configurations : 1) the collapse of a granular column under its own weight and 2) the runout of a granular pile as a result of kinetic energy supplied directly to the grains. We find power-law dependence of the resulting runout lengths and times with respect to the initial geometry or energy of the system. The time scales are shown to be consequence of two competing effects of the fluid on the grains : reducing relaxation times by viscous friction and the lubricating the contacts between grains.

A ensilagem de grãos de milho reidratados é uma estratégia de armazenamento vantajosa, economicamente viável e que melhora a digestibilidade do amido. Este estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos - Experimento 1: Utilização de aditivos químicos e microbianos sobre aspectos fermentativos e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de milho reidratado. Os tratamentos consistiram em silagens de milho tratadas com Lactobacillus buchneri (LB - 5×105 ufc/g da matéria natural); Bactérias homoláticas (Homo - 5×105 ufc/g MN); Lactobacillus buchneri + homoláticas (Combo - 1×106 ufc/g MN); Lactobacillus buchneri + nitrito de sódio (LB - 5×105 ufc/g MN + 1,5 g/kg MN de nitrito) e benzoato de sódio (Benz - 2,0 g/kg MN). Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Experimento 2: Utilização de silagem de grãos de milho reidratados com ou sem a adição de benzoato de sódio sobre a digestibilidade e desempenho de vacas leiteiras. Foram utilizadas 18 vacas Holandês, alocadas em três quadrados latinos para avaliação dos tratamentos: Controle (silagem de milho reidratado); Benz (silagem de milho reidratado + benzoato de sódio - 2,0 g/kg MN) e MiS (milho seco moído). Em todas as dietas o nível de inclusão do milho foi de 17,3%. No primeiro experimento, a composição química das silagens foi adequada e as perdas fermentativas foram baixas (<1,6%) para todos os tratamentos. A presença de aditivos microbianos resultou em silagens bem fermentadas, enquanto silagens Benz preservaram carboidratos solúveis e resultaram em menor concentração de produtos de fermentação. A estabilidade aeróbia foi máxima para LB, Combo e Benz (240h) e intermediária para LBNit (151h). A silagem inoculada com bactérias homoláticas foi menos efetiva em promover estabilidade aeróbia (74,7h), comparada à controle (53,5h). Os melhores parâmetros de degradabilidade ruminal da MS foram obtidos para a silagens LB e Combo. Silagem Benz e Homo foram semelhantes à Controle e o LBNIT piorou a degrabilidade ruminal da MS. No segundo experimento, O CMS foi similar entre os tratamentos, com média de 21,1 kg/dia, ao passo que a digestibilidade do amido e CNF foi maior para os grãos fermentados. O maior aporte energético das silagens gerou tendência de aumento na produção de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura. Ao relacionar essa produção com o CMS, os animais alimentados com silagens de grãos reidratados tenderam a uma maior eficiência alimentar. Vacas leiteiras alimentadas com silagens apresentaram menor excreção de nitrogênio ureico no leite (11,9 vs 13 mg/dL), o que sugere um melhor uso de nitrogênio para produção de proteína microbiana. O uso dos aditivos benzoato de sódio, L. buchneri e L. buchneri combinado com bactérias homoláticas é aconselhável para promover a fermentação, estabilidade aeróbia e valor nutritivo de silagens de grãos de milho reidratados. / Rehydrated corn grain silage is an advantageous storage method, economically viable and improves starch digestibility. This study was carried out in two experiments - Experiment 1: Use of chemical and microbial additives on fermentation aspects and aerobic stability of rehydrated corn grain silage. The treatments consisted of rehydrated corn silage with different types of additives: control (no additive); Lactobacillus buchneri (LB - 5 × 105 cfu/g of fresh matter); homolactic bacteria (Homo - 5 × 105 cfu/g FM); Lactobacillus buchneri + homolactic bacteria (Combo LB - 5 × 105 cfu/g + LP - 5 × 105 cfu/g FM); Lactobacillus buchneri + sodium nitrite (LB - 5 × 105 cfu/g FM + nitrite - 1.5 g/kg FM) and sodium benzoate (Benz - 2.0 g/kg FM). The experiment was made in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications. Experiment 2: Use of rehydrated corn silage with or without sodium benzoate on the digestibility and performance of dairy cows. Eighteen Holstein cows were distributed in a replicated 3×3 latin square design with three periods (22-d) to evaluate the effect of control treatment (rehydrated corn silage); Benz (rehydrated corn silage plus sodium benzoate - 2.0 g/kg FM) and DGC (dry ground corn). In all diets the inclusion of corn was 17.3% in dry matter basis. In the first experiment, the chemical composition of silages was adequate and the fermentative DM losses were low (<1.6%) for all treatments. The presence of microbial additives resulted in well fermented silages, while Benz silages preserved WSC and showed lower concentration of fermentation products. The aerobic stability was highest for LB, Combo and Benz (240h) and intermediate for LBNit (151h). The Homo silages was less effective in promoting aerobic stability (74.7h), compared to the control (53.5h). The best parameters of ruminal DM degradability were obtained for LB and Combo silages. Benz and Homo silages were similar to the control, while LBNIT worsened the ruminal degrability of DM. In the second experiment, dry matter intake was similar across treatments with average of 21.1 kg/day, whereas starch and CNF digestibility was higher for fermented grains. The higher energy of silages tended to increase the production of 3.5 % fat-corrected milk. Therefore, animals fed rehydrated grain silages tended to present increased feed efficiency. Dairy cows fed silages had lower excretion of milk urea nitrogen, suggesting a better use of nitrogen for microbial protein synthesis. The use of additives sodium benzoate, L. buchneri and L. buchneri combined with homolactic bacteria is advisible to improve the fermentation, the aerobic stability and the nutritive value of rehydrated corn grain silages.

L'Alliage 600 (Ni-15%Cr-10%Fe) est réputé sensible à la Corrosion Sous Contrainte (CSC) en milieu primaire des Réacteurs à Eau Pressurisée (REP). Des études récentes ont montré que la diffusion du chrome était une étape limitante dans la compréhension des mécanismes de CSC. En particulier, le mécanisme d'oxydation interne contrôlé par le taux de défauts local. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette thèse a été de produire des données expérimentales concernant la cinétique de diffusion du chrome en fonction de différents états métallurgiques. Les coefficients de diffusion du chrome ont été mesurés par Spectrométrie de Masse des Ions Secondaires (SIMS) et Spectrométrie à Décharge Luminescente (SDL) en volume et aux joints de grains dans la gamme de température 678 K-1060 K sur des échantillons en nickel pur et d'Alliage 600 monocristallin ou polycristallin. Une partie de cette thèse s'est focalisée sur l'effet de la déformation plastique sur la cinétique de diffusion du chrome pour des échantillons en nickel monocristallin (orienté <101>). Les expériences de diffusion ont été réalisées sur des échantillons non déformés, pré-écrouis à 4% et 20% de déformation plastique et sur des essais in-situ de diffusion en fluage. Les résultats ont montré que les coefficients de diffusion mesurés sur les éprouvettes déformées plastiquement sous charge constante sont supérieurs de six ordres de grandeur à ceux obtenus à l'état non déformé ou pré-écroui. L'accélération de la cinétique de diffusion peut être attribuée à un couplage entre la mobilité des dislocations et la vitesse de déformation plastique. / Alloy 600 (Ni-15%Cr-10%Fe) is known to be susceptible to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) in primary water of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR). Recent studies have shown that chromium diffusion is a controlling rate step in the comprehension of SCC mechanism. In order to improve the understanding and the modelling of SCC of Alloy 600 in PWR primary medium the aim of this study was to collect data on kinetics diffusion of chromium. Volume and grain boundary diffusion of chromium in pure nickel and Alloy 600 (mono and poly-crystals) has been measured in the temperature range 678 K to 1060 K by using Secondary Ions Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) and Glow Discharge-Optical Spectrometry (GD-OES) techniques. A particular emphasis has been dedicated to the influence of plastic deformation on chromium diffusion in nickel single crystals (orientated <101>) for different metallurgical states. The experimental tests were carried out in order to compare the chromium diffusion coefficients in free lattice (not deformed), in pre-hardening specimens (4% and 20%) and in dynamic deformed tensile specimens at 773 K. It has been found that chromium diffusivity measured in dynamic plastic deformed creep specimens were six orders of magnitude greater than those obtained in not deformed or pre-hardening specimens. The enhancement of chromium diffusivity can be attributed to the presence of moving dislocations generated during plastic deformation.

La radiographie X synchrotron ou avec une source microfocus a été appliquée pour étudier différents phénomènes dépendants du temps en relation avec la solidification directionnelle d'alliages Al-Cu. Les effets de la gravité ont été étudiés par comparaison d'expériences sur Terre et en microgravité dans le cadre du projet ESA-MAP XRMON. Les mouvements des fragments sont le sujet majeur de notre étude. Sur Terre, le mouvement des fragments est imposé par la poussée d'Archimède, avec une forte influence des effets de paroi et de la morphologie du fragment, alors qu'en microgravité, la force motrice pour le mouvement des fragments est l'écoulement du fluide interdendritique induit par la contraction du solide. L'effet d'un champ magnétique permanent sur la solidification des grains équiaxes dans un gradient de température a été également étudié. Nous avons montré qu'un couplage entre le gradient de température et le champ magnétique donne naissance à une force Thermo-électromagnétique qui agit sur les grains solides. Une bonne description a été obtenue en utilisant un modèle analytique pour une particule sphérique. Enfin, nous avons étudié l'évolution d'une zone pâteuse dans un gradient de température fixe. Trois régimes successifs ont été identifiés, suivant l'intensité de la diffusion du soluté dans la zone pâteuse et dans le bain fondu. L'analyse quantitative des radiographies par traitement d'image a clarifié le rôle de chaque phénomène de diffusion (TGZM, fermeture des canaux, murissement et diffusion du soluté dans le bain fondu). / X-ray radiography with synchrotron and microfocus sources was applied to investigate various time-dependent phenomena related to directional solidification of Al-Cu alloys. Gravity effects were investigated by a comparative study of ground and microgravity experiments in the framework of ESA-MAP XRMON project. Fragment motion was the major subject of our investigation. On Earth, fragmentation motion was imposed by buoyancy, with a strong dependency on wall influence and fragment morphology, whereas in microgravity conditions, the driving force for fragment motion is the interdendritic fluid flow induced by the solid shrinkage. The effect of a permanent magnetic field on the solidification of equiaxed grains in a temperature gradient was also studied. We have shown that a coupling between the temperature gradient and the magnetic field gives birth to a Thermo-Electro-Magnetic force that acts on the solid grains. A good description was obtained by using an analytical model for a spherical particle. Finally we studied the evolution of the mushy zone in a fixed temperature gradient. Three successive regimes were identified, depending on the relative magnitude of solute diffusion in the mushy zone and in the bulk liquid. Quantitative analysis of radiographs by image processing enlightened the role of each diffusion phenomena (TGZM, channel closure, coarsening and solute diffusion in the bulk liquid).

Ce travail porte sur l'élaboration et l'analyse du comportement mécanique d'alliages à distribution bimodale de taille de grains. Les applications concernent les aciers inoxydables austénitiques 304L et 316L. Une approche couplée expérience-modélisation est menée pour comprendre les réponses mécaniques macroscopiques et locales de ces nouveaux alliages en se basant notamment sur l'étude des mécanismes de déformation associés. L'utilisation de deux voies d'élaboration et l'optimisation de leurs paramètres a conduit à l'obtention d'un large choix d'échantillons avec différentes distributions bimodales et différentes proportions de chaque famille de taille de grains. L'influence de ces caractéristiques microstructurales sur le comportement a été analysée sur la base d'essais en traction simple sous chargement monotone ou en charges-décharges alternées. Une base de données étendue de propriétés a ainsi été constituée et des éléments de réponse concernant les mécanismes de déformation propres aux alliages bimodaux ont pu être apportés. La présence de grains de taille conventionnelle (Coarse Grain -CG) au sein d'une matrice à grains ultrafins (UltraFine Grain - UFG) semble favoriser la relaxation d'une partie des contraintes internes de la matrice et tend ainsi à retarder l'endommagement des alliages bimodaux en comparaison aux alliages unimodaux à grains ultrafins. Une modélisation à champs complets selon deux lois de plasticité cristalline tenant compte explicitement d'une longueur interne a été proposée. Sa première motivation est de fournir un outil de prédiction du comportement effectif des alliages bimodaux en fonction de leurs caractéristiques microstructurales. Elle donne par ailleurs accès aux champs locaux et permet d'appuyer les analyses expérimentales en partition des contraintes en montrant à la fois une relaxation partielle des contraintes dans la matrice UFG mais aussi des concentrations de contrainte aux interfaces CG/UFG. / This work is focused on the elaboration and the mechanical behaviour of 304L and 316L austenitic stainless steel alloys with bimodal grain size distribution. The complementary approach between experiments and modelling enables a better understanding of both macroscopic and local mechanical responses and also of the associated deformation mechanisms.The use of two elaboration routes and optimized process parameters results in a wide range of samples with different bimodal grain size distributions. Grain sizes and fractions of each population are modified in order to study the influence of these microstructural characteristics on mechanical behavior. Uniaxial tensile tests are used to realize a database of mechanical properties of bimodal alloys and loading-unloading tests provides valuable informations about deformation mechanisms in these materials. With coarse grains (CG) embedded in an ultrafine grained (UFG) matrix, a relaxation of a part of the internal stresses seems to take place and leads to a delayed embrittlement of bimodal alloys as compared to their unimodal counterparts. Full-field modelling, based on two crystal plasticity laws with an explicit account of an internal length, is proposed. It constitutes a valuable prediction tool of effective properties of bimodal alloys in order, in particular, to study the effect of several microstructural characteristics. An access to local fields is also possible and tend, so far, to show similar results compared to experimental ones : stress relaxation is observed in the UFG matrix as well as stress concentrations at the CG/UFG interfaces.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Micheal J. Brouk / Supplemental phosphorus (P) in varying forms and sources: pellet (PELLET), meal (MEAL), liquid (LIQUID) and corn dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) were compared in twelve multiparous Holstein cows producing approximately 43 kg of milk (115 [plus minus] 55 DIM) in a 4x4 Latin square with 21d periods. PELLET and MEAL diets contained monocalcium phosphate with a wheat middlings carrier, and the LIQUID contained ammonium polyphosphate in a cane molasses base. The DDGS supplied an organic P source. Cows were blocked by parity, DIM and milk production and randomly assigned to treatments. Data were analyzed using the MIXED model procedure of SAS. Phosphorus intakes of 116, 116, 119 and 118 g/d were similar for PELLET, MEAL, LIQUID and DDGS diets, respectively. Cows consuming the LIQUID diet experienced greater sugar intakes (P<0.001). Fat intake was lower (P<0.001) for the PELLET, MEAL and LIQUID diets compared to the DDGS diet (1.14, 1.12, 1.07 and 1.36 kg/d, respectively). NEL intake was similar for all treatments (P=0.55). Milk yield differences (P=0.05) occurred with the DDGS diet yielding the most milk (34.6, 35.4, 34.1 and 36.5 kg/d). No differences resulted for either milk fat (P=0.26) or milk protein (P=0.33) percentages or for daily lactose production (P=0.22). Excretion of P in feces tended (P=0.07) to differ between treatments (67.4, 66.3, 57.5 and 60.0 g/d) resulting in a trend (P=0.10) for greater P retention in diets excreting less P. Secretion of P in milk did not differ (P=0.51) between treatments. Differences (P=0.04) occurred in P concentration between diets (0.47, 0.47, 0.49 and 0.47%), but the amount of P fed was not different (P=0.83). With similarities for DMI and P concentration in refusals (P=0.21) it may be deduced that sorting of the P supplement did not occur. These data show that supplemental P sources do not affect DMI or P intake, however P source resulted in slight differences in P utilization, but it was not related to sorting of the diet. Utilizing DDGS showed similar responses to inorganic P mineral supplements with favorable production yields making it an adequate substitute for mineral sources of P.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / James S. Drouillard / A trial was conducted replacing portions of steam-flaked corn with either dry-rolled corn or dried distiller’s grains with solubles to evaluate effects on performance, carcass characteristics, carcass composition, meat color stability, and meat sensory attributes. Seven hundred crossbred yearling heifers (302 ± 65 kg initial BW) were used in a randomized complete block experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. All diets contained steam-flaked corn (SFC), and factors consisted of the levels of dry-rolled corn (DRC; 0 or 25%) and dried corn distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS; 0 or 25%). Results revealed no interactions between DRC and DDGS in terms of effects on feedlot performance, and only minor interactive effects were observed for carcass characteristics and meat quality attributes. Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics were not affected by the addition of DRC or DDGS (P > 0.05). Carcass composition and meat quality attributes were measured to determine if fat content of carcasses was altered by feeding DDGS. Diet had no significant effects, as carcasses from the four treatments contained similar amounts of separable portions of muscle, adipose, and bone; and similar percentages of protein, moisture, and ether extract. Compositions of both adipose and muscle tissue were evaluated to assess differences in fatty acid profile. Minimal effects were noted on the fatty acid profiles of the muscle and adipose tissue from cattle fed DDGS or DRC. Feeding cattle DDGS decreased alpha tocopherol (vitamin E) content of meat (P < 0.05). Meat quality attributes were largely unaffected by addition of DRC or DDGS to the diet, as retail color display life, lipid oxidation, sensory attributes, and heterocyclic amine concentrations were not different among treatments. Overall, DRC or DDGS can replace portions of SFC without negatively altering feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, meat composition, or meat quality attributes.

No description available.

Cette thèse est une étude de modèles d'image aléatoires avec des applications en synthèse de texture. La plupart des modèles de champs aléatoires étudiés sont des modèles germes-grains. Dans la première partie de la thèse, des algorithmes de synthèse de texture basés sur le modèle shot noise sont développés. Dans le cadre discret, deux processus aléatoires, à savoir le shot noise discret asymptotique et le bruit à phase aléatoire, sont étudiés. On élabore ensuite un algorithme rapide de synthèse de texture basé sur ces processus. De nombreuses expériences démontrent que cet algorithme permet de reproduire une certaine classe de textures naturelles que l'on nomme micro-textures. Dans le cadre continu, la convergence gaussienne des modèles shot noise est étudiée d'avantage et de nouvelles bornes pour la vitesse de cette convergence sont établies. Enfin, on présente un nouvel algorithme de synthèse de texture procédurale par l'exemple basé sur le récent modèle Gabor noise. Cet algorithme permet de calculer automatiquement un modèle procédural représentant des micro-textures naturelles. La deuxième partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'étude du processus feuilles mortes transparentes (FMT), un nouveau modèle germes-grains obtenu en superposant des objets semi-transparents. Le résultat principal de cette partie montre que, lorsque la transparence des objets varie, le processus FMT fournit une famille de modèles variant du modèle feuilles mortes à un champ gaussien. Dans la troisième partie de la thèse, les champs aléatoires à variation bornés sont étudiés et on établit des résultats généraux sur le calcul de la variation totale moyenne de ces champs. En particulier, ces résultats généraux permettent de calculer le périmètre moyen des ensembles aléatoires et de calculer explicitement la variation totale moyenne des modèles germes-grains classiques.